Merge pull request #1420 from wboka/master

[coldfusion/en] Adding Coldfusion

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+---
+language: ColdFusion
+contributors:
+    - ["Wayne Boka", "http://wboka.github.io"]
+filename: LearnColdFusion.cfm
+---
+
+ColdFusion is a scripting language for web development.
+[Read more here.](http://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion-family.html)
+
+```ColdFusion
+
+<em>HTML tags have been provided for output readability</em>
+
+<!--- Comments start with "<!---" and end with "--->" --->
+<!---
+    Comments can
+    also
+    span
+    multiple lines
+--->
+
+<!--- CFML tags have a similar format to HTML tags. --->
+<h1>Simple Variables</h1>
+<!--- Variable Declaration: Variables are loosely typed, similar to javascript --->
+<p>Set <b>myVariable</b> to "myValue"</p>
+<cfset myVariable = "myValue" />
+<p>Set <b>myNumber</b> to 3.14</p>
+<cfset myNumber = 3.14 />
+
+<!--- Displaying simple data --->
+<!--- Use <cfoutput> for simple values such as strings, numbers, and expressions --->
+<p>Display <b>myVariable</b>: <cfoutput>#myVariable#</cfoutput></p><!--- myValue --->
+<p>Display <b>myNumber</b>: <cfoutput>#myNumber#</cfoutput></p><!--- 3.14 --->
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>Complex Variables</h1>
+<!--- Declaring complex variables --->
+<!--- Declaring an array of 1 dimension: literal or bracket notation --->
+<p>Set <b>myArray1</b> to an array of 1 dimension using literal or bracket notation</p>
+<cfset myArray1 = [] />
+<!--- Declaring an array of 1 dimension: function notation --->
+<p>Set <b>myArray2</b> to an array of 1 dimension using function notation</p>
+<cfset myArray2 = ArrayNew(1) />
+
+<!--- Outputting complex variables --->
+<p>Contents of <b>myArray1</b></p>
+<cfdump var="#myArray1#" /> <!--- An empty array object --->
+<p>Contents of <b>myArray2</b></p>
+<cfdump var="#myArray2#" /> <!--- An empty array object --->
+
+<!--- Operators --->
+<!--- Arithmetic --->
+<h1>Operators</h1>
+<h2>Arithmetic</h2>
+<p>1 + 1 = <cfoutput>#1 + 1#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>10 - 7 = <cfoutput>#10 - 7#<br /></cfoutput></p>
+<p>15 * 10 = <cfoutput>#15 * 10#<br /></cfoutput></p>
+<p>100 / 5 = <cfoutput>#100 / 5#<br /></cfoutput></p>
+<p>120 % 5 = <cfoutput>#120 % 5#<br /></cfoutput></p>
+<p>120 mod 5 = <cfoutput>#120 mod 5#<br /></cfoutput></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!--- Comparison --->
+<h2>Comparison</h2>
+<h3>Standard Notation</h3>
+<p>Is 1 eq 1? <cfoutput>#1 eq 1#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 15 neq 1? <cfoutput>#15 neq 1#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 10 gt 8? <cfoutput>#10 gt 8#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 1 lt 2? <cfoutput>#1 lt 2#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 10 gte 5? <cfoutput>#10 gte 5#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 1 lte 5? <cfoutput>#1 lte 5#</cfoutput></p>
+
+<h3>Alternative Notation</h3>
+<p>Is 1 == 1? <cfoutput>#1 eq 1#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 15 != 1? <cfoutput>#15 neq 1#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 10 > 8? <cfoutput>#10 gt 8#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 1 < 2? <cfoutput>#1 lt 2#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 10 >= 5? <cfoutput>#10 gte 5#</cfoutput></p>
+<p>Is 1 <= 5? <cfoutput>#1 lte 5#</cfoutput></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!--- Control Structures --->
+<h1>Control Structures</h1>
+
+<cfset myCondition = "Test" />
+
+<p>Condition to test for: "<cfoutput>#myCondition#</cfoutput>"</p>
+
+<cfif myCondition eq "Test">
+    <cfoutput>#myCondition#. We're testing.</cfoutput>
+<cfelseif myCondition eq "Production">
+    <cfoutput>#myCondition#. Proceed Carefully!!!</cfoutput>
+<cfelse>
+    myCondition is unknown
+</cfif>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!--- Loops --->
+<h1>Loops</h1>
+<h2>For Loop</h2>
+<cfloop from="0" to="10" index="i">
+	<p>Index equals <cfoutput>#i#</cfoutput></p>
+</cfloop>
+
+<h2>For Each Loop (Complex Variables)</h2>
+
+<p>Set <b>myArray3</b> to [5, 15, 99, 45, 100]</p>
+
+<cfset myArray3 = [5, 15, 99, 45, 100] />
+
+<cfloop array="#myArray3#" index="i">
+	<p>Index equals <cfoutput>#i#</cfoutput></p>
+</cfloop>
+
+<p>Set <b>myArray4</b> to ["Alpha", "Bravo", "Charlie", "Delta", "Echo"]</p>
+
+<cfset myArray4 = ["Alpha", "Bravo", "Charlie", "Delta", "Echo"] />
+
+<cfloop array="#myArray4#" index="s">
+	<p>Index equals <cfoutput>#s#</cfoutput></p>
+</cfloop>
+
+<h2>Switch Statement</h2>
+
+<p>Set <b>myArray5</b> to [5, 15, 99, 45, 100]</p>
+
+<cfset myArray5 = [5, 15, 99, 45, 100] />
+
+<cfloop array="#myArray5#" index="i">
+	<cfswitch expression="#i#">
+		<cfcase value="5,15,45" delimiters=",">
+			<p><cfoutput>#i#</cfoutput> is a multiple of 5.</p>
+		</cfcase>
+		<cfcase value="99">
+			<p><cfoutput>#i#</cfoutput> is ninety-nine.</p>
+		</cfcase>
+		<cfdefaultcase>
+			<p><cfoutput>#i#</cfoutput> is not 5, 15, 45, or 99.</p>
+		</cfdefaultcase> 
+	</cfswitch> 
+</cfloop>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>Converting types</h1>
+
+<style>
+	table.table th, table.table td {
+		border: 1px solid #000000;
+		padding: 2px;
+	}
+	
+	table.table th {
+		background-color: #CCCCCC;
+	}
+</style>
+
+<table class="table" cellspacing="0">
+	<thead>
+		<tr>
+			<th>Value</th>
+			<th>As Boolean</th>
+			<th>As number</th>
+			<th>As date-time</th>
+			<th>As string</th>
+		</tr>
+	</thead>
+	<tbody>
+		<tr>
+			<th>"Yes"</th>
+			<td>TRUE</td>
+			<td>1</td>
+			<td>Error</td>
+			<td>"Yes"</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>"No"</th>
+			<td>FALSE</td>
+			<td>0</td>
+			<td>Error</td>
+			<td>"No"</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>TRUE</th>
+			<td>TRUE</td>
+			<td>1</td>
+			<td>Error</td>
+			<td>"Yes"</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>FALSE</th>
+			<td>FALSE</td>
+			<td>0</td>
+			<td>Error</td>
+			<td>"No"</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>Number</th>
+			<td>True if Number is not 0; False otherwise.</td>
+			<td>Number</td>
+			<td>See &#34;Date-time values&#34; earlier in this chapter.</td>
+			<td>String representation of the number (for example, &#34;8&#34;).</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>String</th>
+			<td>If "Yes", True <br>If "No", False <br>If it can be converted to 0, False <br>If it can be converted to any other number, True</td>
+			<td>If it represents a number (for example, &#34;1,000&#34; or &#34;12.36E-12&#34;), it is converted to the corresponding number.</td>
+			<td>If it represents a date-time (see next column), it is converted to the numeric value of the corresponding date-time object. <br>If it is an ODBC date, time, or timestamp (for example &#34;{ts &#39;2001-06-14 11:30:13&#39;}&#34;, or if it is expressed in a standard U.S. date or time format, including the use of full or abbreviated month names, it is converted to the corresponding date-time value. <br>Days of the week or unusual punctuation result in an error. <br>Dashes, forward-slashes, and spaces are generally allowed.</td>
+			<td>String</td>
+		</tr>
+		<tr>
+			<th>Date</th>
+			<td>Error</td>
+			<td>The numeric value of the date-time object.</td>
+			<td>Date</td>
+			<td>An ODBC timestamp.</td>
+		</tr>
+	</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h1>Components</h1>
+
+<em>Code for reference (Functions must return something to support IE)</em>
+
+<pre>
+&lt;cfcomponent&gt;
+	&lt;cfset this.hello = "Hello" /&gt;
+	&lt;cfset this.world = "world" /&gt;
+
+	&lt;cffunction name="sayHello"&gt;
+		&lt;cfreturn this.hello & ", " & this.world & "!" /&gt;
+	&lt;/cffunction&gt;
+	
+	&lt;cffunction name="setHello"&gt;
+		&lt;cfargument name="newHello" type="string" required="true" /&gt;
+		
+		&lt;cfset this.hello = arguments.newHello /&gt;
+		 
+		&lt;cfreturn true /&gt;
+	&lt;/cffunction&gt;
+	
+	&lt;cffunction name="setWorld"&gt;
+		&lt;cfargument name="newWorld" type="string" required="true" /&gt;
+		
+		&lt;cfset this.world = arguments.newWorld /&gt;
+		 
+		&lt;cfreturn true /&gt;
+	&lt;/cffunction&gt;
+	
+	&lt;cffunction name="getHello"&gt;
+		&lt;cfreturn this.hello /&gt;
+	&lt;/cffunction&gt;
+	
+	&lt;cffunction name="getWorld"&gt;
+		&lt;cfreturn this.world /&gt;
+	&lt;/cffunction&gt;
+&lt;/cfcomponent&gt;
+</pre>
+
+<cfset this.hello = "Hello" />
+<cfset this.world = "world" />
+
+<cffunction name="sayHello">
+	<cfreturn this.hello & ", " & this.world & "!" />
+</cffunction>
+
+<cffunction name="setHello">
+	<cfargument name="newHello" type="string" required="true" />
+	
+	<cfset this.hello = arguments.newHello />
+	 
+	<cfreturn true />
+</cffunction>
+
+<cffunction name="setWorld">
+	<cfargument name="newWorld" type="string" required="true" />
+	
+	<cfset this.world = arguments.newWorld />
+	 
+	<cfreturn true />
+</cffunction>
+
+<cffunction name="getHello">
+	<cfreturn this.hello />
+</cffunction>
+
+<cffunction name="getWorld">
+	<cfreturn this.world />
+</cffunction>
+
+
+<b>sayHello()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#sayHello()#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>getHello()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#getHello()#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>getWorld()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#getWorld()#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>setHello("Hola")</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#setHello("Hola")#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>setWorld("mundo")</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#setWorld("mundo")#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>sayHello()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#sayHello()#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>getHello()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#getHello()#</p></cfoutput>
+<b>getWorld()</b>
+<cfoutput><p>#getWorld()#</p></cfoutput>
+```
+
+## Further Reading
+
+The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, feel free to Google and find specific examples.
+
+1. [Coldfusion Reference From Adobe](https://helpx.adobe.com/coldfusion/cfml-reference/topics.html)