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authorGrant Timmerman <granttimmerman@gmail.com>2014-06-04 00:50:17 -0700
committerGrant Timmerman <granttimmerman@gmail.com>2014-06-04 00:50:17 -0700
commit0d984535bde0bad8e0e76857bdb504bc63bdcca9 (patch)
tree379336fb223f52753bcff9843de905a6c6dc62cb
parent56f22971e9eb5e77a885cb89eba055a400b4b514 (diff)
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+---
+language: swift
+contributors:
+ - ["Grant Timmerman", "http://github.com/grant"]
+filename: learnswift.swift
+---
+
+Swift is a programming language for iOS and OS X development created by Apple. Designed to coexist with Objective-C and to be more resilient against erroneous code, Swift was introduced in 2014 at Apple's developer conference WWDC. It is built with the LLVM compiler included in Xcode 6 beta.
+
+See also Apple's [getting started guide](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/LandingPage/index.html), which has a complete tutorial on Swift.
+
+# Overview
+- [Basics](#basics)
+- [Arrays and Dictionaries](#array)
+- [Control Flow](#control)
+- [Functions](#func)
+- [Closures](#closures)
+- [Classes](#classes)
+- [Enums](#enums)
+- [Other](#other)
+- [Links](#links)
+
+## <a name="basics"></a>Basics
+
+```js
+println("Hello, world")
+var myVariable = 42
+let myConstant = 3.1415926
+let explicitDouble: Double = 70
+let label = "some text " + String(myVariable) // Casting
+let piText = "Pi = \(myConstant)" // String interpolation
+var optionalString: String? = "optional" // Can be nil
+optionalString = nil
+```
+
+## <a name="array"></a>Arrays and Dictionaries
+
+```js
+// Array
+var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "lemons"]
+shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
+let emptyArray = String[]()
+
+// Dictionary
+var occupations = [
+ "Malcolm": "Captain",
+ "kaylee": "Mechanic"
+]
+occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
+let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
+```
+
+## <a name="control"></a>Control Flow
+
+```js
+// for loop (array)
+let myArray = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
+for value in myArray {
+ if value == 1 {
+ println("One!")
+ } else {
+ println("Not one!")
+ }
+}
+
+// for loop (dictionary)
+for (key, value) in dict {
+ println("\(key): \(value)")
+}
+
+// for loop (range)
+for i in -1...1 { // [-1, 0, 1]
+ println(i)
+}
+// use .. to exclude the last number
+
+// while loop
+var i = 1
+while i < 1000 {
+ i *= 2
+}
+
+// do-while loop
+do {
+ println("hello")
+} while 1 == 2
+
+// Switch
+let vegetable = "red pepper"
+switch vegetable {
+case "celery":
+ let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
+case "cucumber", "watercress":
+ let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
+case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
+ let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
+default: // required (in order to cover all possible input)
+ let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
+}
+```
+
+## <a name="functions"></a>Functions
+
+Functions are a first-class type, meaning they can be nested in functions and can be passed around
+
+```js
+// Function
+func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
+ return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
+}
+greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
+
+// Function that returns multiple items in a tuple
+func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
+ return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
+}
+
+// Args
+func setup(numbers: Int...) {}
+
+// Passing and returning functions
+func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
+ func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
+ return 1 + number
+ }
+ return addOne
+}
+var increment = makeIncrementer()
+increment(7)
+```
+
+## <a name="closures"></a>Closures
+
+Functions are special case closures ({})
+
+```js
+// Closure example.
+// `->` separates the arguments and return type
+// `in` separates the closure header from the closure body
+numbers.map({
+ (number: Int) -> Int in
+ let result = 3 * number
+ return result
+ })
+
+// When the type is known, like above, we can do this
+var numbers = [1, 2, 6]
+numbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
+print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18]
+```
+
+## <a name="classes"></a>Classes
+
+All methods and properties of a class are public. If you just need to store data
+in a structured object, you should use a `struct`
+
+```js
+// A simple class `Square` extends `Shape
+class Rect: Shape {
+ var sideLength: Int = 1
+
+ // Custom getter and setter property
+ var perimeter: Int {
+ get {
+ return 4 * sideLength
+ }
+ set {
+ sideLength = newValue / 4
+ }
+ }
+
+ init(sideLength: Int) {
+ super.init()
+ self.sideLength = sideLength
+ }
+
+ func shrink() {
+ if sideLength > 0 {
+ --sideLength
+ }
+ }
+
+ override func getArea() -> Int {
+ return sideLength * sideLength
+ }
+}
+var mySquare = new Square(sideLength: 5)
+print(mySquare.getArea()) // 25
+mySquare.shrink()
+print(mySquare.sideLength) // 4
+
+// If you don't need a custom getter and setter, but still want to run code
+// before an after getting or setting a property, you can use `willSet` and `didSet`
+```
+
+## <a name="enums"></a>Enums
+
+Enums can optionally be of a specific type or on their own. They can contain methods like classes.
+
+```js
+enum Suit {
+ case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
+ func getIcon() -> String {
+ switch self {
+ case .Spades: return "♤"
+ case .Hearts: return "♡"
+ case .Diamonds: return "♢"
+ case .Clubs: return "♧"
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## <a name="other"></a>Other
+
+- **`protocol`**: Similar to Java interfaces.
+- **`extension`s**: Add extra functionality to an already created type
+- **Generics**: Similar to Java. Use the `where` keyword to specify the requirements of the generics.
+
+## <a name="links"></a>Links
+
+- [Homepage](https://developer.apple.com/swift/)
+- [Guide](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/LandingPage/index.html)
+- [Book](https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/the-swift-programming-language/id881256329?mt=11)