Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs

1 files changed, 146 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 8e631de4..3d632eab 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ contributors:
     - ["Árpád Goretity", "http://twitter.com/H2CO3_iOS"]
     - ["Jakub Trzebiatowski", "http://cbs.stgn.pl"]
     - ["Marco Scannadinari", "https://marcoms.github.io"]
-
+    - ["Zachary Ferguson", "https://github.io/zfergus2"]
+    - ["himanshu", "https://github.com/himanshu81494"]
 ---
 
 Ah, C. Still **the** language of modern high-performance computing.
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ Multi-line comments don't nest /* Be careful */  // comment ends on this line...
 */ // ...not this one!
 
 // Constants: #define <keyword>
+// Constants are written in all-caps out of convention, not requirement
 #define DAYS_IN_YEAR 365
 
 // Enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants.
@@ -52,10 +54,21 @@ int function_2(void);
 // Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
 // your main() function.
 int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2); // function prototype
+// although `int add_two_ints(int, int);` is also valid (no need to name the args),
+// it is recommended to name arguments in the prototype as well for easier inspection
 
 // Your program's entry point is a function called
 // main with an integer return type.
 int main(void) {
+  // your program
+}
+
+// The command line arguments used to run your program are also passed to main
+// argc being the number of arguments - your program's name counts as 1
+// argv is an array of character arrays - containing the arguments themselves
+// argv[0] = name of your program, argv[1] = first argument, etc.
+int main (int argc, char** argv)
+{
   // print output using printf, for "print formatted"
   // %d is an integer, \n is a newline
   printf("%d\n", 0); // => Prints 0
@@ -63,6 +76,9 @@ int main(void) {
   ///////////////////////////////////////
   // Types
   ///////////////////////////////////////
+  
+  // All variables MUST be declared at the top of the current block scope
+  // we declare them dynamically along the code for the sake of the tutorial
 
   // ints are usually 4 bytes
   int x_int = 0;
@@ -130,7 +146,9 @@ int main(void) {
   // can be declared as well. The size of such an array need not be a compile
   // time constant:
   printf("Enter the array size: "); // ask the user for an array size
-  char buf[0x100];
+  int size;
+  fscanf(stdin, "%d", &size);
+  char buf[size];
   fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
 
   // strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
@@ -219,7 +237,7 @@ int main(void) {
   0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
   0 || 0; // => 0
 
-  // Conditional expression ( ? : )
+  // Conditional ternary expression ( ? : )
   int e = 5;
   int f = 10;
   int z;
@@ -289,6 +307,8 @@ int main(void) {
   for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
     ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
   }
+  // Or
+  for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++);
 
   // branching with multiple choices: switch()
   switch (a) {
@@ -304,7 +324,29 @@ int main(void) {
     exit(-1);
     break;
   }
-
+  /*
+  using "goto" in C
+  */
+  typedef enum { false, true } bool;
+  // for C don't have bool as data type :(
+  bool disaster = false;
+  int i, j;
+  for(i=0;i<100;++i)
+  for(j=0;j<100;++j)
+  {
+    if((i + j) >= 150)
+        disaster = true;
+    if(disaster)
+        goto error;
+  }
+  error :
+  printf("Error occured at i = %d & j = %d.\n", i, j);
+  /*
+  https://ideone.com/GuPhd6
+  this will print out "Error occured at i = 52 & j = 99."
+  */
+  
+  
   ///////////////////////////////////////
   // Typecasting
   ///////////////////////////////////////
@@ -403,6 +445,17 @@ int main(void) {
   for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
     *(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx
   } // Initialize memory to 20, 19, 18, 17... 2, 1 (as ints)
+  
+  // Note that there is no standard way to get the length of a
+  // dynamically allocated array in C. Because of this, if your arrays are
+  // going to be passed around your program a lot, you need another variable
+  // to keep track of the number of elements (size) of an array. See the
+  // functions section for more info.
+  int size = 10;
+  int *my_arr = malloc(sizeof(int) * size);
+  // Add an element to the array
+  my_arr = realloc(my_arr, ++size);
+  my_arr[10] = 5;
 
   // Dereferencing memory that you haven't allocated gives
   // "unpredictable results" - the program is said to invoke "undefined behavior"
@@ -470,6 +523,46 @@ char c[] = "This is a test.";
 str_reverse(c);
 printf("%s\n", c); // => ".tset a si sihT"
 */
+/*
+as we can return only one variable
+to change values of more than one variables we use call by reference
+*/
+void swapTwoNumbers(int *a, int *b)
+{
+    int temp = *a;
+    *a = *b;
+    *b = temp;
+}
+/*
+int first = 10;
+int second = 20;
+printf("first: %d\nsecond: %d\n", first, second);
+swapTwoNumbers(&first, &second);
+printf("first: %d\nsecond: %d\n", first, second);
+// values will be swapped
+*/
+
+/*
+With regards to arrays, they will always be passed to functions
+as pointers. Even if you statically allocate an array like `arr[10]`,
+it still gets passed as a pointer to the first element in any function calls.
+Again, there is no standard way to get the size of a dynamically allocated
+array in C.
+*/
+// Size must be passed!
+// Otherwise, this function has no way of knowing how big the array is.
+void printIntArray(int *arr, int size) {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        printf("arr[%d] is: %d\n", i, arr[i]);
+    }
+}
+/*
+int my_arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
+int size = 10;
+printIntArray(my_arr, size);
+// will print "arr[0] is: 1" etc
+*/
 
 // if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
 int i = 0;
@@ -626,8 +719,56 @@ typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
 // ,                                 | left to right //
 //---------------------------------------------------//
 
-```
+/******************************* Header Files **********************************
+
+Header files are an important part of c as they allow for the connection of c 
+source files and can simplify code and definitions by seperating them into 
+seperate files.
+
+Header files are syntaxtically similar to c source files but reside in ".h" 
+files. They can be included in your c source file by using the precompiler 
+command #include "example.h", given that example.h exists in the same directory 
+as the c file.
+*/
+
+/* A safe guard to prevent the header from being defined too many times. This */
+/* happens in the case of circle dependency, the contents of the header is    */
+/* already defined.                                                           */
+#ifndef EXAMPLE_H /* if EXAMPLE_H is not yet defined. */
+#define EXAMPLE_H /* Define the macro EXAMPLE_H. */
+
+/* Other headers can be included in headers and therefore transitively */
+/* included into files that include this header.                       */
+#include <string.h>
 
+/* Like c source files macros can be defined in headers and used in files */
+/* that include this header file.                                         */
+#define EXAMPLE_NAME "Dennis Ritchie"
+/* Function macros can also be defined. */
+#define ADD(a, b) (a + b)
+
+/* Structs and typedefs can be used for consistency between files. */
+typedef struct node
+{
+    int val;
+    struct node *next;
+} Node;
+
+/* So can enumerations. */
+enum traffic_light_state {GREEN, YELLOW, RED};
+
+/* Function prototypes can also be defined here for use in multiple files,  */
+/* but it is bad practice to define the function in the header. Definitions */
+/* should instead be put in a c file.                                       */
+Node createLinkedList(int *vals, int len);
+
+/* Beyond the above elements, other definitions should be left to a c source */
+/* file. Excessive includeds or definitions should, also not be contained in */
+/* a header file but instead put into separate headers or a c file.          */
+
+#endif /* End of the if precompiler directive. */
+
+```
 ## Further Reading
 
 Best to find yourself a copy of [K&R, aka "The C Programming Language"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language)