Add C# Language

Based on the Java one

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+---
+
+language: c#
+contributors:
+    - ["Irfan Charania", "https://github.com/irfancharania"]
+filename: LearnCSharp.cs
+
+---
+
+C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework.
+
+[Read more here.](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/z1zx9t92.aspx)
+
+```c#
+// Single-line comments start with //
+/*
+Multi-line comments look like this
+*/
+/// <summary>
+/// This is an XML documentation comment
+/// </summary>
+
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+// defines scope to organize code into "packages"
+namespace Learning
+{
+	// Each .cs file should at least contain a class with the same name as the file
+	// you're allowed to do otherwise, but shouldn't for sanity.
+	public class LearnCSharp
+	{
+		// A console application must have a main method as an entry point
+		public static void Main(string[] args)
+		{
+			// Use Console.WriteLine to print lines
+			Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
+			Console.WriteLine(
+				"Integer: " + 10 +
+				" Double: " + 3.14 +
+				" Boolean: " + true);
+
+			// To print without a new line, use Console.Write
+			Console.Write("Hello ");
+			Console.Write("World");
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			// Types & Variables
+			//
+			// Declare a variable using <type> <name>
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+			// Sbyte - Signed 8-bit integer
+			// (-128 <= sbyte <= 127)
+			sbyte fooSbyte = 100;
+
+			// Byte - Unsigned 8-bit integer
+			// (0 <= byte <= 255)
+			byte fooByte = 100;
+
+			// Short - Signed 16-bit integer
+			// (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
+			short fooShort = 10000;
+
+			// Ushort - Unsigned 16-bit integer
+			// (0 <= ushort <= 65,535)
+			ushort fooUshort = 10000;
+
+			// Integer - Signed 32-bit integer
+			// (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
+			int fooInt = 1;
+
+			// Uinteger - Unsigned 32-bit integer
+			// (0 <= uint <= 4,294,967,295)
+			uint fooUint = 1;
+
+			// Long - Signed 64-bit integer
+			// (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
+			long fooLong = 100000L;
+			// L is used to denote that this variable value is of type long or ulong
+			// anything without is treated as int or uint depending on size.
+
+			// Ulong - Unsigned 64-bit integer
+			// (0 <= ulong <= 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
+			ulong fooUlong = 100000L;
+
+			// Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+			// Precision: 7 digits
+			float fooFloat = 234.5f;
+			// f is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
+			// otherwise it is treated as double.
+
+			// Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+			// Precision: 15-16 digits
+			double fooDouble = 123.4;
+
+			// Bool - true & false
+			bool fooBoolean = true;
+			bool barBoolean = false;
+
+			// Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
+			char fooChar = 'A';
+
+			// Strings
+			string fooString = "My string is here!";
+			Console.WriteLine(fooString);
+
+			// formatting
+			string fooFormattedString = string.Format("Check Check, {0} {1}, {0} {1:0.0}", 1, 2);
+			Console.WriteLine(fooFormattedString);
+
+			// formatting dates
+			DateTime fooDate = DateTime.Now;
+			Console.WriteLine(fooDate.ToString("hh:mm, dd MMM yyyy"));
+
+			// \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
+			string barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
+			Console.WriteLine(barString);
+
+			// it can be written prettier by using the @ symbol
+			string bazString = @"Here's some stuff
+	on a new line!";
+			Console.WriteLine(bazString);
+
+			// quotes need to be escaped
+			// use \" normally
+			string quotedString = "some \"quoted\" stuff";
+			Console.WriteLine(quotedString);
+
+			// use "" when strings start with @
+			string quotedString2 = @"some MORE ""quoted"" stuff";
+			Console.WriteLine(quotedString2);
+
+			// Use const or read-only to make a variable immutable
+			// const values are calculated at compile time
+			const int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
+
+			// Nullable types
+			// any type can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
+			// <type>? <var name> = <value>
+			int? nullable = null;
+			Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
+
+			// ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
+			// in case variable is null
+			int notNullable = nullable ?? 0;
+			Console.WriteLine("Not nullable variable: " + notNullable);
+
+			// Var - compiler will choose the most appropriate type based on value
+			var fooImplicit = true;
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			// Data Structures
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Data Structures");
+
+			// Arrays
+			// The array size must be decided upon declaration
+			// The format for declaring an array is follows:
+			// <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
+			int[] intArray = new int[10];
+			string[] stringArray = new string[1];
+			bool[] boolArray = new bool[100];
+
+			// Another way to declare & initialize an array
+			int[] y = { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+			// Indexing an array - Accessing an element
+			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
+
+			// Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
+			intArray[1] = 1;
+			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
+
+			// Lists
+			// Lists are used more frequently than arrays as they are more flexible
+			// The format for declaring a list is follows:
+			// List<datatype> <var name> = new List<datatype>();
+			List<int> intList = new List<int>();
+			List<string> stringList = new List<string>();
+
+			// Another way to declare & initialize a list
+			List<int> z = new List<int> { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+			// Indexing a list - Accessing an element
+			// Lists are zero-indexed and mutable.
+			Console.WriteLine("z @ 0: " + z[2]);
+
+			// Lists don't default to a value;
+			// A value must be added before accessing the index
+			intList.Add(1);
+			Console.WriteLine("intList @ 0: " + intList[0]);
+
+
+			// Others data structures to check out:
+			//
+			// Stack/Queue
+			// Dictionary
+			// Read-only Collections
+			// Tuple (.Net 4+)
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Operators
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Operators");
+
+			int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
+
+			// Arithmetic is straightforward
+			Console.WriteLine("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
+			Console.WriteLine("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
+			Console.WriteLine("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
+			Console.WriteLine("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
+
+			// Modulo
+			Console.WriteLine("11%3 = " + (11 % 3)); // => 2
+
+			// Comparison operators
+			Console.WriteLine("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
+			Console.WriteLine("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
+			Console.WriteLine("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
+
+			// Bitwise operators!
+			/*
+			~       Unary bitwise complement
+			<<      Signed left shift
+			>>      Signed right shift
+			>>>     Unsigned right shift
+			&       Bitwise AND
+			^       Bitwise exclusive OR
+			|       Bitwise inclusive OR
+			*/
+
+			// Incrementations
+			int i = 0;
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
+			Console.WriteLine(i++); //i = 1. Post-Incrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(++i); //i = 2. Pre-Incrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(i--); //i = 1. Post-Decrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(--i); //i = 0. Pre-Decrementation
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Control Structures
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Control Structures");
+
+			// If statements are c-like
+			int j = 10;
+			if (j == 10)
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I get printed");
+			}
+			else if (j > 10)
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I don't");
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I also don't");
+			}
+
+			// Ternary operators
+			// A simple if/else can be written as follows
+			// <condition> ? <true> : <false>
+			string isTrue = (true) ? "True" : "False";
+			Console.WriteLine("Ternary demo: " + isTrue);
+
+
+			// While loop
+			int fooWhile = 0;
+			while (fooWhile < 100)
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooWhile);
+				//Increment the counter
+				//Iterated 99 times, fooWhile 0->99
+				fooWhile++;
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
+
+			// Do While Loop
+			int fooDoWhile = 0;
+			do
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooDoWhile);
+				//Increment the counter
+				//Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
+				fooDoWhile++;
+			} while (fooDoWhile < 100);
+			Console.WriteLine("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
+
+			// For Loop
+			int fooFor;
+			//for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
+			for (fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++)
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooFor);
+				//Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
+
+			// Switch Case
+			// A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
+			// It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types),
+			// the String class, and a few special classes that wrap
+			// primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
+			int month = 3;
+			string monthString;
+			switch (month)
+			{
+				case 1:
+					monthString = "January";
+					break;
+				case 2:
+					monthString = "February";
+					break;
+				case 3:
+					monthString = "March";
+					break;
+				default:
+					monthString = "Some other month";
+					break;
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Converting Data Types And Typcasting
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+
+			// Converting data
+
+			// Convert String To Integer
+			// this will throw an Exception on failure
+			int.Parse("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
+
+			// try parse will default to type default on failure
+			// in this case: 0
+			int tryInt;
+			int.TryParse("123", out tryInt);
+
+			// Convert Integer To String
+			// Convert class has a number of methods to facilitate conversions
+			Convert.ToString(123);
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Classes And Functions
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Classes & Functions");
+
+			// (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
+
+			// Use new to instantiate a class
+			Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
+
+			// Call object methods
+			trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
+			trek.setCadence(100);
+
+			// ToString is a convention to display the value of this Object.
+			Console.WriteLine("trek info: " + trek.ToString());
+
+			// Instantiate another new Bicycle
+			Bicycle octo = new Bicycle(5, 10);
+			Console.WriteLine("octo info: " + octo.ToString());
+
+			// Instantiate a new Penny Farthing
+			PennyFarthing funbike = new PennyFarthing(1, 10);
+			Console.WriteLine("funbike info: " + funbike.ToString());
+
+			Console.Read();
+		} // End main method
+
+
+	} // End LearnCSharp class
+
+	// You can include other classes in a .cs file
+
+
+	// Class Declaration Syntax:
+	// <public/private/protected> class <class name>{
+	//    //data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
+	//    //functions are called as methods in Java.
+	// }
+
+	public class Bicycle
+	{
+		// Bicycle's Fields/Variables
+		public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
+		private int _speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
+		protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
+		internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
+		string name; // default: Only accessible from within this class
+
+		// readonly values are set at run time
+		// they can only be assigned upon declaration or in a constructor
+		readonly bool hasCardsInSpokes = false; // read-only private
+
+		// Constructors are a way of creating classes
+		// This is a default constructor
+		public Bicycle()
+		{
+			gear = 1;
+			cadence = 50;
+			_speed = 5;
+			name = "Bontrager";
+		}
+
+		// This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
+		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear, string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
+		{
+			this.gear = startGear;
+			this.cadence = startCadence;
+			this._speed = startSpeed;
+			this.name = name;
+			this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
+		}
+
+		// Constructors can be chained
+		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+			this(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "big wheels", true)
+		{
+		}
+
+		// Function Syntax:
+		// <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
+
+		// classes can implement getters and setters for their fields
+		// or they can implement properties
+
+		// Method declaration syntax:
+		// <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
+		public int getCadence()
+		{
+			return cadence;
+		}
+
+		// void methods require no return statement
+		public void setCadence(int newValue)
+		{
+			cadence = newValue;
+		}
+
+		// virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
+		public virtual void setGear(int newValue)
+		{
+			gear = newValue;
+		}
+
+		public void speedUp(int increment)
+		{
+			_speed += increment;
+		}
+
+		public void slowDown(int decrement)
+		{
+			_speed -= decrement;
+		}
+
+		// properties get/set values
+		// when only data needs to be accessed, consider using properties.
+		// properties may have either get or set, or both
+		private bool _hasTassles; // private variable
+		public bool hasTassles // public accessor
+		{
+			get { return _hasTassles; }
+			set { _hasTassles = value; }
+		}
+
+		private int _frameSize;
+		public int FrameSize
+		{
+			get { return _frameSize; }
+			// you are able to specify access modifiers for either get or set
+			// this means only Bicycle class can call set on Framesize
+			private set { _frameSize = value; }
+		}
+
+		//Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
+		public override string ToString()
+		{
+			return "gear: " + gear +
+					" cadence: " + cadence +
+					" speed: " + _speed +
+					" name: " + name +
+					" cards in spokes: " + (hasCardsInSpokes ? "yes" : "no") +
+					"\n------------------------------\n"
+					;
+		}
+	} // end class Bicycle
+
+	// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
+	class PennyFarthing : Bicycle
+	{
+		// (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
+		// They have no gears.)
+
+		// calling parent constructor
+		public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+			base(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing", true)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public override void setGear(int gear)
+		{
+			gear = 0;
+		}
+	}
+} // End Namespace
+
+```
+
+## Topics Not Covered
+
+ * Enums, Flags
+ * Attributes
+ * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
+ * Exceptions, Interfaces, Abstraction
+ * LINQ
+ * ASP.NET (Web Forms/MVC/WebMatrix)
+ * Winforms
+ * Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
+
+
+
+## Further Reading
+
+ * [DotNetPerls](http://www.dotnetperls.com)
+ * [C# in Depth](http://manning.com/skeet2)
+ * [Programming C#](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920024064.do)
+ * [LINQ](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596519254.do)
+ * [MSDN Library](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/618ayhy6.aspx)
+ * [ASP.NET MVC Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials)
+ * [ASP.NET Web Matrix Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/web-pages/tutorials)
+ * [ASP.NET Web Forms Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/web-forms/tutorials)
+ * [Windows Forms Programming in C#](http://www.amazon.com/Windows-Forms-Programming-Chris-Sells/dp/0321116208)
+
+
+
+[C# Coding Conventions](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/ff926074.aspx)