Create typescript-fr.html.markdown

Translate the reading block, the introduction part and the type part.

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+---
+language: TypeScript
+contributors:
+    - ["Philippe Vlérick", "https://github.com/pvlerick"]
+translators:
+    - ["Alois de Gouvello", "https://github.com/aloisdg"]
+filename: learntypescript-fr.ts
+lang: fr-fr
+---
+
+TypeScript est un langage visant à faciliter le developpement d'applications large  et scalable écrite en JavaScript.
+TypeScript ajoute des concepts classiques comme les classes, les modules, les interfaces, les génériques et le typage statique (optionel) à JavaScript.
+C'est une surcouche à JavaScript: tout le code JavaScript est valide en TypeScript ce qui permet de l'ajouter de façon transparente à n'importe quel projet. Le compilateur TypeScript émet du JavaScript. 
+
+Cet article se concentrera seulement sur la syntaxe supplémentaire de TypeScript, plutôt que celle de [JavaScript] (../javascript/).
+
+Pour tester le compilateur de TypeScript, rendez-vous au [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) où vous pourrez coder, profiter d'une autocomplétion et voir directement le rendu JavaScript.
+
+```js
+// Il y a 3 types basiques en in TypeScript
+var isDone: boolean = false;
+var lines: number = 42;
+var name: string = "Anders";
+
+// Quand c'est impossible de savoir, il ya le type `Any`
+var notSure: any = 4;
+notSure = "maybe a string instead";
+notSure = false; // ok, définitvement un booléen
+
+// Pour les collections, il y a les tableaux typés et les tableaux génériques
+var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; // Un tableaux typé
+var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]; // un tableau générique
+
+// Pour les énumeration
+enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
+var c: Color = Color.Green;
+
+// Enfin, `void` est utilisé dans le cas spécifique d'une fonction ne retournant rien
+function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
+  alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
+}
+
+// Functions are first class citizens, support the lambda "fat arrow" syntax and
+// use type inference
+
+// The following are equivalent, the same signature will be infered by the
+// compiler, and same JavaScript will be emitted
+var f1 = function(i: number): number { return i * i; }
+// Return type inferred
+var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; }
+var f3 = (i: number): number => { return i * i; }
+// Return type inferred
+var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; }
+// Return type inferred, one-liner means no return keyword needed
+var f5 = (i: number) =>  i * i;
+
+// Interfaces are structural, anything that has the properties is compliant with
+// the interface
+interface Person {
+  name: string;
+  // Optional properties, marked with a "?"
+  age?: number;
+  // And of course functions
+  move(): void;
+}
+
+// Object that implements the "Person" interface
+// Can be treated as a Person since it has the name and move properties
+var p: Person = { name: "Bobby", move: () => {} };
+// Objects that have the optional property:
+var validPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
+// Is not a person because age is not a number
+var invalidPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true };
+
+// Interfaces can also describe a function type
+interface SearchFunc {
+  (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
+}
+// Only the parameters' types are important, names are not important.
+var mySearch: SearchFunc;
+mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
+  return src.search(sub) != -1;
+}
+
+// Classes - members are public by default
+class Point {
+  // Properties
+    x: number;
+
+    // Constructor - the public/private keywords in this context will generate
+    // the boiler plate code for the property and the initialization in the
+    // constructor.
+    // In this example, "y" will be defined just like "x" is, but with less code
+    // Default values are also supported
+
+    constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
+        this.x = x;
+    }
+
+    // Functions
+    dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
+
+    // Static members
+    static origin = new Point(0, 0);
+}
+
+var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
+var p2 = new Point(25); //y will be 0
+
+// Inheritance
+class Point3D extends Point {
+    constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
+        super(x, y); // Explicit call to the super class constructor is mandatory
+    }
+
+    // Overwrite
+    dist() {
+        var d = super.dist();
+        return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
+    }
+}
+
+// Modules, "." can be used as separator for sub modules
+module Geometry {
+  export class Square {
+    constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
+    }
+    area() {
+      return Math.pow(this.sideLength, 2);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
+
+// Local alias for referencing a module
+import G = Geometry;
+
+var s2 = new G.Square(10);
+
+// Generics
+// Classes
+class Tuple<T1, T2> {
+    constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
+    }
+}
+
+// Interfaces
+interface Pair<T> {
+    item1: T;
+    item2: T;
+}
+
+// And functions
+var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
+    return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
+};
+
+var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
+
+// Including references to a definition file:
+/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
+
+```
+
+## Lectures complémentaires
+ * [Site officiel de TypeScript] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/)
+ * [Spécification du langage TypeScript (pdf)] (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238)
+ * [Anders Hejlsberg - Introducing TypeScript on Channel 9] (http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript)
+ * [Code source sur GitHub] (https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript)
+ * [Definitely Typed - repository for type definitions] (http://definitelytyped.org/)