Merge pull request #1 from adambard/master

Merge from original adambard

1 files changed, 109 insertions, 69 deletions

diff --git a/latex.html.markdown b/latex.html.markdown
index a3866892..29a9f638 100644
--- a/latex.html.markdown
+++ b/latex.html.markdown
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 language: latex
 contributors:
     - ["Chaitanya Krishna Ande", "http://icymist.github.io"]
-    - ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"]
+    - ["Colton Kohnke", "https://github.com/voltnor"]
     - ["Sricharan Chiruvolu", "http://sricharan.xyz"]
     - ["Ramanan Balakrishnan", "https://github.com/ramananbalakrishnan"]
     - ["Svetlana Golubeva", "https://attillax.github.io/"]
+    - ["Oliver Kopp", "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-4290"]
 filename: learn-latex.tex
 ---
 
@@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ filename: learn-latex.tex
 
 % Next we define the packages the document uses.
 % If you want to include graphics, colored text, or
-% source code from another language file into your document, 
-% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages. 
+% source code from another language file into your document,
+% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages.
 % I'm going to include the float and caption packages for figures
 % and hyperref package for hyperlinks
 \usepackage{caption}
@@ -38,18 +39,18 @@ filename: learn-latex.tex
 \author{Chaitanya Krishna Ande, Colton Kohnke, Sricharan Chiruvolu \& \\
 Svetlana Golubeva}
 \date{\today}
-\title{Learn \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} in Y Minutes!}
+\title{Learn \LaTeX{} in Y Minutes!}
 
 % Now we're ready to begin the document
 % Everything before this line is called "The Preamble"
-\begin{document} 
-% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX 
+\begin{document}
+% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX
 % create a title page for us.
 \maketitle
 
 % If we have sections, we can create table of contents. We have to compile our
 % document twice to make it appear in right order.
-% It is a good practice to separate the table of contents form the body of the 
+% It is a good practice to separate the table of contents form the body of the
 % document. To do so we use \newpage command
 \newpage
 \tableofcontents
@@ -58,14 +59,14 @@ Svetlana Golubeva}
 
 % Most research papers have abstract, you can use the predefined commands for this.
 % This should appear in its logical order, therefore, after the top matter,
-% but before the main sections of the body. 
+% but before the main sections of the body.
 % This command is available in the document classes article and report.
 \begin{abstract}
- \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} documentation written as \LaTeX! How novel and totally not
+ \LaTeX{} documentation written as \LaTeX! How novel and totally not
  my idea!
 \end{abstract}
 
-% Section commands are intuitive. 
+% Section commands are intuitive.
 % All the titles of the sections are added automatically to the table of contents.
 \section{Introduction}
 Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore \LaTeX!
@@ -74,23 +75,28 @@ Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore \LaTeX!
 This is the text for another section. I think it needs a subsection.
 
 \subsection{This is a subsection} % Subsections are also intuitive.
-I think we need another one
+I think we need another one.
 
 \subsubsection{Pythagoras}
 Much better now.
 \label{subsec:pythagoras}
 
 % By using the asterisk we can suppress LaTeX's inbuilt numbering.
-% This works for other LaTeX commands as well. 
-\section*{This is an unnumbered section} 
+% This works for other LaTeX commands as well.
+\section*{This is an unnumbered section}
 However not all sections have to be numbered!
 
 \section{Some Text notes}
 %\section{Spacing} % Need to add more information about space intervals
-\LaTeX \hspace{1pt} is generally pretty good about placing text where it should
-go. If 
-a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash 
-\hspace{1pt} to the source code. \\ 
+\LaTeX{} is generally pretty good about placing text where it should
+go. If
+a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash{}
+to the source code.
+
+Separate paragraphs by empty lines.
+
+You need to add a backslash after abbreviations (if not followed by a comma), because otherwise the spacing after the dot is too large:
+E.g., i.e., etc.\ are are such abbreviations.
 
 \section{Lists}
 Lists are one of the easiest things to create in \LaTeX! I need to go shopping
@@ -109,18 +115,18 @@ tomorrow, so let's make a grocery list.
 
 \section{Math}
 
-One of the primary uses for \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} is to produce academic articles
-or technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such, 
-we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper! \\
+One of the primary uses for \LaTeX{} is to produce academic articles
+or technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such,
+we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper!
 
 Math has many symbols, far beyond what you can find on a keyboard;
-Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few.\\
+Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few.
 
 Sets and relations play a vital role in many mathematical research papers.
-Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall$ x $\in$ X. \\
-% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is 
-% because when writing, we are in text-mode. 
-% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode. 
+Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall x \in X$.
+% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is
+% because when writing, we are in text-mode.
+% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode.
 % We can enter math-mode from text mode with the $ signs.
 % The opposite also holds true. Variable can also be rendered in math-mode.
 % We can also enter math mode with \[\]
@@ -128,16 +134,16 @@ Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall$ x $\in$ X. \\
 \[a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \]
 
 My favorite Greek letter is $\xi$. I also like $\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\sigma$.
-I haven't found a Greek letter yet that \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} doesn't know
-about! \\
+I haven't found a Greek letter yet that \LaTeX{} doesn't know
+about!
 
-Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document: 
-trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$), 
-logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$), 
-limits ($\lim$), etc. 
-have per-defined LaTeX commands. 
-Let's write an equation to see how it's done: 
-$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$ \\
+Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document:
+trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$),
+logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$),
+limits ($\lim$), etc.\ 
+have pre-defined LaTeX commands.
+Let's write an equation to see how it's done:
+$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$
 
 Fractions (Numerator-denominators) can be written in these forms:
 
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ $$ ^{10}/_{7} $$
 
 % Relatively complex fractions can be written as
 % \frac{numerator}{denominator}
-$$ \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} $$ \\
+$$ \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} $$
 
 We can also insert equations in an ``equation environment''.
 
@@ -156,31 +162,33 @@ We can also insert equations in an ``equation environment''.
     \label{eq:pythagoras} % for referencing
 \end{equation} % all \begin statements must have an end statement
 
-We can then reference our new equation! 
+We can then reference our new equation!
 Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras} is also known as the Pythagoras Theorem which is also
-the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled: 
+the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled:
 figures, equations, sections, etc.
 
 Summations and Integrals are written with sum and int commands:
 
 % Some LaTeX compilers will complain if there are blank lines
 % In an equation environment.
-\begin{equation} 
+\begin{equation}
   \sum_{i=0}^{5} f_{i}
-\end{equation} 
-\begin{equation} 
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
   \int_{0}^{\infty} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{d}x
-\end{equation} 
+\end{equation}
 
 \section{Figures}
 
-Let's insert a Figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky. 
+Let's insert a figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky.
+Basic options are [t] for top, [b] for bottom, [h] for here (approximately).
 I definitely have to lookup the placement options each time.
+% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions for more details
 
-\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option. 
+\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option.
     \centering % centers the figure on the page
     % Inserts a figure scaled to 0.8 the width of the page.
-    %\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png} 
+    %\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png}
     % Commented out for compilation purposes. Please use your imagination.
     \caption{Right triangle with sides $a$, $b$, $c$}
     \label{fig:right-triangle}
@@ -192,51 +200,62 @@ We can also insert Tables in the same way as figures.
 \begin{table}[H]
   \caption{Caption for the Table.}
   % the {} arguments below describe how each row of the table is drawn.
-  % Again, I have to look these up. Each. And. Every. Time.
-  \begin{tabular}{c|cc} 
+  % The basic is simple: one letter for each column, to control alignment:
+  % basic options are: c, l, r and p for centered, left, right and paragraph
+  % optionnally, you can add a | for a vertical line
+  % See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables for more details
+  \begin{tabular}{c|cc}  % here it means "centered | vertical line, centered centered"
     Number &  Last Name & First Name \\ % Column rows are separated by &
     \hline % a horizontal line
     1 & Biggus & Dickus \\
     2 & Monty & Python
   \end{tabular}
+  % it will approximately be displayed like this
+  % Number | Last Name     First Name
+  % -------|---------------------------  % because of \hline
+  %   1    |   Biggus        Dickus
+  %   2    |   Monty         Python
 \end{table}
 
-\section{Getting \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} to not compile something (i.e. Source Code)}
-Let's say we want to include some code into our \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} document,
-we would then need \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} to not try and interpret that text and
-instead just print it to the document. We do this with a verbatim 
-environment. 
+\section{Getting \LaTeX{} to not compile something (i.e.\ Source Code)}
+Let's say we want to include some code into our \LaTeX{} document,
+we would then need \LaTeX{} to not try and interpret that text and
+instead just print it to the document. We do this with a verbatim
+environment.
 
 % There are other packages that exist (i.e. minty, lstlisting, etc.)
 % but verbatim is the bare-bones basic one.
-\begin{verbatim} 
+\begin{verbatim}
   print("Hello World!")
-  a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim. 
-  random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll
+  a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim.
+  random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll, https://www.xkcd.com/221/
+  See https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/221:_Random_Number
 \end{verbatim}
 
-\section{Compiling} 
+\section{Compiling}
+
+By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document
+and look at the glorious glory that is a \LaTeX{} pdf.
+(yes, this document actually does compile).
 
-By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document 
-and look at the glorious glory that is a \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} pdf.
-(yes, this document actually does compile). \\
-Getting to the final document using \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} consists of the following 
+Getting to the final document using \LaTeX{} consists of the following
 steps:
   \begin{enumerate}
     \item Write the document in plain text (the ``source code'').
-    \item Compile source code to produce a pdf. 
+    \item Compile source code to produce a pdf.
      The compilation step looks like this (in Linux): \\
-     \begin{verbatim} 
+     \begin{verbatim}
         > pdflatex learn-latex.tex
      \end{verbatim}
   \end{enumerate}
 
-A number of \LaTeX \hspace{1pt}editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the 
+A number of \LaTeX{} editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the
 same piece of software. So, you get to see Step 1, but not Step 2 completely.
 Step 2 is still happening behind the scenes\footnote{In cases, where you use
 references (like Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras}), you may need to run Step 2
 multiple times, to generate an intermediary *.aux file.}.
 % Also, this is how you add footnotes to your document!
+% with a simple \footnote{...} command. They are numbered ¹, ², ... by default.
 
 You write all your formatting information in plain text in Step 1.
 The compilation part in Step 2 takes care of producing the document in the
@@ -245,19 +264,40 @@ format you defined in Step 1.
 \section{Hyperlinks}
 We can also insert hyperlinks in our document. To do so we need to include the
 package hyperref into preamble with the command:
-\begin{verbatim} 
+\begin{verbatim}
     \usepackage{hyperref}
 \end{verbatim}
 
 There exists two main types of links: visible URL \\
-\url{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}, or  
+\url{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}, or
 \href{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}{shadowed by text}
-% You can not add extra-spaces or special symbols into shadowing text since it 
+% You can not add extra-spaces or special symbols into shadowing text since it
 % will cause mistakes during the compilation
 
-This package also produces list of tumbnails in the output pdf document and 
+This package also produces list of thumbnails in the output pdf document and
 active links in the table of contents.
 
+\section{Writing in ASCII or other encodings}
+
+By default, historically LaTeX accepts inputs which are pure ASCII (128),
+not even extened ASCII, meaning without accents (à, è etc.) and non-Latin symbols.
+
+It is easy to insert accents and basic Latin symbols, with backslash shortcuts
+Like \,c, \'e, \`A, \ae and \oe etc.  % for ç, é, À, etc
+% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Special_Characters#Escaped_codes for more
+
+To write directly in UTF-8, when compiling with pdflatex, use
+\begin{verbatim}
+    \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\end{verbatim}
+The selected font has to support the glyphs used for your document, you have to add
+\begin{verbatim}
+    \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Not that there also exists LuaTeX and XeLaTeX that were designed to have builtin
+support for UTF-8 and case ease your life if you don't write in a latin alphabet.
+
 \section{End}
 
 That's all for now!
@@ -267,9 +307,8 @@ That's all for now!
 \begin{thebibliography}{1}
   % similar to other lists, the \bibitem command can be used to list items
   % each entry can then be cited directly in the body of the text
-  \bibitem{latexwiki} The amazing \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} wikibook: {\em 
-https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX}
-  \bibitem{latextutorial} An actual tutorial: {\em http://www.latex-tutorial.com}
+  \bibitem{latexwiki} The amazing \LaTeX{} wikibook: \emph{https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX}
+  \bibitem{latextutorial} An actual tutorial: \emph{http://www.latex-tutorial.com}
 \end{thebibliography}
 
 % end the document
@@ -280,3 +319,4 @@ https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX}
 
 * The amazing LaTeX wikibook: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX)
 * An actual tutorial: [http://www.latex-tutorial.com/](http://www.latex-tutorial.com/)
+* A quick guide for learning LaTeX: [Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes](https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes)