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----
-
-language: Objective-C
-contributors:
-    - ["Eugene Yagrushkin", "www.about.me/yagrushkin"]
-    - ["Yannick Loriot", "https://github.com/YannickL"]
-filename: LearnObjectiveC.m
-
----
-
-Objective-C is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective frameworks, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.
-It is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. 
-
-```cpp
-// Single-line comments start with //
-
-/*
-Multi-line comments look like this.
-*/
-
-// Imports the Foundation headers with #import
-#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
-#import "MyClass.h"
-
-// Your program's entry point is a function called
-// main with an integer return type.
-int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
-{
-    // Create an autorelease pool to manage the memory into the program
-    NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
-    // If using automatic reference counting (ARC), use @autoreleasepool instead:
-    @autoreleasepool {
-
-    // Use NSLog to print lines to the console
-    NSLog(@"Hello World!"); // Print the string "Hello World!"
- 
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Types & Variables
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    
-    // Primitive declarations
-    int myPrimitive1  = 1;
-    long myPrimitive2 = 234554664565;
-    
-    // Object declarations
-    // Put the * in front of the variable names for strongly-typed object declarations
-    MyClass *myObject1 = nil;  // Strong typing
-    id       myObject2 = nil;  // Weak typing
-    // %@ is an object
-    // 'description' is a convention to display the value of the Objects
-    NSLog(@"%@ and %@", myObject1, [myObject2 description]); // Print "(null) and (null)"
-    
-    // String
-    NSString *worldString = @"World";
-    NSLog(@"Hello %@!", worldString); // prints => "Hello World!" 
-    // NSMutableString is a mutable version of the NSString object.
-    NSMutableString *mutableString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"Hello"];
-    [mutableString appendString:@" World!"];
-    NSLog(@"%@", mutableString); // prints => "Hello World!"
-    
-    // Character literals
-    NSNumber *theLetterZNumber = @'Z';
-    char theLetterZ            = [theLetterZNumber charValue]; // or 'Z'
-    NSLog(@"%c", theLetterZ);
-
-    // Integral literals
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoNumber = @42;
-    int fortyTwo             = [fortyTwoNumber intValue]; // or 42
-    NSLog(@"%i", fortyTwo);
-    
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsignedNumber = @42U;
-    unsigned int fortyTwoUnsigned    = [fortyTwoUnsignedNumber unsignedIntValue]; // or 42
-    NSLog(@"%u", fortyTwoUnsigned);
-    
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoShortNumber = [NSNumber numberWithShort:42];
-    short fortyTwoShort           = [fortyTwoShortNumber shortValue]; // or 42
-    NSLog(@"%hi", fortyTwoShort);
-
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoShortNumber   = [NSNumber numberWithShort:41];
-    unsigned short fortyTwoUnsigned = [fortyTwoShortNumber unsignedShortValue]; // or 41
-    NSLog(@"%hu", fortyTwoUnsigned);
-    
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoLongNumber = @42L;
-    long fortyTwoLong            = [fortyTwoLongNumber longValue]; // or 42
-    NSLog(@"%li", fortyTwoLong);
-
-    NSNumber *fortyTwoLongNumber     = @53L;
-    unsigned long fiftyThreeUnsigned = [fortyTwoLongNumber unsignedLongValue]; // or 53
-    NSLog(@"%lu", fiftyThreeUnsigned);
-
-    // Floating point literals
-    NSNumber *piFloatNumber = @3.141592654F;
-    float piFloat           = [piFloatNumber floatValue]; // or 3.141592654f
-    NSLog(@"%f", piFloat); // prints => 3.141592654
-    NSLog(@"%5.2f", piFloat); // prints => " 3.14"
-    
-    NSNumber *piDoubleNumber = @3.1415926535;
-    double piDouble          = [piDoubleNumber doubleValue]; // or 3.1415926535
-    NSLog(@"%f", piDouble);
-    NSLog(@"%4.2f", piDouble); // prints => "3.14"
-
-    // NSDecimalNumber is a fixed-point class that's more precise then float or double
-    NSDecimalNumber *oneDecNum = [NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:@"10.99"];
-    NSDecimalNumber *twoDecNum = [NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:@"5.002"];
-    // NSDecimalNumber isn't able to use standard +, -, *, / operators so it provides its own:
-    [oneDecNum decimalNumberByAdding:twoDecNum]; 
-    [oneDecNum decimalNumberBySubtracting:twoDecNum];
-    [oneDecNum decimalNumberByMultiplyingBy:twoDecNum];
-    [oneDecNum decimalNumberByDividingBy:twoDecNum];
-    NSLog(@"%@", oneDecNum); // prints => 10.99 as NSDecimalNumber is immutable. 
-
-    // BOOL literals
-    NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES;
-    NSNumber *noNumber  = @NO;
-    // or
-    BOOL yesBool = YES;
-    BOOL noBool  = NO;
-    NSLog(@"%i", yesBool); // prints => 1
-
-    // Array object
-    NSArray *anArray      = @[@1, @2, @3, @4];
-    NSNumber *thirdNumber = anArray[2];
-    NSLog(@"Third number = %@", thirdNumber); // Print "Third number = 3"
-    // NSMutableArray is mutable version of NSArray allowing to change items in array
-    // and extend or shrink array object. Convenient, but not as efficient as NSArray.
-    NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:2];
-    [mutableArray addObject:@"Hello"];
-    [mutableArray addObject:@"World"];
-    [mutableArray removeObjectAtIndex:0];
-    NSLog(@"%@", [mutableArray objectAtIndex:0]); // prints => "World"
-
-    // Dictionary object
-    NSDictionary *aDictionary = @{ @"key1" : @"value1", @"key2" : @"value2" };
-    NSObject *valueObject     = aDictionary[@"A Key"];
-    NSLog(@"Object = %@", valueObject); // Print "Object = (null)"
-    // NSMutableDictionary also available as a mutable dictionary object.
-    NSMutableDictionary *mutableDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithCapacity:2];
-    [mutableDictionary setObject:@"value1" forKey:@"key1"];
-    [mutableDictionary setObject:@"value2" forKey:@"key2"];
-    [mutableDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"key1"];
-
-    // Set object
-    NSSet *set = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"Hello", @"Hello", @"World", nil];
-    NSLog(@"%@", set); // prints => {(Hello, World)} (may be in different order)
-    // NSMutableSet also available as a mutable set object. 
-    NSMutableSet *mutableSet = [NSMutableSet setWithCapacity:2];
-    [mutableSet addObject:@"Hello"];
-    [mutableSet addObject:@"Hello"];
-    NSLog(@"%@", mutableSet); // prints => {(Hello)}
-
-    // Set object
-    NSSet *set = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"Hello", @"Hello", @"World", nil];
-    NSLog(@"%@", set); // prints => {(Hello, World)}
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Operators
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    
-    // The operators works like in the C language
-    // For example:
-    2 + 5; // => 7
-    4.2f + 5.1f; // => 9.3f
-    3 == 2; // => 0 (NO)
-    3 != 2; // => 1 (YES)
-    1 && 1; // => 1 (Logical and)
-    0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
-    ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation)
-    0x0F & 0xF0; // => 0x00 (bitwise AND)
-    0x01 << 1; // => 0x02 (bitwise left shift (by 1))
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Control Structures
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // If-Else statement
-    if (NO)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"I am never run");
-    } else if (0)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"I am also never run");
-    } else
-    {
-        NSLog(@"I print");
-    }
-
-    // Switch statement
-    switch (2)
-    {
-        case 0:
-        {
-            NSLog(@"I am never run");
-        } break;
-        case 1:
-        {
-            NSLog(@"I am also never run");
-        } break;
-        default:
-        {
-            NSLog(@"I print");
-        } break;
-    }
-    
-    // While loops statements
-    int ii = 0;
-    while (ii < 4)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"%d,", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place, after using its value.
-    } // => prints "0," 
-      //           "1,"
-      //           "2,"
-      //           "3,"
-
-    // For loops statements
-    int jj;
-    for (jj=0; jj < 4; jj++)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"%d,", jj);
-    } // => prints "0," 
-      //           "1,"
-      //           "2,"
-      //           "3,"
-     
-    // Foreach statements             
-    NSArray *values = @[@0, @1, @2, @3];
-    for (NSNumber *value in values)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"%@,", value);
-    } // => prints "0," 
-      //           "1,"
-      //           "2,"
-      //           "3,"
-
-    // Object for loop statement. Can be used with any Objective-C object type.
-    for (id item in values) { 
-        NSLog(@"%@,", item); 
-    } // => prints "0," 
-      //           "1,"
-      //           "2,"
-      //           "3,"
-
-    // Try-Catch-Finally statements
-    @try
-    {
-        // Your statements here
-        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:@"FileNotFoundException"
-                            reason:@"File Not Found on System" userInfo:nil];
-    } @catch (NSException * e)
-    {
-        NSLog(@"Exception: %@", e);
-    } @finally
-    {
-        NSLog(@"Finally");
-    } // => prints "Exception: File Not Found on System"
-      //           "Finally"
- 
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Objects
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    
-    // Create an object instance by allocating memory and initializing it.
-    // An object is not fully functional until both steps have been completed.
-    MyClass *myObject = [[MyClass alloc] init];
-        
-    // The Objective-C model of object-oriented programming is based on message
-    // passing to object instances. 
-    // In Objective-C one does not simply call a method; one sends a message.
-    [myObject instanceMethodWithParameter:@"Steve Jobs"];
-
-    // Clean up the memory you used into your program
-    [pool drain];
-
-    // End of @autoreleasepool.
-    }
-    
-    // End the program
-    return 0;
-}
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// Classes And Functions
-///////////////////////////////////////
-
-// Declare your class in a header file (MyClass.h):
-// Class declaration syntax:
-// @interface ClassName : ParentClassName <ImplementedProtocols>
-// {
-//    type name; <= variable declarations;
-// }
-// @property type name; <= property declarations.
-// -/+ (type) Method declarations; <= Method declarations. 
-// @end
-@interface MyClass : NSObject <MyProtocol> // NSObject is Objective-C's base object class.
-{
-    // Instance variable declarations (can exist in either interface or implementation file).
-    int count; // Protected access by default. 
-    @private id data; // Private access. (More convenient to declare in implementation file).
-    NSString *name; 
-}
-// Convenient notation for public access variables to auto generate a setter method. 
-// By default, setter method name is 'set' followed by @property variable name.
-@property int count; // Setter name = 'setCount'
-@property (copy) NSString *name; // (copy) => Copy the object during assignment.
-@property (readonly) id data;    // (readonly) => Declare only a getter method.
-// You can customize the getter and setter names instead of using default 'set' name:
-@property (getter=lengthGet, setter=lengthSet:) int length;
- 
-// Methods
-+/- (return type)methodSignature:(Parameter Type *)parameterName;
-
-// + for class method
-+ (NSString *)classMethod;
-
-// - for instance method
-- (NSString *)instanceMethodWithParameter:(NSString *)string;
-- (NSNumber *)methodAParameterAsString:(NSString*)string andAParameterAsNumber:(NSNumber *)number;
-
-@end // States the end of the interface. 
-
-
-// To access public variables from the implementation file, @property generates a setter method
-// automatically. Method name is 'set' followed by @property variable name:
-MyClass *myClass = [[MyClass alloc] init]; // create MyClass object instance.
-[myClass setCount:10]; 
-NSLog(@"%@", [myClass count]); // prints => 10
-// Or using the custom getter and setter method defined in @interface:
-[myClass lengthSet:32];
-NSLog(@"%i", [myClass lengthGet]); // prints => 32
-// For convenience, you may use dot notation to set and access object instance variables:
-myClass.count = 45;
-NSLog(@"%i", myClass.count); // prints => 45
-
-
-// Implement the methods in an implementation (MyClass.m) file:
-@implementation MyClass {
-    long distance; // Private access instance variable.
-}
-
-// To access public variable from the interface file, use '_' followed by variable name:
-_count = 5; // References "int count" from MyClass interface. 
-NSLog(@"%d", _count); // prints => 5
-// Access variables defined in implementation file:
-distance = 18; // References "long distance" from MyClass implementation.
-NSLog(@"%li", distance); // prints => 18
-
-// Call when the object is releasing
-- (void)dealloc
-{
-}
-
-// Constructors are a way of creating classes
-// This is a default constructor which is called when the object is creating
-- (id)init
-{
-    if ((self = [super init]))
-    {
-        self.count = 1;
-    }
-    return self;
-}
-
-+ (NSString *)classMethod
-{
-    return [[self alloc] init];
-}
-
-- (NSString *)instanceMethodWithParameter:(NSString *)string
-{
-    return @"New string";
-}
-
-- (NSNumber *)methodAParameterAsString:(NSString*)string andAParameterAsNumber:(NSNumber *)number
-{
-    return @42;
-}
-
-// Methods declared into MyProtocol
-- (void)myProtocolMethod
-{
-    // statements
-}
-
-@end // States the end of the implementation. 
-
-/*
- * A protocol declares methods that can be implemented by any class.
- * Protocols are not classes themselves. They simply define an interface
- * that other objects are responsible for implementing.
- */
-@protocol MyProtocol
-    - (void)myProtocolMethod;
-@end
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// Memory Management
-///////////////////////////////////////
-/* 
-For each object used in an application, memory must be allocated for that object. When the application
-is done using that object, memory must be deallocated to ensure application efficiency. 
-Objective-C does not use garbage collection and instead uses reference counting. As long as 
-there is at least one reference to an object (also called "owning" an object), then the object
-will be available to use (known as "ownership"). 
-
-When an instance owns an object, its reference counter is increments by one. When the
-object is released, the reference counter decrements by one. When reference count is zero,
-the object is removed from memory. 
-
-With all object interactions, follow the pattern of: 
-(1) create the object, (2) use the object, (3) then free the object from memory. 
-*/
-
-MyClass *classVar = [MyClass alloc]; // alloc sets classVar's reference count to one. Returns pointer to object.
-[classVar release]; // Decrements classVar's reference count.  
-// retain claims ownership of existing object instance and increments reference count. Returns pointer to object.
-MyClass *newVar = [classVar retain]; // If classVar is released, object is still in memory because newVar is owner.
-[classVar autorelease]; // Removes ownership of object at end of @autoreleasepool block. Returns pointer to object.
-
-// @property can use retain or assign as well for small convenient definitions. 
-@property (retain) MyClass *instance; // Release old value and retain a new one (strong reference).
-@property (assign) NSSet *set; // Pointer to new value without retaining/releasing old (weak reference).
-
-// Because memory management can be a pain, Xcode 4.2 and iOS 4 introduced Automatic Reference Counting (ARC).
-// ARC is a compiler feature that inserts retain, release, and autorelease automatically for you, so when using ARC, 
-// you must not use retain, relase, or autorelease.
-MyClass *arcMyClass = [[MyClass alloc] init]; // Without ARC, you will need to call: [arcMyClass release] after
-// you're done using arcMyClass. But with ARC, there is no need. It will insert this release statement for you. 
-
-// As for the "assign" and "retain" @property attributes, with ARC you use "weak" and "strong". 
-@property (weak) MyClass *weakVar; // weak does not take ownership of object. If original instance's reference count
-// is set to zero, weakVar will automatically receive value of nil to avoid application crashing.
-@property (strong) MyClass *strongVar; // strong takes ownership of object. Ensures object will stay in memory to use.
-
-// For regular variables (not @property declared variables), use the following:
-__strong NSString *strongString; // Default. Variable is retained in memory until it leaves it's scope. 
-__weak NSSet *weakSet; // Weak reference to existing object. When existing object is released, weakSet is set to nil.
-__unsafe_unretained NSArray *unsafeArray; // Like __weak but unsafeArray not set to nil when existing object is released.
-
-```
-## Further Reading
-
-[Wikipedia Objective-C](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C)
-
-[Programming with Objective-C. Apple PDF book](https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/cocoa/conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC.pdf)
-
-[iOS For High School Students: Getting Started](http://www.raywenderlich.com/5600/ios-for-high-school-students-getting-started)