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+---
+category: tool
+tool: bash
+contributors:
+    - ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
+    - ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"]
+    - ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"]
+    - ["Denis Arh", "https://github.com/darh"]
+    - ["akirahirose", "https://twitter.com/akirahirose"]
+    - ["Anton Strömkvist", "http://lutic.org/"]
+    - ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
+    - ["Gregrory Kielian", "https://github.com/gskielian"]
+    - ["Etan Reisner", "https://github.com/deryni"]
+filename: LearnBash.sh
+---
+
+Bash это командная оболочка unix (unix shell), которая распространяется как оболочка для операционной системы GNU и используется в качестве оболочки по умолчанию для Linux и Mac OS X.
+Почти все нижеприведенные примеры могут могут быть частью shell-скриптов или быть исполнены напрямую в shell.
+
+[Подробнее.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# Первая строка скрипта - это shebang, который сообщает системе как испольнять
+# этот скрипт: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
+# Как вы уже поняли, комментарии начинаются с #. Shebang - это тоже коммантарий.
+
+# Простой пример hello world:
+echo Hello world!
+
+# Отдельные команды начинаются с новой строки или разделяются точкой с запятой:
+echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
+
+# Вот так объявляется пемеренная:
+VARIABLE="Some string"
+
+# Но не так:
+VARIABLE = "Some string"
+# Bash решит что VARIABLE - это команда, которую он должен исполнить,
+# и выдаст ошибку, потому что не сможет найти ее.
+
+# И не так:
+VARIABLE= 'Some string'
+# Тут Bash решит что 'Some string' - это команда, которую он должен исполнить,
+# и выдаст ошибку, потому что не сможет найти ее (здесь 'VARIABLE=' выглядит
+# как присвоение значения переменной, но только в контексте исполнения
+# команды 'Some string').
+
+# Использование переменой:
+echo $VARIABLE
+echo "$VARIABLE"
+echo '$VARIABLE'
+# Когда вы используете переменную — присвоение, экспорт и т.д — вы пищете её
+# имя без $. А для получения значения переменной, используйте $.
+# Заметте что ' (одинарные кавычки) не раскрывают переменные в них.
+
+# Подстановка строк в переменных
+echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A}
+# Это выражение заменит первую встреченную подстроку "Some" на "A"
+
+# Подстановка из переменной
+LENGTH=7
+echo ${VARIABLE:0:LENGTH}
+# This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
+
+# Default value for variable
+echo ${FOO:-"DefaultValueIfFOOIsMissingOrEmpty"}
+# This works for null (FOO=), empty string (FOO=""), zero (FOO=0) returns 0
+
+# Builtin variables:
+# There are some useful builtin variables, like
+echo "Last program return value: $?"
+echo "Script's PID: $$"
+echo "Number of arguments: $#"
+echo "Scripts arguments: $@"
+echo "Scripts arguments seperated in different variables: $1 $2..."
+
+# Reading a value from input:
+echo "What's your name?"
+read NAME # Note that we didn't need to declare a new variable
+echo Hello, $NAME!
+
+# We have the usual if structure:
+# use 'man test' for more info about conditionals
+if [ $NAME -ne $USER ]
+then
+    echo "Your name isn't your username"
+else
+    echo "Your name is your username"
+fi
+
+# There is also conditional execution
+echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fails"
+echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
+
+# To use && and || with if statements, you need multiple pairs of square brackets:
+if [ $NAME == "Steve" ] && [ $AGE -eq 15 ]
+then
+    echo "This will run if $NAME is Steve AND $AGE is 15."
+fi
+
+if [ $NAME == "Daniya" ] || [ $NAME == "Zach" ]
+then
+    echo "This will run if $NAME is Daniya OR Zach."
+fi
+
+# Expressions are denoted with the following format:
+echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
+
+# Unlike other programming languages, bash is a shell — so it works in a context
+# of current directory. You can list files and directories in the current
+# directory with the ls command:
+ls
+
+# These commands have options that control their execution:
+ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
+
+# Results of the previous command can be passed to the next command as input.
+# grep command filters the input with provided patterns. That's how we can list
+# .txt files in the current directory:
+ls -l | grep "\.txt"
+
+# You can redirect command input and output (stdin, stdout, and stderr).
+# Read from stdin until ^EOF$ and overwrite hello.py with the lines
+# between "EOF":
+cat > hello.py << EOF
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import print_function
+import sys
+print("#stdout", file=sys.stdout)
+print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr)
+for line in sys.stdin:
+    print(line, file=sys.stdout)
+EOF
+
+# Run hello.py with various stdin, stdout, and stderr redirections:
+python hello.py < "input.in"
+python hello.py > "output.out"
+python hello.py 2> "error.err"
+python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
+python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
+# The output error will overwrite the file if it exists,
+# if you want to append instead, use ">>":
+python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
+
+# Overwrite output.txt, append to error.err, and count lines:
+info bash 'Basic Shell Features' 'Redirections' > output.out 2>> error.err
+wc -l output.out error.err
+
+# Run a command and print its file descriptor (e.g. /dev/fd/123)
+# see: man fd
+echo <(echo "#helloworld")
+
+# Overwrite output.txt with "#helloworld":
+cat > output.out <(echo "#helloworld")
+echo "#helloworld" > output.out
+echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out
+echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
+
+# Cleanup temporary files verbosely (add '-i' for interactive)
+rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
+
+# Commands can be substituted within other commands using $( ):
+# The following command displays the number of files and directories in the
+# current directory.
+echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
+
+# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - the preferred way
+# is to use $( ).
+echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
+
+# Bash uses a case statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
+case "$VARIABLE" in 
+    #List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
+    0) echo "There is a zero.";;
+    1) echo "There is a one.";;
+    *) echo "It is not null.";;
+esac
+
+# for loops iterate for as many arguments given:
+# The contents of $VARIABLE is printed three times.
+for VARIABLE in {1..3}
+do
+    echo "$VARIABLE"
+done
+
+# Or write it the "traditional for loop" way:
+for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++))
+do
+    echo $a
+done
+
+# They can also be used to act on files..
+# This will run the command 'cat' on file1 and file2
+for VARIABLE in file1 file2
+do
+    cat "$VARIABLE"
+done
+
+# ..or the output from a command
+# This will cat the output from ls.
+for OUTPUT in $(ls)
+do
+    cat "$OUTPUT"
+done
+
+# while loop:
+while [ true ]
+do
+    echo "loop body here..."
+    break
+done
+
+# You can also define functions
+# Definition:
+function foo ()
+{
+    echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@"
+    echo "And: $1 $2..."
+    echo "This is a function"
+    return 0
+}
+
+# or simply
+bar ()
+{
+    echo "Another way to declare functions!"
+    return 0
+}
+
+# Calling your function
+foo "My name is" $NAME
+
+# There are a lot of useful commands you should learn:
+# prints last 10 lines of file.txt
+tail -n 10 file.txt
+# prints first 10 lines of file.txt
+head -n 10 file.txt
+# sort file.txt's lines
+sort file.txt
+# report or omit repeated lines, with -d it reports them
+uniq -d file.txt
+# prints only the first column before the ',' character
+cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
+# replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt, (regex compatible)
+sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
+# print to stdout all lines of file.txt which match some regex
+# The example prints lines which begin with "foo" and end in "bar"
+grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+# pass the option "-c" to instead print the number of lines matching the regex
+grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+# if you literally want to search for the string,
+# and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
+fgrep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt 
+
+
+# Read Bash shell builtins documentation with the bash 'help' builtin:
+help
+help help
+help for
+help return
+help source
+help .
+
+# Read Bash manpage documentation with man
+apropos bash
+man 1 bash
+man bash
+
+# Read info documentation with info (? for help)
+apropos info | grep '^info.*('
+man info
+info info
+info 5 info
+
+# Read bash info documentation:
+info bash
+info bash 'Bash Features'
+info bash 6
+info --apropos bash
+```