Translation from English to Tamil

Language - Java
Translation -Tamil

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+---
+language: java
+contributors:
+    - ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"]
+    - ["Jakukyo Friel", "http://weakish.github.io"]
+    - ["Madison Dickson", "http://github.com/mix3d"]
+    - ["Simon Morgan", "http://sjm.io/"]
+    - ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
+    - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "http://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
+filename: LearnJava.java
+---
+
+Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer
+programming language.
+[Read more here.](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
+
+```java
+// Single-line comments start with //
+/*
+Multi-line comments look like this.
+*/
+/**
+JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
+attributes of a Class.
+*/
+
+// Import ArrayList class inside of the java.util package
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+// Import all classes inside of java.security package
+import java.security.*;
+
+// Each .java file contains one outer-level public class, with the same name as
+// the file.
+public class LearnJava {
+
+    // In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry point.
+    public static void main (String[] args) {
+
+        // Use System.out.println() to print lines.
+        System.out.println("Hello World!");
+        System.out.println(
+            "Integer: " + 10 +
+            " Double: " + 3.14 +
+            " Boolean: " + true);
+
+        // To print without a newline, use System.out.print().
+        System.out.print("Hello ");
+        System.out.print("World");
+
+        // Use System.out.printf() for easy formatted printing.
+        System.out.printf("pi = %.5f", Math.PI); // => pi = 3.14159
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        // Variables
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /*
+        *  Variable Declaration
+        */
+        // Declare a variable using <type> <name>
+        int fooInt;
+        // Declare multiple variables of the same type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
+        int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
+
+        /*
+        *  Variable Initialization
+        */
+
+        // Initialize a variable using <type> <name> = <val>
+        int fooInt = 1;
+        // Initialize multiple variables of same type with same value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3> = <val>
+        int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
+        fooInt1 = fooInt2 = fooInt3 = 1;
+
+        /*
+        *  Variable types
+        */
+        // Byte - 8-bit signed two's complement integer
+        // (-128 <= byte <= 127)
+        byte fooByte = 100;
+
+        // Short - 16-bit signed two's complement integer
+        // (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
+        short fooShort = 10000;
+
+        // Integer - 32-bit signed two's complement integer
+        // (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
+        int fooInt = 1;
+
+        // Long - 64-bit signed two's complement integer
+        // (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
+        long fooLong = 100000L;
+        // L is used to denote that this variable value is of type Long;
+        // anything without is treated as integer by default.
+
+        // Note: Java has no unsigned types.
+
+        // Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+        // 2^-149 <= float <= (2-2^-23) * 2^127
+        float fooFloat = 234.5f;
+        // f or F is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
+        // otherwise it is treated as double.
+
+        // Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+        // 2^-1074 <= x <= (2-2^-52) * 2^1023
+        double fooDouble = 123.4;
+
+        // Boolean - true & false
+        boolean fooBoolean = true;
+        boolean barBoolean = false;
+
+        // Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
+        char fooChar = 'A';
+
+        // final variables can't be reassigned to another object,
+        final int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
+        // but they can be initialized later.
+        final double E;
+        E = 2.71828;
+
+
+        // BigInteger - Immutable arbitrary-precision integers
+        //
+        // BigInteger is a data type that allows programmers to manipulate
+        // integers longer than 64-bits. Integers are stored as an array of
+        // of bytes and are manipulated using functions built into BigInteger
+        //
+        // BigInteger can be initialized using an array of bytes or a string.
+        
+        BigInteger fooBigInteger = new BigDecimal(fooByteArray);
+
+
+        // BigDecimal - Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal number
+        //
+        // A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer 
+        // unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale
+        //
+        // BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
+        // rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values
+        // and where exact decimal percision is required.
+        //
+        // BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
+        // or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
+
+        BigDecimal fooBigDecimal = new BigDecimal(fooBigInteger, fooInt);
+
+
+
+        // Strings
+        String fooString = "My String Is Here!";
+
+        // \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
+        String barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
+        // \t is an escaped character that adds a tab character
+        String bazString = "Do you want to add a tab?\tNo Problem!";
+        System.out.println(fooString);
+        System.out.println(barString);
+        System.out.println(bazString);
+
+        // Arrays
+        // The array size must be decided upon instantiation
+        // The following formats work for declaring an array
+        // <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
+        // <datatype> <var name>[] = new <datatype>[<array size>];
+        int[] intArray = new int[10];
+        String[] stringArray = new String[1];
+        boolean boolArray[] = new boolean[100];
+
+        // Another way to declare & initialize an array
+        int[] y = {9000, 1000, 1337};
+        String names[] = {"Bob", "John", "Fred", "Juan Pedro"};
+        boolean bools[] = new boolean[] {true, false, false};
+
+        // Indexing an array - Accessing an element
+        System.out.println("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
+
+        // Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
+        intArray[1] = 1;
+        System.out.println("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
+
+        // Others to check out
+        // ArrayLists - Like arrays except more functionality is offered, and
+        //              the size is mutable.
+        // LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
+        //               operations perform as could be expected for a
+        //               doubly-linked list.
+        // Maps - A set of objects that maps keys to values. A map cannot
+        //        contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value.
+        // HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
+        //            interface. This allows the execution time of basic
+        //            operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
+        //            constant even for large sets.
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        // Operators
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        System.out.println("\n->Operators");
+
+        int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
+
+        // Arithmetic is straightforward
+        System.out.println("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
+        System.out.println("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
+        System.out.println("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
+        System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
+        System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / (i2*1.0))); // => 0.5
+
+        // Modulo
+        System.out.println("11%3 = "+(11 % 3)); // => 2
+
+        // Comparison operators
+        System.out.println("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
+        System.out.println("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
+        System.out.println("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
+        System.out.println("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
+        System.out.println("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
+        System.out.println("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
+
+        // Boolean operators
+        System.out.println("3 > 2 && 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) && (2 > 3))); // => false
+        System.out.println("3 > 2 || 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) || (2 > 3))); // => true
+        System.out.println("!(3 == 2)? " + (!(3 == 2))); // => true
+
+        // Bitwise operators!
+        /*
+        ~      Unary bitwise complement
+        <<     Signed left shift
+        >>     Signed/Arithmetic right shift
+        >>>    Unsigned/Logical right shift
+        &      Bitwise AND
+        ^      Bitwise exclusive OR
+        |      Bitwise inclusive OR
+        */
+
+        // Incrementations
+        int i = 0;
+        System.out.println("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
+        // The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 respectively.
+        // If they are placed before the variable, they increment then return;
+        // after the variable they return then increment.
+        System.out.println(i++); // i = 1, prints 0 (post-increment)
+        System.out.println(++i); // i = 2, prints 2 (pre-increment)
+        System.out.println(i--); // i = 1, prints 2 (post-decrement)
+        System.out.println(--i); // i = 0, prints 0 (pre-decrement)
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        // Control Structures
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        System.out.println("\n->Control Structures");
+
+        // If statements are c-like
+        int j = 10;
+        if (j == 10){
+            System.out.println("I get printed");
+        } else if (j > 10) {
+            System.out.println("I don't");
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("I also don't");
+        }
+
+        // While loop
+        int fooWhile = 0;
+        while(fooWhile < 100) {
+            System.out.println(fooWhile);
+            // Increment the counter
+            // Iterated 100 times, fooWhile 0,1,2...99
+            fooWhile++;
+        }
+        System.out.println("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
+
+        // Do While Loop
+        int fooDoWhile = 0;
+        do {
+            System.out.println(fooDoWhile);
+            // Increment the counter
+            // Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
+            fooDoWhile++;
+        } while(fooDoWhile < 100);
+        System.out.println("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
+
+        // For Loop
+        // for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
+        for (int fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++) {
+            System.out.println(fooFor);
+            // Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
+        }
+        System.out.println("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
+
+        // For Each Loop
+        // The for loop is also able to iterate over arrays as well as objects
+        // that implement the Iterable interface.
+        int[] fooList = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+        // for each loop structure => for (<object> : <iterable>)
+        // reads as: for each element in the iterable
+        // note: the object type must match the element type of the iterable.
+
+        for (int bar : fooList) {
+            System.out.println(bar);
+            //Iterates 9 times and prints 1-9 on new lines
+        }
+
+        // Switch Case
+        // A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
+        // It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the
+        // String class, and a few special classes that wrap primitive types:
+        // Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
+        int month = 3;
+        String monthString;
+        switch (month) {
+            case 1: monthString = "January";
+                    break;
+            case 2: monthString = "February";
+                    break;
+            case 3: monthString = "March";
+                    break;
+            default: monthString = "Some other month";
+                     break;
+        }
+        System.out.println("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
+        
+        // Starting in Java 7 and above, switching Strings works like this:
+        String myAnswer = "maybe";
+        switch(myAnswer){
+            case "yes":
+                System.out.println("You answered yes.");
+                break;
+            case "no":
+                System.out.println("You answered no.");
+                break;
+            case "maybe":
+                System.out.println("You answered maybe.");
+                break;
+            default:
+                System.out.println("You answered " + myAnswer);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        // Conditional Shorthand
+        // You can use the '?' operator for quick assignments or logic forks.
+        // Reads as "If (statement) is true, use <first value>, otherwise, use
+        // <second value>"
+        int foo = 5;
+        String bar = (foo < 10) ? "A" : "B";
+        System.out.println(bar); // Prints A, because the statement is true
+
+
+        ////////////////////////////////////////
+        // Converting Data Types And Typecasting
+        ////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        // Converting data
+
+        // Convert String To Integer
+        Integer.parseInt("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
+
+        // Convert Integer To String
+        Integer.toString(123);//returns a string version of 123
+
+        // For other conversions check out the following classes:
+        // Double
+        // Long
+        // String
+
+        // Typecasting
+        // You can also cast Java objects, there's a lot of details and deals
+        // with some more intermediate concepts. Feel free to check it out here:
+        // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
+
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        // Classes And Functions
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+        System.out.println("\n->Classes & Functions");
+
+        // (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
+
+        // Use new to instantiate a class
+        Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
+
+        // Call object methods
+        trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
+        trek.setCadence(100);
+
+        // toString returns this Object's string representation.
+        System.out.println("trek info: " + trek.toString());
+
+        // Double Brace Initialization
+        // The Java Language has no syntax for how to create static Collections
+        // in an easy way. Usually you end up in the following way:
+
+        private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>();
+        static {
+           validCodes.add("DENMARK");
+           validCodes.add("SWEDEN");
+           validCodes.add("FINLAND");
+        }
+
+        // But there's a nifty way to achieve the same thing in an
+        // easier way, by using something that is called Double Brace
+        // Initialization.
+
+        private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = HashSet<String>() {{
+            add("DENMARK");
+            add("SWEDEN");
+            add("FINLAND");
+        }}
+
+        // The first brace is creating a new AnonymousInnerClass and the
+        // second one declares an instance initializer block. This block
+        // is called when the anonymous inner class is created.
+        // This does not only work for Collections, it works for all
+        // non-final classes.
+
+    } // End main method
+} // End LearnJava class
+
+
+// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
+// but it is good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
+
+
+// Class Declaration Syntax:
+// <public/private/protected> class <class name> {
+//    // data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
+//    // functions are called as methods in Java.
+// }
+
+class Bicycle {
+
+    // Bicycle's Fields/Variables
+    public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
+    private int speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
+    protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
+    String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
+
+    // Constructors are a way of creating classes
+    // This is a constructor
+    public Bicycle() {
+        // You can also call another constructor:
+        // this(1, 50, 5, "Bontrager");
+        gear = 1;
+        cadence = 50;
+        speed = 5;
+        name = "Bontrager";
+    }
+
+    // This is a constructor that takes arguments
+    public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
+        String name) {
+        this.gear = startGear;
+        this.cadence = startCadence;
+        this.speed = startSpeed;
+        this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    // Method Syntax:
+    // <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
+
+    // Java classes often implement getters and setters for their fields
+
+    // Method declaration syntax:
+    // <access modifier> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
+    public int getCadence() {
+        return cadence;
+    }
+
+    // void methods require no return statement
+    public void setCadence(int newValue) {
+        cadence = newValue;
+    }
+
+    public void setGear(int newValue) {
+        gear = newValue;
+    }
+
+    public void speedUp(int increment) {
+        speed += increment;
+    }
+
+    public void slowDown(int decrement) {
+        speed -= decrement;
+    }
+
+    public void setName(String newName) {
+        name = newName;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    //Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
+    @Override // Inherited from the Object class.
+    public String toString() {
+        return "gear: " + gear + " cadence: " + cadence + " speed: " + speed +
+            " name: " + name;
+    }
+} // end class Bicycle
+
+// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
+class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
+    // (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
+    // They have no gears.)
+
+    public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed){
+        // Call the parent constructor with super
+        super(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing");
+    }
+
+    // You should mark a method you're overriding with an @annotation.
+    // To learn more about what annotations are and their purpose check this
+    // out: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/
+    @Override
+    public void setGear(int gear) {
+        gear = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+// Interfaces
+// Interface declaration syntax
+// <access-level> interface <interface-name> extends <super-interfaces> {
+//     // Constants
+//     // Method declarations
+// }
+
+// Example - Food:
+public interface Edible {
+    public void eat(); // Any class that implements this interface, must
+                       // implement this method.
+}
+
+public interface Digestible {
+    public void digest();
+}
+
+
+// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.
+public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
+  
+    @Override
+    public void eat() {
+        // ...
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void digest() {
+        // ...
+    }
+}
+
+// In Java, you can extend only one class, but you can implement many
+// interfaces. For example:
+public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
+    InterfaceTwo {
+
+    @Override
+    public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void InterfaceTwoMethod() {
+    }
+
+}
+
+// Abstract Classes
+
+// Abstract Class declaration syntax
+// <access-level> abstract <abstract-class-name> extends <super-abstract-classes> {
+//     // Constants and variables
+//     // Method declarations
+// }
+
+// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains abstract methods that must
+// be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes cannot
+// be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract methods
+// defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a mixture of
+// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
+// unless the method is static, and variables are final by default, unlike an
+// abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
+
+public abstract class Animal
+{
+    public abstract void makeSound();
+
+    // Method can have a body
+    public void eat()
+    {
+        System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");  
+        // Note: We can access private variable here.
+        age = 30;
+    }
+
+    // No need to initialize, however in an interface
+    // a variable is implicitly final and hence has
+    // to be initialized.
+    protected int age;
+
+    public void printAge()
+    {
+        System.out.println(age);  
+    }
+
+    // Abstract classes can have main function.
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+    {
+        System.out.println("I am abstract");
+    }
+}
+
+class Dog extends Animal
+{
+    // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
+    // abstract class.
+    @Override
+    public void makeSound()
+    {
+        System.out.println("Bark");
+        // age = 30;	==> ERROR!	age is private to Animal
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
+    // @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
+    // overriding of static methods.
+    // What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
+    // Check out this awesome SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
+    public static void main(String[] args)
+    {
+        Dog pluto = new Dog();
+        pluto.makeSound();
+        pluto.eat();
+        pluto.printAge();
+    }
+}
+
+// Final Classes
+
+// Final Class declaration syntax
+// <access-level> final <final-class-name> {
+//     // Constants and variables
+//     // Method declarations
+// }
+
+// Final classes are classes that cannot be inherited from and are therefore a
+// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
+// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
+// extended.
+public final class SaberToothedCat extends Animal
+{
+    // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
+    // abstract class.
+    @Override
+    public void makeSound()
+    {
+        System.out.println("Roar");
+    }
+}
+
+// Final Methods
+public abstract class Mammal()
+{
+    // Final Method Syntax:
+    // <access modifier> final <return type> <function name>(<args>)
+
+    // Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child class,
+    // and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
+    public final boolean isWarmBlooded()
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Further Reading
+
+The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, feel free to Google and find specific examples.
+
+**Official Oracle Guides**:
+
+* [Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)
+
+* [Java Access level modifiers](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)
+
+* [Object-Oriented Programming Concepts](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):
+    * [Inheritance](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
+    * [Polymorphism](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
+    * [Abstraction](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)
+
+* [Exceptions](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
+
+* [Interfaces](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)
+
+* [Generics](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
+
+* [Java Code Conventions](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconv-138413.html)
+
+**Online Practice and Tutorials**
+
+* [Learneroo.com - Learn Java](http://www.learneroo.com)
+
+* [Codingbat.com](http://codingbat.com/java)
+
+
+**Books**:
+
+* [Head First Java](http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/)
+
+* [Thinking in Java](http://www.mindview.net/Books/TIJ/)
+
+* [Objects First with Java](http://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-Introduction/dp/0132492660)
+
+* [Java The Complete Reference](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)