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| -rw-r--r-- | cobol.html.markdown | 189 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ja-jp/python-jp.html.markdown | 32 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | processing.html.markdown | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | raku.html.markdown | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | wasm.html.markdown | 2 |
5 files changed, 215 insertions, 24 deletions
diff --git a/cobol.html.markdown b/cobol.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4452bd95 --- /dev/null +++ b/cobol.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +--- +language: COBOL +contributors: + - ["Hyphz", "http://github.com/hyphz/"] +filename: learn.COB +--- +COBOL is a business-oriented language revised multiple times since its original design in 1960. It is claimed to still be used in over 80% of +organizations. + +```cobol + *COBOL. Coding like it's 1985. + *Compiles with GnuCOBOL in OpenCobolIDE 4.7.6. + + *COBOL has significant differences between legacy (COBOL-85) + *and modern (COBOL-2002 and COBOL-2014) versions. + *Legacy versions require columns 1-6 to be blank (they are used + *to store the index number of the punched card..) + *A * in column 7 means a comment. + *In legacy COBOL, a comment can only be a full line. + *Modern COBOL doesn't require fixed columns and uses *> for + *a comment, which can appear in the middle of a line. + *Legacy COBOL also imposes a limit on maximum line length. + *Keywords have to be in capitals in legacy COBOL, + *but are case insensitive in modern. + + *First, we must give our program ID. + *Identification division can include other values too, + *but they are comments only. Program-id is mandatory. + identification division. + program-id. learn. + + *Let's declare some variables. + data division. + working-storage section. + + *Variables are specified by a "picture" - how they should be + *displayed, and variable type is inferred from this. + *The "01" value is the level number which is used for building + *data structures. + 01 myname picture xxxxxxxxxx. *> A 10 character string. + 01 age picture 999. *> A number up to 3 digits. + 01 valx picture 999. *> Another number up to 3 digits. + 01 inyear picture s9(7). *> S makes number signed. + *> Brackets indicate 7 repeats of 9, + *> ie a 6 digit number (not an array). + + *Now let's write some code. + procedure division. + + main-procedure. + *> COBOL is the language that uses DISPLAY instead of PRINT. + *> Note: no full stops after commands. Only after the LAST + *> command. + display "Hello. What's your name?" + + *> Let's input a string. + *> If input too long, later characters are trimmed. + accept myname + display "Hello " myname *> We can display several things. + display "How old are you?" + + *> Let's input a number. + *> If input too long, EARLIER characters are trimmed. + accept age + + display age *> Left-padded to three chracaters with zeroes, + *> because of the defined PICTURE for age. + + *> We have two ways of doing a FOR loop. + *> Old style way: doesn't give an index. + perform age times + display "*" with no advancing *> Ie, no newline at end + end-perform + display "." *> Output buffer isn't flushed until newline. + + *> New style way: with an index. + perform varying valx from 1 by 1 until valx > age + display valx "-" with no advancing + end-perform + display "." + + *> If tests are still good old if tests. + if myname = "Bob" then + display "I don't like Bob." + else + display "I don't know you." + end-if + + *> There are two ways of doing subprograms and calling + *> them. + *> The simplest way: a paragraph. + perform subparagraph + + *> The complex way, with parameters and stuff. + call "eratosthenes" using age returning valx + + display "There were " valx " primes." + + stop run. + + subparagraph. *> Marks the top of an internal subprogram. + *> Shares variable score with its caller. + + *> Read year from system timer. + *> Remember the whole "year 2000 crisis"? The yyyyddd + *> option was added in response to that. + accept inyear from day yyyyddd. + + *> We can do math step-by-step like this... + divide 1000 into inyear. + subtract age from inyear. + + display "You were born in " inyear "." + + *> Or we can just use expressions. + compute inyear = 1970 - inyear. + + if inyear >= 0 then + display "When you were " inyear ", " with no advancing + else + display inyear " years before you were born, " with no + advancing + end-if + + display "COBOL was the most popular language in the world." + . *> You can put the final . on a new line if it's clearer. + + + *If we want to use a subprogram, we use literally a subprogram. + *This is the entire program layout, repeated for the + *eratosthenes subroutine. + identification division. + program-id. eratosthenes. + + data division. + working-storage section. + *Declare an array. + *We can declare a variable to use as an index for it at the + *same time. + 01 sieve pic 9 occurs 999 times indexed by sa, sb. + *> Standard cobol doesn't have a boolean type. + 01 pstart pic 999. + 01 counter pic 999. + + *Our parameters have to be declared in the linkage section. + *Their pictures must match the values they're called with. + linkage section. + 01 maxvalue picture 999. + + *"using" declares our actual parameter variables. + *"returning" declares the variable value returned at end. + procedure division using maxvalue returning counter. + main-procedure. + + display "Here are all the primes up to " maxvalue "." + + perform varying sa from 1 by 1 until sa > maxvalue + move 1 to sieve (sa) + end-perform + + perform varying sa from 2 by 1 until sa > maxvalue + if sieve(sa) = 1 then + compute pstart = sa + sa + perform varying sb from pstart by sa until sb > + maxvalue + move 0 to sieve(sb) + end-perform + end-if + end-perform + + initialise counter *> To zero by default for a number. + + perform varying sa from 2 by 1 until sa > maxvalue + if sieve(sa) = 1 THEN + display sa + add 1 to counter + end-if + end-perform. + + end program eratosthenes. + + end program learn. + +``` + +##Ready For More? + +* [GnuCOBOL](https://sourceforge.net/projects/open-cobol/) + diff --git a/ja-jp/python-jp.html.markdown b/ja-jp/python-jp.html.markdown index c80b4d4c..18e7d1b8 100644 --- a/ja-jp/python-jp.html.markdown +++ b/ja-jp/python-jp.html.markdown @@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ len("This is a string") # => 16 name = "Reiko" f"She said her name is {name}." # => "She said her name is Reiko" -# 基本的に、任意のPythonの文を中括弧に書くことができ、それは評価されて出力されます。 -f"{name} is {len(name)} characters long." +# 基本的に、任意のPythonの文を中括弧に書くことができ、それは文字列で出力されます。 +f"{name} is {len(name)} characters long." # => "Reiko is 5 characters long." # None はオブジェクトです(大文字からです!) None # => None @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ print("I'm Python. Nice to meet you!") # => I'm Python. Nice to meet you! print("Hello, World", end="!") # => Hello, World! # コンソールから入力を得るための簡単な例 -input_string_var = input("Enter some data: ") # 入力を文字列として返します +input_string_var = input("Enter some data: ") # 入力を文字列として返します。 # Note: Python の初期のバージョンでは、 input() は raw_input() という名前で存在します。 # Pythonでは変数の宣言は存在せず、代入のみです。 @@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ some_var # => 5 # 代入されていない変数へのアクセスは例外を引き起こします。 # 例外の取り扱いについては、3章の制御の流れをご確認ください。 -some_unknown_var # NameError を送出します +some_unknown_var # NameError を送出します。 # ifは式として使用できます。 # C言語の「?:(三項演算子)」に対応する例: @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ li[0] # => 1 li[-1] # => 3 # 範囲外の要素を参照すると IndexError になります。 -li[4] # IndexError が発生します +li[4] # IndexError が発生します。 # スライス構文により範囲を参照できます。 # 開始部分のインデックスに対応する部分は含まれますが、終了部分のインデックスに対応する部分は含まれません。 @@ -238,28 +238,28 @@ li[2:] # => [4, 3] # 末尾を取り除いたリスト li[:3] # => [1, 2, 4] # 1つ飛ばしで選択する -li[::2] # =>[1, 4] +li[::2] # => [1, 4] # 反転したリストを得る li[::-1] # => [3, 4, 2, 1] # これらの任意の組み合わせにより、より複雑なスライスを作ることができます。 # li[start:end:step] # スライスにより、深いコピーを1階層分行うことができます。 -li2 = li[:] # => li2 = [1, 2, 4, 3] だが、 (li2 is li) はFalseになる。 +li2 = li[:] # => li2 = [1, 2, 4, 3] だが、 (li2 is li) は False になる。 # "del"によりリストから任意の要素を削除できます。 del li[2] # li は [1, 2, 3] になりました。 # "remove"で最初に出現する要素を削除できます。 li.remove(2) # li は [1, 3] になりました。 -li.remove(2) # 2はリストの中に存在しないので、 ValueError が発生します。 +li.remove(2) # 2 はリストの中に存在しないので、 ValueError が発生します。 # 要素を好きなところに挿入できます。 li.insert(1, 2) # li は [1, 2, 3] に戻りました。 # "index"で引数の要素が最初に出現する場所のインデックスを得られます。 li.index(2) # => 1 -li.index(4) # 4はリストの中に存在しないので、 ValueError が発生します。 +li.index(4) # 4 はリストの中に存在しないので、 ValueError が発生します。 # リスト同士を足すこともできます。 # Note: li と other_li の値は変更されません。 @@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ tup[:2] # => (1, 2) # タプルやリストから複数の変数に代入することができます。 a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a, b, c にはそれぞれ 1, 2, 3 が代入されました。 # 拡張記法もあります。 -a, *b, c = (1, 2, 3, 4) # a は 1 、 b は [2, 3] 、c は4 になります。 +a, *b, c = (1, 2, 3, 4) # a は 1、 b は [2, 3]、c は 4 になります。 # 括弧を作成しなくてもデフォルトでタプルが作成されます。 d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 # 4、5、6がそれぞれd、 e、 fに代入されます。 # 2つの変数を交換するのがどれほど簡単か見てみましょう。 -e, d = d, e # d は 5 、 e は e になります。 +e, d = d, e # d は 5、 e は 4 になります。 # 辞書はマップ(キーと値の組み合わせ)を保存できます。 @@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ valid_set = {(1,), 1} filled_set = some_set filled_set.add(5) # filled_set は {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} になりました。 # 集合は重複した要素を持ちません。 -filled_set.add(5) # 以前の{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}のままです。 +filled_set.add(5) # 以前の {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} のままです。 # & により、集合同士の共通部分が得られます。 other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6} @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ for i in range(4, 8): """ "range(lower, upper, step)" は、lower の数値から upper の数値までが、 -step 刻みで表現されるiterableを返します +step 刻みで表現されるiterableを返します。 step が与えられない場合、デフォルトは1になります。 出力: 4 @@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ varargs(1, 2, 3) # => (1, 2, 3) def keyword_args(**kwargs): return kwargs -# 何が起こるか、試してみましょう +# 何が起こるか、試してみましょう。 keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"} @@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ x = 5 def set_x(num): - # ローカル変数の x はグローバル変数の x とは異なります + # ローカル変数の x はグローバル変数の x とは異なります。 x = num # => 43 print(x) # => 43 @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__': from human import Human -# 親クラスを子クラスのパラメータとして指定します +# 親クラスを子クラスのパラメータとして指定します。 class Superhero(Human): # もし子クラスが親クラスの全ての定義を変更なしで継承する場合、"pass"キーワードのみを書くだけで良いです。 diff --git a/processing.html.markdown b/processing.html.markdown index d99912e7..777c6981 100644 --- a/processing.html.markdown +++ b/processing.html.markdown @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ SomeRandomClass myObjectInstantiated = new SomeRandomClass(); // operations. float f = sq(3); // f = 9.0 float p = pow(3, 3); // p = 27.0 -int a = abs(-13) // a = 13 +int a = abs(-13); // a = 13 int r1 = round(3.1); // r1 = 3 int r2 = round(3.7); // r2 = 4 float sr = sqrt(25); // sr = 5.0 @@ -191,6 +191,8 @@ int i = 3; String value = (i > 5) ? "Big" : "Small"; // "Small" // Switch-case structure can be used to check multiple conditions concisely. +// It is important to use the break statement. If the `break`-statement does +// not exist the program executes all the following cases after a case was true. int value = 2; switch(value) { case 0: @@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ switch(value) { // Iterative statements // For Statements - Again, the same syntax as in Java -for(int i = 0; i < 5; i ++){ +for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){ print(i); // prints from 0 to 4 } @@ -354,14 +356,14 @@ color c = color(255, 255, 255); // WHITE! // By default, Processing uses RGB colour scheme but it can be configured to // HSB using colorMode(). Read more here: // (https://processing.org/reference/colorMode_.html) -background(color); // By now, the background colour should be white. +background(c); // By now, the background colour should be white. // You can use fill() function to select the colour for filling the shapes. // It has to be configured before you start drawing shapes so the colours gets // applied. fill(color(0, 0, 0)); // If you just want to colour the outlines of the shapes then you can use // stroke() function. -stroke(255, 255, 255, 200); // stroke colour set to yellow with transparency +stroke(255, 255, 0, 200); // stroke colour set to yellow with transparency // set to a lower value. // Images diff --git a/raku.html.markdown b/raku.html.markdown index 4f397589..2460ac7e 100644 --- a/raku.html.markdown +++ b/raku.html.markdown @@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ else". You can have as many parameters *before* a slurpy one, but not *after*. sub as-many($head, *@rest) { @rest.join(' / ') ~ " !"; } -say as-many('Happy', 'Happy', 'Birthday'); # OUTPUT: «Happy / Birthday !» -say 'Happy', ['Happy', 'Birthday'], 'Day'; # OUTPUT: «Happy / Birthday / Day !» +say as-many('Happy', 'Happy', 'Birthday'); # OUTPUT: «Happy / Birthday !» +say as-many('Happy', ['Happy', 'Birthday'], 'Day'); # OUTPUT: «Happy / Birthday / Day !» # Note that the splat (the *) did not consume the parameter before it. @@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ sub unpack_array( @array [$fst, $snd] ) { # (^ remember the `[]` to interpolate the array) } unpack_array(@tail); -# OUTPUT: «My first is 3, my second is 3! All in all, I'm 2 3.» +# OUTPUT: «My first is 2, my second is 3! All in all, I'm 2 3.» # If you're not using the array itself, you can also keep it anonymous, # much like a scalar: diff --git a/wasm.html.markdown b/wasm.html.markdown index aba2084f..81344abe 100644 --- a/wasm.html.markdown +++ b/wasm.html.markdown @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ contributors: ;; We have to use the right data type for each operation: ;; (local.set $mult_result (f32.mul (f32.const 2.0) (f32.const 4.0))) ;; WRONG! mult_result is f64! - (local.set $mult_result (f64.mul (f64.const 2.0) (f64.const 4.0))) ;; WRONG! mult_result is f64! + (local.set $mult_result (f64.mul (f64.const 2.0) (f64.const 4.0))) ;; WebAssembly has some builtin operations, like basic math and bitshifting. ;; Notably, it does not have built in trigonometric functions. |