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-rw-r--r--es-es/visualbasic-es.html.markdown286
-rw-r--r--fr-fr/haml-fr.html.markdown156
-rw-r--r--hu-hu/ruby.html.markdown555
-rw-r--r--java.html.markdown33
-rw-r--r--julia.html.markdown26
-rw-r--r--perl.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--perl6.html.markdown91
-rw-r--r--pt-br/clojure-macros-pt.html.markdown154
-rw-r--r--sass.html.markdown232
-rw-r--r--xml.html.markdown7
10 files changed, 1475 insertions, 67 deletions
diff --git a/es-es/visualbasic-es.html.markdown b/es-es/visualbasic-es.html.markdown
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+---
+language: Visual Basic
+contributors:
+ - ["Brian Martin", "http://brianmartin.biz"]
+translators:
+ - ["Adolfo Jayme Barrientos", "https://github.com/fitojb"]
+author: Brian Martin
+author_url: https://github.com/fitojb
+filename: learnvisualbasic-es.vb
+lang: es-es
+---
+
+```vb
+Module Module1
+
+ Sub Main()
+ ' Un vistazo rápido a las aplicaciones de consola de Visual Basic antes
+ ' de que profundicemos en el tema.
+ ' El apóstrofo inicia una línea de comentario.
+ ' Para explorar este tutorial dentro del Compilador de Visual Basic,
+ ' he creado un sistema de navegación.
+ ' Dicho sistema se explicará a medida que avancemos en este
+ ' tutorial; gradualmente entenderás lo que significa todo.
+ Console.Title = ("Aprende X en Y minutos")
+ Console.WriteLine("NAVEGACIÓN") 'Mostrar
+ Console.WriteLine("")
+ Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green
+ Console.WriteLine("1. Salida «Hola, mundo»")
+ Console.WriteLine("2. Entrada «Hola, mundo»")
+ Console.WriteLine("3. Calcular números enteros")
+ Console.WriteLine("4. Calcular números decimales")
+ Console.WriteLine("5. Una calculadora funcional")
+ Console.WriteLine("6. Uso de bucles «Do While»")
+ Console.WriteLine("7. Uso de bucles «For While»")
+ Console.WriteLine("8. Declaraciones condicionales")
+ Console.WriteLine("9. Selecciona una bebida")
+ Console.WriteLine("50. Acerca de")
+ Console.WriteLine("Elige un número de la lista anterior")
+ Dim selection As String = Console.ReadLine
+ Select Case selection
+ Case "1" 'Salida «hola, mundo»
+ Console.Clear() 'Limpia la consola y abre la subrutina privada
+ SalidaHolaMundo() 'Abre la subrutina privada nombrada
+ Case "2" 'Entrada «hola, mundo»
+ Console.Clear()
+ EntradaHolaMundo()
+ Case "3" 'Calcular números enteros
+ Console.Clear()
+ CalcularNumerosEnteros()
+ Case "4" 'Calcular números decimales
+ Console.Clear()
+ CalcularNumerosDecimales()
+ Case "5" 'Una calculadora funcional
+ Console.Clear()
+ CalculadoraFuncional()
+ Case "6" 'Uso de bucles «Do While»
+ Console.Clear()
+ UsoBuclesDoWhile()
+ Case "7" 'Uso de bucles «For While»
+ Console.Clear()
+ UsoBuclesFor()
+ Case "8" 'Declaraciones condicionales
+ Console.Clear()
+ DeclaracionCondicional()
+ Case "9" 'Declaración «If/Else»
+ Console.Clear()
+ DeclaracionIfElse() 'Selecciona una bebida
+ Case "50" 'Cuadro de mensaje «Acerca de»
+ Console.Clear()
+ Console.Title = ("Aprende X en Y minutos :: Acerca de")
+ MsgBox("Tutorial escrito por Brian Martin (@BrianMartinn")
+ Console.Clear()
+ Main()
+ Console.ReadLine()
+
+ End Select
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Uno - He usado números para guiarme por el sistema de navegación anterior
+ 'cuando regrese posteriormente a implementarlo.
+
+ 'Usamos subrutinas privadas para separar distintas secciones del programa.
+ Private Sub SalidaHolaMundo()
+ 'Título de la aplicación de consola
+ Console.Title = "Salida «Hola, mundo» | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ 'Usa Console.Write("") o Console.WriteLine("") para mostrar salidas.
+ 'Seguido por Console.Read(), o bien, Console.Readline()
+ 'Console.ReadLine() muestra la salida en la consola.
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, mundo")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Dos
+ Private Sub EntradaHolaMundo()
+ Console.Title = "«Hola, mundo, soy...» | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ ' Variables
+ ' Los datos que introduzca un usuario deben almacenarse.
+ ' Las variables también empiezan por Dim y terminan por As VariableType.
+
+ ' En este tutorial queremos conocer tu nombre y hacer que el programa
+ ' responda a este.
+ Dim nombredeusuario As String
+ 'Usamos «string» porque es una variable basada en texto.
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, ¿cómo te llamas? ") 'Preguntar nombre de usuario.
+ nombredeusuario = Console.ReadLine() 'Almacenar nombre del usuario.
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, " + nombredeusuario) 'La salida es Hola, nombre
+ Console.ReadLine() 'Muestra lo anterior.
+ 'El código anterior te hará una pregunta y mostrará la respuesta.
+ 'Entre otras variables está Integer, la cual usaremos para números enteros.
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Tres
+ Private Sub CalcularNumerosEnteros()
+ Console.Title = "Calcular números enteros | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ Console.Write("Primer número: ") 'Escribe un núm. entero, 1, 2, 104, etc
+ Dim a As Integer = Console.ReadLine()
+ Console.Write("Segundo número: ") 'Escribe otro número entero.
+ Dim b As Integer = Console.ReadLine()
+ Dim c As Integer = a + b
+ Console.WriteLine(c)
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ 'Lo anterior es una calculadora sencilla
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Cuatro
+ Private Sub CalcularNumerosDecimales()
+ Console.Title = "Calcular con tipo doble | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ 'Por supuesto, nos gustaría sumar decimales.
+ 'Por ello podríamos cambiar del tipo Integer al Double.
+
+ 'Escribe un número fraccionario, 1.2, 2.4, 50.1, 104.9 etc
+ Console.Write("Primer número: ")
+ Dim a As Double = Console.ReadLine
+ Console.Write("Segundo número: ") 'Escribe el segundo número.
+ Dim b As Double = Console.ReadLine
+ Dim c As Double = a + b
+ Console.WriteLine(c)
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ 'Este programa puede sumar 1.1 y 2.2
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Cinco
+ Private Sub CalculadoraFuncional()
+ Console.Title = "La calculadora funcional | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ 'Pero si quieres que la calculadora reste, divida, multiplique y
+ 'sume.
+ 'Copia y pega lo anterior.
+ Console.Write("Primer número: ")
+ Dim a As Double = Console.ReadLine
+ Console.Write("Segundo número: ")
+ Dim b As Integer = Console.ReadLine
+ Dim c As Integer = a + b
+ Dim d As Integer = a * b
+ Dim e As Integer = a - b
+ Dim f As Integer = a / b
+
+ 'Mediante las líneas siguientes podremos restar,
+ 'multiplicar y dividir los valores a y b
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " + " + b.ToString())
+ 'Queremos dar un margen izquierdo de 3 espacios a los resultados.
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + c.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " * " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + d.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " - " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + e.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " / " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + f.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.ReadLine()
+
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Seis
+ Private Sub UsoBuclesDoWhile()
+ 'Igual que la subrutina privada anterior
+ 'Esta vez preguntaremos al usuario si quiere continuar (¿sí o no?)
+ 'Usamos el bucle Do While porque no sabemos si el usuario quiere
+ 'usar el programa más de una vez.
+ Console.Title = "Uso de bucles «Do While» | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ Dim respuesta As String 'Usamos la variable «String» porque la resp. es texto
+ Do 'Comenzamos el programa con
+ Console.Write("Primer número: ")
+ Dim a As Double = Console.ReadLine
+ Console.Write("Segundo número: ")
+ Dim b As Integer = Console.ReadLine
+ Dim c As Integer = a + b
+ Dim d As Integer = a * b
+ Dim e As Integer = a - b
+ Dim f As Integer = a / b
+
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " + " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + c.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " * " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + d.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " - " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + e.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.Write(a.ToString() + " / " + b.ToString())
+ Console.WriteLine(" = " + f.ToString.PadLeft(3))
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ 'Preguntar si el usuario quiere continuar. Desafortunadamente,
+ 'distingue entre mayúsculas y minúsculas.
+ Console.Write("¿Quieres continuar? (s / n)")
+ 'El programa toma la variable, la muestra y comienza de nuevo.
+ respuesta = Console.ReadLine
+ 'La orden que hará funcionar esta variable es en este caso «s»
+ Loop While respuesta = "s"
+
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Siete
+ Private Sub UsoBuclesFor()
+ 'A veces el programa debe ejecutarse solo una vez.
+ 'En este programa contaremos a partir de 10.
+
+ Console.Title = "Uso de bucles «For» | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ 'Declarar Variable y desde qué número debe contar en Step -1,
+ 'Step -2, Step -3, etc.
+ For i As Integer = 10 To 0 Step -1
+ Console.WriteLine(i.ToString) 'Muestra el valor del contador
+ Next i 'Calcular el valor nuevo
+ Console.WriteLine("Iniciar") '¡¡Comencemos el programa, nene!!
+ Console.ReadLine() '¡¡ZAS!! - Quizá me he emocionado bastante :)
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Ocho
+ Private Sub DeclaracionCondicional()
+ Console.Title = "Declaraciones condicionales | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ Dim nombredeUsuario As String = Console.ReadLine
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, ¿cómo te llamas? ") 'Preguntar nombre de usuario.
+ nombredeUsuario = Console.ReadLine() 'Almacena el nombre de usuario.
+ If nombredeUsuario = "Adam" Then
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, Adam")
+ Console.WriteLine("Gracias por crear este útil sitio web")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ Else
+ Console.WriteLine("Hola, " + nombredeUsuario)
+ Console.WriteLine("¿Has visitado www.learnxinyminutes.com?")
+ Console.ReadLine() 'Termina y muestra la declaración anterior.
+ End If
+ End Sub
+
+ 'Nueve
+ Private Sub DeclaracionIfElse()
+ Console.Title = "Declaración «If / Else» | Aprende X en Y minutos"
+ 'A veces es importante considerar más de dos alternativas.
+ 'A veces, algunas de estas son mejores.
+ 'Cuando esto sucede, necesitaríamos más de una declaración «if».
+ 'Una declaración «if» es adecuada para máquinas expendedoras.
+ 'En las que el usuario escribe un código (A1, A2, A3) para elegir.
+ 'Pueden combinarse todas las elecciones en una sola declaración «if».
+
+ Dim seleccion As String = Console.ReadLine 'Valor de la selección
+ Console.WriteLine("A1. para 7Up")
+ Console.WriteLine("A2. para Fanta")
+ Console.WriteLine("A3. para Dr. Pepper")
+ Console.WriteLine("A4. para Coca-Cola")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ If selection = "A1" Then
+ Console.WriteLine("7up")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ ElseIf selection = "A2" Then
+ Console.WriteLine("fanta")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ ElseIf selection = "A3" Then
+ Console.WriteLine("dr. pepper")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ ElseIf selection = "A4" Then
+ Console.WriteLine("coca-cola")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ Else
+ Console.WriteLine("Selecciona un producto")
+ Console.ReadLine()
+ End If
+
+ End Sub
+
+End Module
+
+```
+
+## Referencias
+
+Aprendí Visual Basic en la aplicación de consola. Esta me permitió entender los principios de la programación para, posteriormente, aprender otros lenguajes con facilidad.
+
+He creado un <a href="http://www.vbbootcamp.co.uk/" Title="Tutorial de Visual Basic">tutorial de Visual Basic</a> más exhaustivo para quienes quieran saber más.
+
+Toda la sintaxis es válida. Copia el código y pégalo en el compilador de Visual Basic y ejecuta (F5) el programa.
diff --git a/fr-fr/haml-fr.html.markdown b/fr-fr/haml-fr.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0267a380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fr-fr/haml-fr.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+---
+language: haml
+filename: learnhaml.haml
+contributors:
+ - ["Simon Neveu", "https://github.com/sneveu"]
+ - ["Thibault", "https://github.com/iTech-"]
+---
+
+Haml est un langage de balisage utilisé majoritairement avec Ruby, qui décrit de manière simple et propre le HTML de n'importe quelle page web sans l'utilisation des traditionnelles lignes de code. Le langage est une alternative très populaire au langage de templates Rails (.erb) et permet d'intégrer du code en Ruby dans votre balisage.
+
+Son but est de réduire le nombre de répétitions dans le balisage en fermant des balises pour vous en se basant sur l'indentation de votre code. Finalement, le balisage est bien structuré, ne contient pas de répétition, est logique et facile à lire.
+
+Vous pouvez aussi utiliser Haml sur un projet indépendant de Ruby, en installant les gems de Haml et en le convertissant en html grâce aux commandes.
+
+$ haml fichier_entree.haml fichier_sortie.html
+
+
+```haml
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Indentation
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/
+ A cause de l'importance de l'indentation sur la manière dont votre code sera
+ converti, l'indentation doit être constante à travers votre document. Un
+ simple changement d'indentation entrainera une erreur. En général, on utilise
+ deux espaces, mais ce genre de décision sur l'indentation vous appartient, du
+ moment que vous vous y tenez.
+
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Commentaires
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/ Ceci est un commentaire en Haml.
+
+/
+ Pour écrire un commentaire sur plusieurs lignes, indentez votre code
+ commenté en le commençant par un slash
+
+-# Ceci est un commentaire silencieux, qui n'apparaîtra pas dans le fichier
+
+
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Eléments HTML
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/ Pour écrire vos balises, utilisez un pourcentage suivi du nom de votre balise
+%body
+ %header
+ %nav
+
+/ Remarquez qu'il n'y a aucunes balises fermées. Le code produira alors ceci
+ <body>
+ <header>
+ <nav></nav>
+ </header>
+ </body>
+
+/ La balise div est l'élément par défaut, vous pouvez donc l'écrire comme ceci
+.balise
+
+/ Pour ajouter du contenu à votre balise, ajoutez le texte après sa déclaration
+%h1 Titre contenu
+
+/ Pour écrire du contenu sur plusieurs lignes, imbriquez le
+%p
+ Ce paragraphe contient beaucoup de contenu qui pourrait
+ probablement tenir sur deux lignes séparées.
+
+/
+ Vous pouvez utiliser des caractères html spéciaux en utilisant &=. Cela va
+ convertir les caractères comme &, /, : en leur équivalent HTML. Par exemple
+
+%p
+ &= "Oui & oui"
+
+/ Produira 'Oui &amp; oui'
+
+/ Vous pouvez écrire du contenu html sans qu'il soit converti en utilisant !=
+%p
+ != "Voici comment écrire une balise de paragraphe <p></p>"
+
+/ Cela produira 'Voici comment écrire une balise de paragraphe <p></p>'
+
+/ Une classe CSS peut être ajouté à votre balise en chainant le nom de la classe
+%div.truc.machin
+
+/ ou en utilisant un hash de Ruby
+%div{:class => 'truc machin'}
+
+/ Des attributs pour n'importe quelles balises peuvent être ajoutés au hash
+%a{:href => '#', :class => 'machin', :title => 'Titre machin'}
+
+/ Pour affecter une valeur à un booléen, utilisez 'true'
+%input{:selected => true}
+
+/ Pour écrire des data-attributes, utilisez le :data avec la valeur d'un hash
+%div{:data => {:attribute => 'machin'}}
+
+
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Insérer du Ruby
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/
+ Pour transférer une valeur de Ruby comme contenu d'une balise, utilisez le
+ signe égal suivi du code Ruby
+
+%h1= livre.titre
+
+%p
+ = livre.auteur
+ = livre.editeur
+
+
+/ Pour lancer du code Ruby sans le convertir en HTML, utilisez un trait d'union
+- livres = ['livre 1', 'livre 2', 'livre 3']
+
+/ Ceci vous permet de faire des choses géniales comme des blocs Ruby
+- livre.shuffle.each_with_index do |livre, index|
+ %h1= livre
+
+ if livre do
+ %p Ceci est un livre
+
+/
+ Encore une fois il n'est pas nécessaire d'ajouter une balise fermante, même
+ pour Ruby.
+ L'indentation le fera pour vous.
+
+
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Ruby en-ligne / Interpolation en Ruby
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/ Inclure une variable Ruby dans une ligne en utilisant #{}
+%p Votre meilleur score est #{record}
+
+
+/ -------------------------------------------
+/ Filtres
+/ -------------------------------------------
+
+/
+ Utilisez les deux points pour définir un filtre Haml, vous pouvez par exemple
+ utiliser un filtre :javascript pour écrire du contenu en-ligne js
+
+:javascript
+ console.log('Ceci est la balise en-ligne <script>');
+
+```
+
+## Lectures complémentaires
+
+- [Qu'est-ce que HAML ?](http://haml.info/) - Une bonne introduction qui explique très bien les avantages d'utiliser HAML.
+- [Documentation officielle](http://haml.info/docs/yardoc/file.REFERENCE.html) - Si vous souhaitez en apprendre plus et aller plus loin.
diff --git a/hu-hu/ruby.html.markdown b/hu-hu/ruby.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..169f2b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hu-hu/ruby.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+---
+language: ruby
+lang: hu-hu
+filenev: learnruby.rb
+contributors:
+ - ["David Underwood", "http://theflyingdeveloper.com"]
+ - ["Joel Walden", "http://joelwalden.net"]
+ - ["Luke Holder", "http://twitter.com/lukeholder"]
+ - ["Tristan Hume", "http://thume.ca/"]
+ - ["Nick LaMuro", "https://github.com/NickLaMuro"]
+ - ["Marcos Brizeno", "http://www.about.me/marcosbrizeno"]
+ - ["Ariel Krakowski", "http://www.learneroo.com"]
+ - ["Dzianis Dashkevich", "https://github.com/dskecse"]
+ - ["Levi Bostian", "https://github.com/levibostian"]
+ - ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
+ translators:
+ - ["Zsolt Prontvai", "https://github.com/prozsolt"]
+---
+
+```ruby
+# Ez egy komment
+
+=begin
+Ez egy többsoros komment
+Senki sem használja
+Neked sem kellene
+=end
+
+# Először is: Minden objektum
+
+# A számok objektumok
+
+3.class #=> Fixnum
+
+3.to_s #=> "3"
+
+
+# Néhány alapvető számtani művelet
+1 + 1 #=> 2
+8 - 1 #=> 7
+10 * 2 #=> 20
+35 / 5 #=> 7
+2**5 #=> 32
+
+# A számtani művelet csak szintaktikus cukor
+# az objektumon történő függvény hívásra
+1.+(3) #=> 4
+10.* 5 #=> 50
+
+# A speciális értékek objektumok
+nil # Nincs itt semmi látnivaló
+true # igaz
+false # hamis
+
+nil.class #=> NilClass
+true.class #=> TrueClass
+false.class #=> FalseClass
+
+# Egyenlőség
+1 == 1 #=> true
+2 == 1 #=> false
+
+# Egyenlőtlenség
+1 != 1 #=> false
+2 != 1 #=> true
+
+# A false-on kívül, nil az egyetlen hamis érték
+
+!nil #=> true
+!false #=> true
+!0 #=> false
+
+# Még több összehasonlítás
+1 < 10 #=> true
+1 > 10 #=> false
+2 <= 2 #=> true
+2 >= 2 #=> true
+
+# Logikai operátorok
+true && false #=> false
+true || false #=> true
+!true #=> false
+
+# A logikai operátoroknak alternatív verziójuk is van sokkal kisebb
+# precedenciával. Ezeket arra szánták, hogy több állítást összeláncoljanak
+# amíg egyikük igaz vagy hamis értékkel nem tér vissza.
+
+# `csinalj_valami_mast` csak akkor fut le, ha `csinalj_valamit` igaz értékkel
+# tért vissza.
+csinalj_valamit() and csinalj_valami_mast()
+# `log_error` csak akkor fut le, ha `csinalj_valamit` hamis értékkel
+# tért vissza.
+csinalj_valamit() or log_error()
+
+
+# A sztringek objektumok
+
+'Én egy sztring vagyok'.class #=> String
+"Én is egy sztring vagyok".class #=> String
+
+helykitolto = 'interpolációt használhatok'
+"Sztring #{helykitolto}, ha dupla időzőjelben van a sztringem"
+#=> "Sztring interpolációt használhatok, ha dupla időzőjelben van a sztringem"
+
+# A szimpla idézőjelet preferáljuk, ahol csak lehet,
+# mert a dupla idézőjel extra számításokat végez.
+
+# Kombinálhatunk sztringeket, de nem számokkal
+'hello ' + 'world' #=> "hello world"
+'hello ' + 3 #=> TypeError: can't convert Fixnum into String
+'hello ' + 3.to_s #=> "hello 3"
+
+# kiírás a kimenetre
+puts "Írok"
+
+# Változók
+x = 25 #=> 25
+x #=> 25
+
+# Értékadás az adott értékkel tér vissza
+# Ez azt jelenti, hogy használhatunk többszörös értékadást:
+
+x = y = 10 #=> 10
+x #=> 10
+y #=> 10
+
+# Konvencióból, snake_case változó neveket használj
+snake_case = true
+
+# Leíró változó neveket használj
+ut_a_projekt_gyokerehez = '/jo/nev/'
+ut = '/rossz/nev/'
+
+# A szimbólumok (objektumok)
+# A szimbólumok megváltoztathatatlan, újra felhasználható konstans,
+# mely belsőleg egész számként reprezentált. Sokszor sztring helyett használják,
+# hogy effektíven közvetítsünk konkrét, értelmes értékeket
+
+:fuggoben.class #=> Symbol
+
+statusz = :fuggoben
+
+statusz == :fuggoben #=> true
+
+statusz == 'fuggoben' #=> false
+
+statusz == :jovahagyott #=> false
+
+# Tömbök
+
+# Ez egy tömb
+tomb = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+# A tömmbök különböző tipusú dolgokat tartalmazhat
+
+[1, 'hello', false] #=> [1, "hello", false]
+
+# Tömbök indexelhetőek
+# Az elejéről
+tomb[0] #=> 1
+tomb[12] #=> nil
+
+# Akárcsak a számtani műveletek [var] hozzáférés
+# is csak szintaktikus cukor
+# a [] függvény hívására az objektumon
+tomb.[] 0 #=> 1
+tomb.[] 12 #=> nil
+
+# A végéről
+tomb[-1] #=> 5
+
+# Kezdőértékkel és hosszal
+tomb[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5]
+
+# Tömb megfordítása
+a=[1,2,3]
+a.reverse! #=> [3,2,1]
+
+# Vagy tartománnyal
+tomb[1..3] #=> [2, 3, 4]
+
+# Így adhatunk a tömbhöz
+tomb << 6 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+# Vagy így
+tomb.push(6) #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+# Ellenőrízük, hogy a tömb tartalmaz egy elemet
+tomb.include?(1) #=> true
+
+# Hash-ek a ruby elsődleges szótárjai kulcs/érték párokkal
+# Hash-eket kapcsos zárójellel jelöljük
+hash = { 'szin' => 'zold', 'szam' => 5 }
+
+hash.keys #=> ['szin', 'szam']
+
+# Hash-ekben könnyen kreshetünk a kulcs segítségével:
+hash['szin'] #=> 'zold'
+hash['szam'] #=> 5
+
+# Nem létező kulcsra keresve nil-t kapunk:
+hash['nincs itt semmi'] #=> nil
+
+# Ruby 1.9-től, egy külnleges szintaxist is használhatunk a szimbólumot
+# használunk kulcsnak
+
+uj_hash = { defcon: 3, action: true }
+
+uj_hash.keys #=> [:defcon, :action]
+
+# Ellenőrizzük, hogy az adott kulcs és érték bene-e van a hash-ben
+uj_hash.has_key?(:defcon) #=> true
+uj_hash.has_value?(3) #=> true
+
+# Tip: A tömbök és hash-ek is felsorolhatóak
+# Sok közös függvényük van, akár az each, map, count, és több
+
+# Kontroll Struktúrák
+
+if true
+ 'ha állítás'
+elsif false
+ 'különben ha, opcionális'
+else
+ 'különben, szintén opcionális'
+end
+
+for szamlalo in 1..5
+ puts "iteracio #{szamlalo}"
+end
+#=> iteracio 1
+#=> iteracio 2
+#=> iteracio 3
+#=> iteracio 4
+#=> iteracio 5
+
+# HOWEVER, No-one uses for loops.
+# Instead you should use the "each" method and pass it a block.
+# A block is a bunch of code that you can pass to a method like "each".
+# It is analogous to lambdas, anonymous functions or closures in other
+# programming languages.
+#
+# The "each" method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range.
+# The block is passed a counter as a parameter.
+# Calling the "each" method with a block looks like this:
+
+(1..5).each do |counter|
+ puts "iteration #{counter}"
+end
+#=> iteration 1
+#=> iteration 2
+#=> iteration 3
+#=> iteration 4
+#=> iteration 5
+
+# You can also surround blocks in curly brackets:
+(1..5).each { |counter| puts "iteration #{counter}" }
+
+# The contents of data structures can also be iterated using each.
+array.each do |element|
+ puts "#{element} is part of the array"
+end
+hash.each do |key, value|
+ puts "#{key} is #{value}"
+end
+
+counter = 1
+while counter <= 5 do
+ puts "iteration #{counter}"
+ counter += 1
+end
+#=> iteration 1
+#=> iteration 2
+#=> iteration 3
+#=> iteration 4
+#=> iteration 5
+
+jegy = '4'
+
+case jegy
+when '5'
+ puts 'Kitünő'
+when '4'
+ puts 'Jó'
+when '3'
+ puts 'Közepes'
+when '2'
+ puts 'Elégsége'
+when '1'
+ puts 'Elégtelen'
+else
+ puts 'Alternatív értékelés, hm?'
+end
+#=> "Jó"
+
+# case-ek tartományokat is használhatnak
+jegy = 82
+case jegy
+when 90..100
+ puts 'Hurrá!'
+when 80...90
+ puts 'Jó munka'
+else
+ puts 'Megbuktál!'
+end
+#=> "Jó munka"
+
+# kivétel kezelés:
+begin
+ # kód ami kivételt dobhat
+ raise NoMemoryError, 'Megtelt a memória'
+rescue NoMemoryError => kivetel_valtozo
+ puts 'NoMemoryError-t dobott', kivetel_valtozo
+rescue RuntimeError => mas_kivetel_valtozo
+ puts 'RuntimeError dobott most'
+else
+ puts 'Ez akkor fut ha nem dob kivételt'
+ensure
+ puts 'Ez a kód mindenképpen lefut'
+end
+
+# Függvények
+
+def ketszeres(x)
+ x * 2
+end
+
+# Függvények (és egyébb blokkok) implicit viszatértnek az utolsó értékkel
+ketszeres(2) #=> 4
+
+# Zárójelezés opcionális, ha az eredmény félreérthetetlen
+ketszeres 3 #=> 6
+
+ketszeres ketszeres 3 #=> 12
+
+def osszeg(x, y)
+ x + y
+end
+
+# Függvény argumentumait vesszővel választjuk el.
+osszeg 3, 4 #=> 7
+
+osszeg osszeg(3, 4), 5 #=> 12
+
+# yield
+# Minden függvénynek van egy implicit, opcionális block paramétere
+# 'yield' kulcsszóval hívhatjuk
+
+def korulvesz
+ puts '{'
+ yield
+ puts '}'
+end
+
+korulvesz { puts 'hello world' }
+
+# {
+# hello world
+# }
+
+
+# Fuggvénynek átadhatunk blokkot
+# "&" jelöli az átadott blokk referenciáját
+def vendegek(&block)
+ block.call 'valami_argumentum'
+end
+
+# Argumentum lisát is átadhatunk, ami tömbé lesz konvertálva
+# Erre való a splat operátor ("*")
+def vendegek(*array)
+ array.each { |vendeg| puts vendeg }
+end
+
+# Osztályt a class kulcsszóval definiálhatunk
+class Ember
+
+ # Az osztály változó. Az osztály minden példánnyával megvan osztva
+ @@faj = 'H. sapiens'
+
+ # Alap inicializáló
+ def initialize(nev, kor = 0)
+ # Hozzárendeli az argumentumot a "nev" példány változóhoz
+ @nev = nev
+ # Ha nem adtunk meg kort akkor az alapértemezet értéket fogja használni
+ @kor = kor
+ end
+
+ # Alap setter függvény
+ def nev=(nev)
+ @nev = nev
+ end
+
+ # Alap getter függvény
+ def nev
+ @nev
+ end
+
+ # A fönti funkcionalítást az attr_accessor függvénnyel is elérhetjük
+ attr_accessor :nev
+
+ # Getter/setter függvények egyenként is kreálhatóak
+ attr_reader :nev
+ attr_writer :nev
+
+ # Az osztály függvények "self"-et hasznalnak, hogy megkülönböztessék magukat a
+ # példány függvényektől
+ # Az osztályn hívhatóak, nem a példányon
+ def self.mond(uzenet)
+ puts uzenet
+ end
+
+ def faj
+ @@faj
+ end
+end
+
+
+# Példányosítsuk az osztályt
+jim = Ember.new('Jim Halpert')
+
+dwight = Ember.new('Dwight K. Schrute')
+
+# Hívjunk meg pár függvényt
+jim.faj #=> "H. sapiens"
+jim.nev #=> "Jim Halpert"
+jim.nev = "Jim Halpert II" #=> "Jim Halpert II"
+jim.nev #=> "Jim Halpert II"
+dwight.faj #=> "H. sapiens"
+dwight.nev #=> "Dwight K. Schrute"
+
+# Hívjuk meg az osztály függvényt
+Ember.mond('Hi') #=> "Hi"
+
+# Változók szókjait az elnevezésük definiálja
+# $ kezdetű változók globálisak
+$var = "Én egy globális változó vagyok"
+defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
+
+# Változók amik @-al kezdődnek példány szkópjuk van
+@var = "Én egy példány változó vagyok"
+defined? @var #=> "instance-variable"
+
+# Változók amik @@-al kezdődnek példány szkópjuk van
+@@var = "Én egy osztály változó vagyok"
+defined? @@var #=> "class variable"
+
+# Változók amik nagy betűvel kezdődnek a konstansok
+Var = "Konstans vagyok"
+defined? Var #=> "constant"
+
+# Az osztály is objetum. Tehát az osztálynak lehet példány változója
+# Az osztályváltozón osztozik minden pédány és leszármazott
+
+# Ős osztály
+class Ember
+ @@foo = 0
+
+ def self.foo
+ @@foo
+ end
+
+ def self.foo=(ertek)
+ @@foo = ertek
+ end
+end
+
+# Leszarmazott osztály
+class Dolgozo < Ember
+end
+
+Ember.foo # 0
+Dolgozo.foo # 0
+
+Ember.foo = 2 # 2
+Dolgozo.foo # 2
+
+# Az osztálynak példány változóját nem látja az osztály leszármazottja.
+
+class Ember
+ @bar = 0
+
+ def self.bar
+ @bar
+ end
+
+ def self.bar=(ertek)
+ @bar = ertek
+ end
+end
+
+class Doctor < Ember
+end
+
+Ember.bar # 0
+Doctor.bar # nil
+
+module ModulePelda
+ def foo
+ 'foo'
+ end
+end
+
+# Modulok include-olása a fügvényeiket az osztály példányaihoz köti.
+# Modulok extend-elésa a fügvényeiket magához az osztályhoz köti.
+
+class Szemely
+ include ModulePelda
+end
+
+class Konyv
+ extend ModulePelda
+end
+
+Szemely.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' for Szemely:Class
+Szemely.new.foo # => 'foo'
+Konyv.foo # => 'foo'
+Konyv.new.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo'
+
+# Callback-ek végrehajtódnak amikor include-olunk és extend-elünk egy modult
+
+module ConcernPelda
+ def self.included(base)
+ base.extend(ClassMethods)
+ base.send(:include, InstanceMethods)
+ end
+
+ module ClassMethods
+ def bar
+ 'bar'
+ end
+ end
+
+ module InstanceMethods
+ def qux
+ 'qux'
+ end
+ end
+end
+
+class Valami
+ include ConcernPelda
+end
+
+Valami.bar # => 'bar'
+Valami.qux # => NoMethodError: undefined method `qux'
+Valami.new.bar # => NoMethodError: undefined method `bar'
+Valami.new.qux # => 'qux'
+```
+
+## Egyéb források
+
+- [Learn Ruby by Example with Challenges](http://www.learneroo.com/modules/61/nodes/338)
+- [Official Documentation](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/)
+- [Ruby from other languages](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/ruby-from-other-languages/)
+- [Programming Ruby](http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Ruby-1-9-2-0-Programmers/dp/1937785491/) - A régebbi [ingyenes változat](http://ruby-doc.com/docs/ProgrammingRuby/) elérhető online.
+- [Ruby Style Guide](https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide)
diff --git a/java.html.markdown b/java.html.markdown
index ba602d2e..67e5494e 100644
--- a/java.html.markdown
+++ b/java.html.markdown
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// but they can be initialized later.
final double E;
E = 2.71828;
-
+
// Strings
String fooString = "My String Is Here!";
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
validCodes.add("FINLAND");
}
- // But there's a nifty way to achive the same thing in an
+ // But there's a nifty way to achieve the same thing in an
// easier way, by using something that is called Double Brace
// Initialization.
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ public class LearnJava {
add("FINLAND");
}}
- // The first brace is creating an new AnonymousInnerClass and the
- // second one declares and instance initializer block. This block
- // is called with the anonymous inner class is created.
+ // The first brace is creating a new AnonymousInnerClass and the
+ // second one declares an instance initializer block. This block
+ // is called when the anonymous inner class is created.
// This does not only work for Collections, it works for all
// non-final classes.
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
} // End LearnJava class
-// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
+// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
// but it is good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class Bicycle {
// Constructors are a way of creating classes
// This is a constructor
public Bicycle() {
- // You can also call another constructor:
+ // You can also call another constructor:
// this(1, 50, 5, "Bontrager");
gear = 1;
cadence = 50;
@@ -489,6 +489,7 @@ public interface Digestible {
// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.
public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
+
@Override
public void eat() {
// ...
@@ -504,6 +505,7 @@ public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
// interfaces. For example:
public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
InterfaceTwo {
+
@Override
public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
}
@@ -511,6 +513,7 @@ public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
@Override
public void InterfaceTwoMethod() {
}
+
}
// Abstract Classes
@@ -522,10 +525,10 @@ public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
// }
// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains abstract methods that must
-// be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes cannot
-// be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract methods
+// be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes cannot
+// be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract methods
// defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a mixture of
-// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
+// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
// unless the method is static, and variables are final by default, unlike an
// abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
@@ -541,7 +544,7 @@ public abstract class Animal
age = 30;
}
- // No need to initialize, however in an interface
+ // No need to initialize, however in an interface
// a variable is implicitly final and hence has
// to be initialized.
protected int age;
@@ -569,7 +572,7 @@ class Dog extends Animal
// age = 30; ==> ERROR! age is private to Animal
}
- // NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
+ // NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
// @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
// overriding of static methods.
// What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
@@ -583,7 +586,7 @@ class Dog extends Animal
}
}
-// Final Classes
+// Final Classes
// Final Class declaration syntax
// <access-level> final <final-class-name> {
@@ -592,8 +595,8 @@ class Dog extends Animal
// }
// Final classes are classes that cannot be inherited from and are therefore a
-// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
-// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
+// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
+// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
// extended.
public final class SaberToothedCat extends Animal
{
diff --git a/julia.html.markdown b/julia.html.markdown
index 66329feb..c5089dc3 100644
--- a/julia.html.markdown
+++ b/julia.html.markdown
@@ -81,10 +81,13 @@ false
# Strings are created with "
"This is a string."
+# Julia has several types of strings, including ASCIIString and UTF8String.
+# More on this in the Types section.
+
# Character literals are written with '
'a'
-# A string can be indexed like an array of characters
+# Some strings can be indexed like an array of characters
"This is a string"[1] # => 'T' # Julia indexes from 1
# However, this is will not work well for UTF8 strings,
# so iterating over strings is recommended (map, for loops, etc).
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ end
# For loops iterate over iterables.
-# Iterable types include Range, Array, Set, Dict, and String.
+# Iterable types include Range, Array, Set, Dict, and AbstractString.
for animal=["dog", "cat", "mouse"]
println("$animal is a mammal")
# You can use $ to interpolate variables or expression into strings
@@ -537,6 +540,17 @@ subtypes(Number) # => 6-element Array{Any,1}:
# Real
subtypes(Cat) # => 0-element Array{Any,1}
+# AbstractString, as the name implies, is also an abstract type
+subtypes(AbstractString) # 8-element Array{Any,1}:
+ # Base.SubstitutionString{T<:AbstractString}
+ # DirectIndexString
+ # RepString
+ # RevString{T<:AbstractString}
+ # RopeString
+ # SubString{T<:AbstractString}
+ # UTF16String
+ # UTF8String
+
# Every type has a super type; use the `super` function to get it.
typeof(5) # => Int64
super(Int64) # => Signed
@@ -546,17 +560,21 @@ super(Number) # => Any
super(super(Signed)) # => Number
super(Any) # => Any
# All of these type, except for Int64, are abstract.
+typeof("fire") # => ASCIIString
+super(ASCIIString) # => DirectIndexString
+super(DirectIndexString) # => AbstractString
+# Likewise here with ASCIIString
# <: is the subtyping operator
type Lion <: Cat # Lion is a subtype of Cat
mane_color
- roar::String
+ roar::AbstractString
end
# You can define more constructors for your type
# Just define a function of the same name as the type
# and call an existing constructor to get a value of the correct type
-Lion(roar::String) = Lion("green",roar)
+Lion(roar::AbstractString) = Lion("green",roar)
# This is an outer constructor because it's outside the type definition
type Panther <: Cat # Panther is also a subtype of Cat
diff --git a/perl.html.markdown b/perl.html.markdown
index 4e172406..1b86f410 100644
--- a/perl.html.markdown
+++ b/perl.html.markdown
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ for (@elements) {
print;
}
+# the Perlish post-condition way again
+print for @elements;
#### Regular expressions
diff --git a/perl6.html.markdown b/perl6.html.markdown
index 43327edb..0f015b45 100644
--- a/perl6.html.markdown
+++ b/perl6.html.markdown
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ say @array; #=> a 6 b
# except they get "flattened" (hash context), removing duplicated keys.
my %hash = 1 => 2,
3 => 4;
-my %hash = autoquoted => "key", # keys get auto-quoted
+my %hash = foo => "bar", # keys get auto-quoted
"some other" => "value", # trailing commas are okay
;
my %hash = <key1 value1 key2 value2>; # you can also create a hash
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ say %hash<key2>; # If it's a string, you can actually use <>
# (`{key1}` doesn't work, as Perl6 doesn't have barewords)
## * Subs (subroutines, or functions in most other languages).
-# Stored in variable, they use `&`.
sub say-hello { say "Hello, world" }
sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { # You can provide the type of an argument
@@ -107,8 +106,8 @@ sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { # You can provide the type of an argument
## It can also have optional arguments:
sub with-optional($arg?) { # the "?" marks the argument optional
- say "I might return `(Any)` if I don't have an argument passed,
- or I'll return my argument";
+ say "I might return `(Any)` (Perl's "null"-like value) if I don't have
+ an argument passed, or I'll return my argument";
$arg;
}
with-optional; # returns Any
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ hello-to('You'); #=> Hello, You !
## You can also, by using a syntax akin to the one of hashes (yay unified syntax !),
## pass *named* arguments to a `sub`.
-# They're optional, and will default to "Any" (Perl's "null"-like value).
+# They're optional, and will default to "Any".
sub with-named($normal-arg, :$named) {
say $normal-arg + $named;
}
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ named-def; #=> 5
named-def(def => 15); #=> 15
# Since you can omit parenthesis to call a function with no arguments,
-# you need "&" in the name to capture `say-hello`.
+# you need "&" in the name to store `say-hello` in a variable.
my &s = &say-hello;
my &other-s = sub { say "Anonymous function !" }
@@ -173,8 +172,8 @@ sub as-many($head, *@rest) { # `*@` (slurpy) will basically "take everything els
say @rest.join(' / ') ~ " !";
}
say as-many('Happy', 'Happy', 'Birthday'); #=> Happy / Birthday !
- # Note that the splat did not consume
- # the parameter before.
+ # Note that the splat (the *) did not
+ # consume the parameter before.
## You can call a function with an array using the
# "argument list flattening" operator `|`
@@ -380,7 +379,9 @@ say join(' ', @array[-> $n { 15..$n }]);
# You can use that in most places you'd expect, even assigning to an array
my @numbers = ^20;
-my @seq = 3, 9 ... * > 95; # 3 9 15 21 27 [...] 81 87 93 99
+
+# Here numbers increase by "6"; more on `...` operator later.
+my @seq = 3, 9 ... * > 95; # 3 9 15 21 27 [...] 81 87 93 99;
@numbers[5..*] = 3, 9 ... *; # even though the sequence is infinite,
# only the 15 needed values will be calculated.
say @numbers; #=> 0 1 2 3 4 3 9 15 21 [...] 81 87
@@ -525,7 +526,7 @@ map(sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }, @array); # (here with `sub`)
# The constructs for declaring types are "class", "role",
# which you'll see later.
-# For now, let us examinate "subset":
+# For now, let us examine "subset":
# a "subset" is a "sub-type" with additional checks.
# For example: "a very big integer is an Int that's greater than 500"
# You can specify the type you're subtyping (by default, Any),
@@ -608,27 +609,26 @@ sub foo {
bar(); # call `bar` in-place
}
sub bar {
- say $*foo; # `$*a` will be looked in the call stack, and find `foo`'s,
+ say $*foo; # `$*foo` will be looked in the call stack, and find `foo`'s,
# even though the blocks aren't nested (they're call-nested).
#=> 1
}
### Object Model
-## Perl 6 has a quite comprehensive object model
# You declare a class with the keyword `class`, fields with `has`,
-# methods with `method`. Every field to private, and is named `$!attr`,
-# but you have `$.` to get a public (immutable) accessor along with it.
-# (using `$.` is like using `$!` plus a `method` with the same name)
+# methods with `method`. Every attribute that is private is named `$!attr`.
+# Immutable public attributes are named `$.attr`
+# (you can make them mutable with `is rw`)
-# (Perl 6's object model ("SixModel") is very flexible,
+# Perl 6's object model ("SixModel") is very flexible,
# and allows you to dynamically add methods, change semantics, etc ...
# (this will not be covered here, and you should refer to the Synopsis).
class A {
has $.field; # `$.field` is immutable.
# From inside the class, use `$!field` to modify it.
- has $.other-field is rw; # You can obviously mark a public field `rw`.
+ has $.other-field is rw; # You can mark a public attribute `rw`.
has Int $!private-field = 10;
method get-value {
@@ -656,7 +656,6 @@ $a.other-field = 10; # This, however, works, because the public field
# is mutable (`rw`).
## Perl 6 also has inheritance (along with multiple inheritance)
-# (though considered a misfeature by many)
class A {
has $.val;
@@ -751,7 +750,7 @@ fail "foo"; # We're not trying to access the value, so no problem.
try {
fail "foo";
CATCH {
- default { say "It threw because we try to get the fail's value!" }
+ default { say "It threw because we tried to get the fail's value!" }
}
}
@@ -763,7 +762,7 @@ try {
### Packages
# Packages are a way to reuse code. Packages are like "namespaces", and any
# element of the six model (`module`, `role`, `class`, `grammar`, `subset`
-# and `enum`) are actually packages. (Packages are the lowest common denomitor)
+# and `enum`) are actually packages. (Packages are the lowest common denominator)
# Packages are important - especially as Perl is well-known for CPAN,
# the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network.
# You usually don't use packages directly: you use `class Package::Name::Here;`,
@@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ module Hello::World { # Bracketed form
# that can be redeclared as something else later.
# ... declarations here ...
}
-module Parse::Text; # file-scoped form
+unit module Parse::Text; # file-scoped form
grammar Parse::Text::Grammar { # A grammar is a package, which you could `use`
}
@@ -797,10 +796,8 @@ my $actions = JSON::Tiny::Actions.new;
# You've already seen `my` and `has`, we'll now explore the others.
## * `our` (happens at `INIT` time -- see "Phasers" below)
-# Along with `my`, there are several others declarators you can use.
-# The first one you'll want for the previous part is `our`.
+# It's like `my`, but it also creates a package variable.
# (All packagish things (`class`, `role`, etc) are `our` by default)
-# it's like `my`, but it also creates a package variable:
module Foo::Bar {
our $n = 1; # note: you can't put a type constraint on an `our` variable
our sub inc {
@@ -829,7 +826,7 @@ constant why-not = 5, 15 ... *;
say why-not[^5]; #=> 5 15 25 35 45
## * `state` (happens at run time, but only once)
-# State variables are only executed one time
+# State variables are only initialized one time
# (they exist in other langages such as C as `static`)
sub fixed-rand {
state $val = rand;
@@ -862,7 +859,7 @@ for ^5 -> $a {
## * Compile-time phasers
BEGIN { say "[*] Runs at compile time, as soon as possible, only once" }
-CHECK { say "[*] Runs at compile time, instead as late as possible, only once" }
+CHECK { say "[*] Runs at compile time, as late as possible, only once" }
## * Run-time phasers
INIT { say "[*] Runs at run time, as soon as possible, only once" }
@@ -870,10 +867,13 @@ END { say "Runs at run time, as late as possible, only once" }
## * Block phasers
ENTER { say "[*] Runs everytime you enter a block, repeats on loop blocks" }
-LEAVE { say "Runs everytime you leave a block, even when an exception happened. Repeats on loop blocks." }
+LEAVE { say "Runs everytime you leave a block, even when an exception
+ happened. Repeats on loop blocks." }
-PRE { say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry, before ENTER (especially useful for loops)" }
-POST { say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit, after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)" }
+PRE { say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry,
+ before ENTER (especially useful for loops)" }
+POST { say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit,
+ after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)" }
## * Block/exceptions phasers
sub {
@@ -891,12 +891,12 @@ for ^5 {
## * Role/class phasers
COMPOSE { "When a role is composed into a class. /!\ NOT YET IMPLEMENTED" }
-# They allow for cute trick or clever code ...:
-say "This code took " ~ (time - CHECK time) ~ "s to run";
+# They allow for cute tricks or clever code ...:
+say "This code took " ~ (time - CHECK time) ~ "s to compile";
# ... or clever organization:
sub do-db-stuff {
- ENTER $db.start-transaction; # New transaction everytime we enter the sub
+ $db.start-transaction; # start a new transaction
KEEP $db.commit; # commit the transaction if all went well
UNDO $db.rollback; # or rollback if all hell broke loose
}
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ sub circumfix:<[ ]>(Int $n) {
$n ** $n
}
say [5]; #=> 3125
- # circumfix is around. Again, not whitespace.
+ # circumfix is around. Again, no whitespace.
sub postcircumfix:<{ }>(Str $s, Int $idx) {
# post-circumfix is
@@ -1052,9 +1052,9 @@ postcircumfix:<{ }>(%h, $key, :delete); # (you can call operators like that)
# Basically, they're operators that apply another operator.
## * Reduce meta-operator
-# It's a prefix meta-operator that takes a binary functions and
+# It's a prefix meta-operator that takes a binary function and
# one or many lists. If it doesn't get passed any argument,
-# it either return a "default value" for this operator
+# it either returns a "default value" for this operator
# (a meaningless value) or `Any` if there's none (examples below).
#
# Otherwise, it pops an element from the list(s) one at a time, and applies
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ say [[&add]] 1, 2, 3; #=> 6
# This one is an infix meta-operator than also can be used as a "normal" operator.
# It takes an optional binary function (by default, it just creates a pair),
# and will pop one value off of each array and call its binary function on these
-# until it runs out of elements. It runs the an array with all these new elements.
+# until it runs out of elements. It returns an array with all of these new elements.
(1, 2) Z (3, 4); # ((1, 3), (2, 4)), since by default, the function makes an array
1..3 Z+ 4..6; # (5, 7, 9), using the custom infix:<+> function
@@ -1109,8 +1109,7 @@ say [[&add]] 1, 2, 3; #=> 6
# (and might include a closure), and on the right, a value or the predicate
# that says when to stop (or Whatever for a lazy infinite list).
my @list = 1, 2, 3 ... 10; # basic deducing
-#my @list = 1, 3, 6 ... 10; # this throws you into an infinite loop,
- # because Perl 6 can't figure out the end
+#my @list = 1, 3, 6 ... 10; # this dies because Perl 6 can't figure out the end
my @list = 1, 2, 3 ...^ 10; # as with ranges, you can exclude the last element
# (the iteration when the predicate matches).
my @list = 1, 3, 9 ... * > 30; # you can use a predicate
@@ -1222,7 +1221,7 @@ so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b ** 3..* c /; # `True` (infinite ranges are okay)
# they use a more perl6-ish syntax:
say 'fooa' ~~ / f <[ o a ]>+ /; #=> 'fooa'
# You can use ranges:
-say 'aeiou' ~~ / a <[ e..w ]> /; #=> 'aeiou'
+say 'aeiou' ~~ / a <[ e..w ]> /; #=> 'ae'
# Just like in normal regexes, if you want to use a special character, escape it
# (the last one is escaping a space)
say 'he-he !' ~~ / 'he-' <[ a..z \! \ ]> + /; #=> 'he-he !'
@@ -1244,7 +1243,7 @@ so 'foo!' ~~ / <-[ a..z ] + [ f o ]> + /; # True (the + doesn't replace the left
so 'abc' ~~ / a [ b ] c /; # `True`. The grouping does pretty much nothing
so 'fooABCABCbar' ~~ / foo [ A B C ] + bar /;
# The previous line returns `True`.
-# We match the "abc" 1 or more time (the `+` was applied to the group).
+# We match the "ABC" 1 or more time (the `+` was applied to the group).
# But this does not go far enough, because we can't actually get back what
# we matched.
@@ -1287,10 +1286,12 @@ say $/[0][0].Str; #=> ~
# This stems from a very simple fact: `$/` does not contain strings, integers or arrays,
# it only contains match objects. These contain the `.list`, `.hash` and `.Str` methods.
-# (but you can also just use `match<key>` for hash access and `match[idx]` for array access)
+# (but you can also just use `match<key>` for hash access
+# and `match[idx]` for array access)
say $/[0].list.perl; #=> (Match.new(...),).list
- # We can see it's a list of Match objects. Those contain a bunch of infos:
- # where the match started/ended, the "ast" (see actions later), etc.
+ # We can see it's a list of Match objects. Those contain
+ # a bunch of infos: where the match started/ended,
+ # the "ast" (see actions later), etc.
# You'll see named capture below with grammars.
## Alternatives - the `or` of regexps
@@ -1328,7 +1329,7 @@ so 'ayc' ~~ / a [ b | y ] c /; # `True`. Obviously enough ...
### Extra: the MAIN subroutime
# The `MAIN` subroutine is called when you run a Perl 6 file directly.
-# It's very powerful, because Perl 6 actually parses the argument
+# It's very powerful, because Perl 6 actually parses the arguments
# and pass them as such to the sub. It also handles named argument (`--foo`)
# and will even go as far as to autogenerate a `--help`
sub MAIN($name) { say "Hello, $name !" }
@@ -1346,7 +1347,7 @@ multi MAIN('add', $key, $value, Bool :$replace) { ... }
multi MAIN('remove', $key) { ... }
multi MAIN('import', File, Str :$as) { ... } # omitting parameter name
# This produces:
-# $ perl 6 cli.pl
+# $ perl6 cli.pl
# Usage:
# t.pl [--replace] add <key> <value>
# t.pl remove <key>
diff --git a/pt-br/clojure-macros-pt.html.markdown b/pt-br/clojure-macros-pt.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbc0c25c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pt-br/clojure-macros-pt.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+---
+language: clojure
+filename: learnclojure-pt.clj
+contributors:
+ - ["Adam Bard", "http://adambard.com/"]
+translators:
+ - ["Raphael Bezerra do Nascimento"]
+lang: pt-br
+---
+
+Como todas as Lisps, a inerente [homoiconicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoiconic)
+do Clojure lhe dá acesso a toda a extensão da linguagem
+para escrever rotinas de geração de código chamados "macros". Macros fornecem uma poderosa forma de adequar a linguagem
+às suas necessidades.
+
+Pórem Tenha cuidado. É considerado má pratica escrever uma macro quando uma função vai fazer. Use uma macro apenas
+quando você precisar do controle sobre quando ou se os argumentos para um formulário será avaliado.
+
+Você vai querer estar familiarizado com Clojure. Certifique-se de entender tudo em
+[Clojure em Y Minutos](/docs/clojure/).
+
+```clojure
+;; Defina uma macro utilizando defmacro. Sua macro deve ter como saida uma lista que possa
+;; ser avaliada como codigo Clojure.
+;;
+;; Essa macro é a mesma coisa que se você escrever (reverse "Hello World")
+(defmacro my-first-macro []
+ (list reverse "Hello World"))
+
+;; Inspecione o resultado de uma macro utilizando macroexpand or macroexpand-1.
+;;
+;; Note que a chamada deve utilizar aspas simples.
+(macroexpand '(my-first-macro))
+;; -> (#<core$reverse clojure.core$reverse@xxxxxxxx> "Hello World")
+
+;; Você pode avaliar o resultad de macroexpand diretamente:
+(eval (macroexpand '(my-first-macro)))
+; -> (\d \l \o \r \W \space \o \l \l \e \H)
+
+;; mas você deve usar esse mais suscinto, sintax como de função:
+(my-first-macro) ; -> (\d \l \o \r \W \space \o \l \l \e \H)
+
+;; Você pode tornar as coisas mais faceis pra você, utilizando a sintaxe de citação mais suscinta
+;; para criar listas nas suas macros:
+(defmacro my-first-quoted-macro []
+ '(reverse "Hello World"))
+
+(macroexpand '(my-first-quoted-macro))
+;; -> (reverse "Hello World")
+;; Note que reverse não é mais uma função objeto, mas um simbolo.
+
+;; Macros podem ter argumentos.
+(defmacro inc2 [arg]
+ (list + 2 arg))
+
+(inc2 2) ; -> 4
+
+;; Mas se você tentar fazer isso com uma lista entre aspas simples, você vai receber um erro, por que o
+;; argumento irá entra aspas simples também. Para contornar isso, Clojure prover uma maneira de utilizar aspas simples
+;; em macros: `. Dentro `, você pode usar ~ para chegar ao escopo externo.
+(defmacro inc2-quoted [arg]
+ `(+ 2 ~arg))
+
+(inc2-quoted 2)
+
+;; Você pode usar os argumentos de destruturação habituais. Expandir lista de variaveis usando ~@
+(defmacro unless [arg & body]
+ `(if (not ~arg)
+ (do ~@body))) ; Lembrar o do!
+
+(macroexpand '(unless true (reverse "Hello World")))
+;; ->
+;; (if (clojure.core/not true) (do (reverse "Hello World")))
+
+;; (unless) avalia e retorna seu corpo, se o primeiro argumento é falso.
+;; caso contrario, retorna nil
+
+(unless true "Hello") ; -> nil
+(unless false "Hello") ; -> "Hello"
+
+;; Usado sem cuidados, macros podem fazer muito mal por sobreporem suas variaveis
+(defmacro define-x []
+ '(do
+ (def x 2)
+ (list x)))
+
+(def x 4)
+(define-x) ; -> (2)
+(list x) ; -> (2)
+
+;;s Para evitar isso, use gensym para receber um identificador unico
+(gensym 'x) ; -> x1281 (ou outra coisa)
+
+(defmacro define-x-safely []
+ (let [sym (gensym 'x)]
+ `(do
+ (def ~sym 2)
+ (list ~sym))))
+
+(def x 4)
+(define-x-safely) ; -> (2)
+(list x) ; -> (4)
+
+;; Você pode usar # dentro de ` para produzir uma gensym para cada simbolo automaticamente
+(defmacro define-x-hygenically []
+ `(do
+ (def x# 2)
+ (list x#)))
+
+(def x 4)
+(define-x-hygenically) ; -> (2)
+(list x) ; -> (4)
+
+;; É típico o uso de funções de auxilio com macros. Vamos criar um pouco
+;; Vamos criar um pouco para nos ajudar a suportar uma sintaxe aritmética inline (estupida)
+(declare inline-2-helper)
+(defn clean-arg [arg]
+ (if (seq? arg)
+ (inline-2-helper arg)
+ arg))
+
+(defn apply-arg
+ "Given args [x (+ y)], return (+ x y)"
+ [val [op arg]]
+ (list op val (clean-arg arg)))
+
+(defn inline-2-helper
+ [[arg1 & ops-and-args]]
+ (let [ops (partition 2 ops-and-args)]
+ (reduce apply-arg (clean-arg arg1) ops)))
+
+;; Podemos testar isso imediatamente, sem criar uma macro
+(inline-2-helper '(a + (b - 2) - (c * 5))) ; -> (- (+ a (- b 2)) (* c 5))
+
+; Entretanto, temos que tornar isso uma macro caso quisermos que isso seja rodado em tempo de compilação
+(defmacro inline-2 [form]
+ (inline-2-helper form)))
+
+(macroexpand '(inline-2 (1 + (3 / 2) - (1 / 2) + 1)))
+; -> (+ (- (+ 1 (/ 3 2)) (/ 1 2)) 1)
+
+(inline-2 (1 + (3 / 2) - (1 / 2) + 1))
+; -> 3 (Na verdade, 3N, desde que o numero ficou convertido em uma fração racional com /
+
+### Leitura adicional
+
+Escrevendo Macros de [Clojure para o Brave e True](http://www.braveclojure.com/)
+[http://www.braveclojure.com/writing-macros/](http://www.braveclojure.com/writing-macros/)
+
+Documentos oficiais
+[http://clojure.org/macros](http://clojure.org/macros)
+
+Quando utilizar macros?
+[http://dunsmor.com/lisp/onlisp/onlisp_12.html](http://dunsmor.com/lisp/onlisp/onlisp_12.html)
diff --git a/sass.html.markdown b/sass.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..509aee9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sass.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+---
+language: sass
+filename: learnsass.scss
+contributors:
+ - ["Laura Kyle", "https://github.com/LauraNK"]
+---
+
+Sass is a CSS extension language that adds features such as variables, nesting, mixins and more.
+Sass (and other preprocessors, such as [Less](http://lesscss.org/)) help developers to write maintainable and DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) code.
+
+Sass has two different syntax options to choose from. SCSS, which has the same syntax as CSS but with the added features of Sass. Or Sass (the original syntax), which uses indentation rather than curly braces and semicolons.
+This tutorial is written using SCSS.
+
+
+```scss
+
+
+//Single line comments are removed when Sass is compiled to CSS.
+
+/*Multi line comments are preserved. */
+
+
+
+/*Variables
+==============================*/
+
+
+
+/* You can store a CSS value (such as a color) in a variable.
+Use the '$' symbol to create a variable. */
+
+$primary-color: #A3A4FF;
+$secondary-color: #51527F;
+$body-font: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
+
+/* You can use the variables throughout your stylesheet.
+Now if you want to change a color, you only have to make the change once.*/
+
+body {
+ background-color: $primary-color;
+ color: $secondary-color;
+ font-family: $body-font;
+}
+
+/* This would compile to: */
+body {
+ background-color: #A3A4FF;
+ color: #51527F;
+ font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
+}
+
+
+/* This is much more maintainable than having to change the color
+each time it appears throughout your stylesheet. */
+
+
+
+/*Mixins
+==============================*/
+
+
+
+/* If you find you are writing the same code for more than one
+element, you might want to store that code in a mixin.
+
+Use the '@mixin' directive, plus a name for your mixin.*/
+
+@mixin center {
+ display: block;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+ left: 0;
+ right: 0;
+}
+
+/* You can use the mixin with '@include' and the mixin name. */
+
+div {
+ @include center;
+ background-color: $primary-color;
+}
+
+/*Which would compile to: */
+div {
+ display: block;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+ left: 0;
+ right: 0;
+ background-color: #A3A4FF;
+}
+
+
+/* You can use mixins to create a shorthand property. */
+
+@mixin size($width, $height) {
+ width: $width;
+ height: $height;
+}
+
+/*Which you can invoke by passing width and height arguments. */
+
+.rectangle {
+ @include size(100px, 60px);
+}
+
+.square {
+ @include size(40px, 40px);
+}
+
+/* This compiles to: */
+.rectangle {
+ width: 100px;
+ height: 60px;
+}
+
+.square {
+ width: 40px;
+ height: 40px;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*Extend (Inheritance)
+==============================*/
+
+
+
+/*Extend is a way to share the properties of one selector with another. */
+
+.display {
+ @include size(5em, 5em);
+ border: 5px solid $secondary-color;
+}
+
+.display-success {
+ @extend .display;
+ border-color: #22df56;
+}
+
+/* Compiles to: */
+.display, .display-success {
+ width: 5em;
+ height: 5em;
+ border: 5px solid #51527F;
+}
+
+.display-success {
+ border-color: #22df56;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*Nesting
+==============================*/
+
+
+
+/*Sass allows you to nest selectors within selectors */
+
+ul {
+ list-style-type: none;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+
+ li {
+ background-color: #FF0000;
+ }
+}
+
+/* '&' will be replaced by the parent selector. */
+/* You can also nest pseudo-classes. */
+/* Keep in mind that over-nesting will make your code less maintainable.
+For example: */
+
+ul {
+ list-style-type: none;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+
+ li {
+ background-color: red;
+
+ &:hover {
+ background-color: blue;
+ }
+
+ a {
+ color: white;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/* Compiles to: */
+
+ul {
+ list-style-type: none;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+}
+
+ul li {
+ background-color: red;
+}
+
+ul li:hover {
+ background-color: blue;
+}
+
+ul li a {
+ color: white;
+}
+
+
+
+
+```
+
+
+
+## SASS or Sass?
+Have you ever wondered whether Sass is an acronym or not? You probably haven't, but I'll tell you anyway. The name of the language is a word, "Sass", and not an acronym.
+Because people were constantly writing it as "SASS", the creator of the language jokingly called it "Syntactically Awesome StyleSheets".
+
+
+## Practice Sass
+If you want to play with Sass in your browser, check out [SassMeister](http://sassmeister.com/).
+You can use either syntax, just go into the settings and select either Sass or SCSS.
+
+
+## Further reading
+* [Official Documentation](http://sass-lang.com/documentation/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html)
+* [The Sass Way](http://thesassway.com/) provides tutorials (beginner-advanced) and articles.
diff --git a/xml.html.markdown b/xml.html.markdown
index d407512d..4d33e614 100644
--- a/xml.html.markdown
+++ b/xml.html.markdown
@@ -40,13 +40,14 @@ Unlike HTML, XML does not specify how to display or to format data, just carry i
It starts with a declaration, informing some metadata (optional).
XML uses a tree structure. Above, the root node is 'bookstore', which has
- three child nodes, all 'books'. Those nodes has more child nodes, and so on...
+ three child nodes, all 'books'. Those nodes have more child nodes (or
+ children), and so on...
- Nodes are created using open/close tags, and childs are just nodes between
+ Nodes are created using open/close tags, and children are just nodes between
the open and close tags.-->
-<!-- XML carries two kind of data:
+<!-- XML carries two kinds of data:
1 - Attributes -> That's metadata about a node.
Usually, the XML parser uses this information to store the data properly.
It is characterized by appearing with the format name="value" within the opening