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+---
+name: Go
+category: language
+language: Go
+filename: learngo.go
+contributors:
+ - ["Sonia Keys", "https://github.com/soniakeys"]
+
+translators:
+ - ["Adrian Espinosa", "http://www.adrianespinosa.com"]
+
+---
+
+Go fue creado por la necesidad de hacer el trabajo rápidamente. No es la última
+tendencia en informática, pero es la forma nueva y más rápida de resolver probemas reales.
+
+Tiene conceptos familiares de lenguajes imperativos con tipado estático.
+Es rápido compilando y rápido al ejecutar, añade una concurrencia fácil de entender para las CPUs de varios núcleos de hoy en día, y tiene características que ayudan con la programación a gran escala.
+Go viene con una librería estándar muy buena y una comunidad entusiasta.
+
+```go
+// Comentario de una sola línea
+/* Comentario
+ multi línea */
+
+// La cláusula package aparece al comienzo de cada archivo fuente.
+// Main es un nombre especial que declara un ejecutable en vez de una librería.
+package main
+
+// La declaración Import declara los paquetes de librerías referenciados en este archivo.
+import (
+ "fmt" // Un paquete en la librería estándar de Go
+ "net/http" // Sí, un servidor web!
+ "strconv" // Conversiones de cadenas
+)
+
+// Definición de una función. Main es especial. Es el punto de entrada para el ejecutable.
+// Te guste o no, Go utiliza llaves.
+func main() {
+ // Println imprime una línea a stdout.
+ // Cualificalo con el nombre del paquete, fmt.
+ fmt.Println("Hello world!")
+
+ // Llama a otra función de este paquete.
+ beyondHello()
+}
+
+// Las funciones llevan parámetros entre paréntesis.
+// Si no hay parámetros, los paréntesis siguen siendo obligatorios.
+func beyondHello() {
+ var x int // Declaración de una variable. Las variables se deben declarar antes de // utilizarlas.
+ x = 3 // Asignación de variables.
+ // Declaración "corta" con := para inferir el tipo, declarar y asignar.
+ y := 4
+ sum, prod := learnMultiple(x, y) // función devuelve dos valores
+ fmt.Println("sum:", sum, "prod:", prod) // simple salida
+ learnTypes() // < y minutes, learn more!
+}
+
+// Las funciones pueden tener parámetros y (múltiples!) valores de retorno.
+func learnMultiple(x, y int) (sum, prod int) {
+ return x + y, x * y // devolver dos valores
+}
+
+// Algunos tipos incorporados y literales.
+func learnTypes() {
+ // La declaración corta suele darte lo que quieres.
+ s := "Learn Go!" // tipo cadena
+
+ s2 := ` Un tipo cadena "puro" puede incluir
+saltos de línea.` // mismo tipo cadena
+
+ // Literal no ASCII. Los fuentes de Go son UTF-8.
+ g := 'Σ' // tipo rune, un alias de uint32, alberga un punto unicode.
+ f := 3.14195 // float64, el estándar IEEE-754 de coma flotante 64-bit
+ c := 3 + 4i // complex128, representado internamente por dos float64
+ // Sintaxis Var con inicializadores.
+ var u uint = 7 // sin signo, pero la implementación depende del tamaño como en int
+ var pi float32 = 22. / 7
+
+ // Sintáxis de conversión con una declaración corta.
+ n := byte('\n') // byte es un alias de uint8
+
+ // Los Arrays tienen un tamaño fijo a la hora de compilar.
+ var a4 [4]int // un array de 4 ints, inicializados a 0
+ a3 := [...]int{3, 1, 5} // un array de 3 ints, inicializados como se indica
+
+ // Los Slices tienen tamaño dinámico. Los arrays y slices tienen sus ventajas
+ // y desventajas pero los casos de uso para los slices son más comunes.
+ s3 := []int{4, 5, 9} // Comparar con a3. No hay puntos suspensivos
+ s4 := make([]int, 4) // Asigna slices de 4 ints, inicializados a 0
+ var d2 [][]float64 // solo declaración, sin asignación
+ bs := []byte("a slice") // sintaxis de conversión de tipo
+
+ p, q := learnMemory() // declares p, q to be type pointer to int.
+ fmt.Println(*p, *q) // * follows a pointer. This prints two ints.
+
+ // Maps are a dynamically growable associative array type, like the
+ // hash or dictionary types of some other languages.
+ m := map[string]int{"three": 3, "four": 4}
+ m["one"] = 1
+
+ // Unused variables are an error in Go.
+ // The underbar lets you "use" a variable but discard its value.
+ _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _ = s2, g, f, u, pi, n, a3, s4, bs
+ // Output of course counts as using a variable.
+ fmt.Println(s, c, a4, s3, d2, m)
+
+ learnFlowControl() // back in the flow
+}
+
+// Go is fully garbage collected. It has pointers but no pointer arithmetic.
+// You can make a mistake with a nil pointer, but not by incrementing a pointer.
+func learnMemory() (p, q *int) {
+ // Named return values p and q have type pointer to int.
+ p = new(int) // built-in function new allocates memory.
+ // The allocated int is initialized to 0, p is no longer nil.
+ s := make([]int, 20) // allocate 20 ints as a single block of memory
+ s[3] = 7 // assign one of them
+ r := -2 // declare another local variable
+ return &s[3], &r // & takes the address of an object.
+}
+
+func expensiveComputation() int {
+ return 1e6
+}
+
+func learnFlowControl() {
+ // If statements require brace brackets, and do not require parens.
+ if true {
+ fmt.Println("told ya")
+ }
+ // Formatting is standardized by the command line command "go fmt."
+ if false {
+ // pout
+ } else {
+ // gloat
+ }
+ // Use switch in preference to chained if statements.
+ x := 1
+ switch x {
+ case 0:
+ case 1:
+ // cases don't "fall through"
+ case 2:
+ // unreached
+ }
+ // Like if, for doesn't use parens either.
+ for x := 0; x < 3; x++ { // ++ is a statement
+ fmt.Println("iteration", x)
+ }
+ // x == 1 here.
+
+ // For is the only loop statement in Go, but it has alternate forms.
+ for { // infinite loop
+ break // just kidding
+ continue // unreached
+ }
+ // As with for, := in an if statement means to declare and assign y first,
+ // then test y > x.
+ if y := expensiveComputation(); y > x {
+ x = y
+ }
+ // Function literals are closures.
+ xBig := func() bool {
+ return x > 100 // references x declared above switch statement.
+ }
+ fmt.Println("xBig:", xBig()) // true (we last assigned 1e6 to x)
+ x /= 1e5 // this makes it == 10
+ fmt.Println("xBig:", xBig()) // false now
+
+ // When you need it, you'll love it.
+ goto love
+love:
+
+ learnInterfaces() // Good stuff coming up!
+}
+
+// Define Stringer as an interface type with one method, String.
+type Stringer interface {
+ String() string
+}
+
+// Define pair as a struct with two fields, ints named x and y.
+type pair struct {
+ x, y int
+}
+
+// Define a method on type pair. Pair now implements Stringer.
+func (p pair) String() string { // p is called the "receiver"
+ // Sprintf is another public function in package fmt.
+ // Dot syntax references fields of p.
+ return fmt.Sprintf("(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y)
+}
+
+func learnInterfaces() {
+ // Brace syntax is a "struct literal." It evaluates to an initialized
+ // struct. The := syntax declares and initializes p to this struct.
+ p := pair{3, 4}
+ fmt.Println(p.String()) // call String method of p, of type pair.
+ var i Stringer // declare i of interface type Stringer.
+ i = p // valid because pair implements Stringer
+ // Call String method of i, of type Stringer. Output same as above.
+ fmt.Println(i.String())
+
+ // Functions in the fmt package call the String method to ask an object
+ // for a printable representation of itself.
+ fmt.Println(p) // output same as above. Println calls String method.
+ fmt.Println(i) // output same as above
+
+ learnErrorHandling()
+}
+
+func learnErrorHandling() {
+ // ", ok" idiom used to tell if something worked or not.
+ m := map[int]string{3: "three", 4: "four"}
+ if x, ok := m[1]; !ok { // ok will be false because 1 is not in the map.
+ fmt.Println("no one there")
+ } else {
+ fmt.Print(x) // x would be the value, if it were in the map.
+ }
+ // An error value communicates not just "ok" but more about the problem.
+ if _, err := strconv.Atoi("non-int"); err != nil { // _ discards value
+ // prints "strconv.ParseInt: parsing "non-int": invalid syntax"
+ fmt.Println(err)
+ }
+ // We'll revisit interfaces a little later. Meanwhile,
+ learnConcurrency()
+}
+
+// c is a channel, a concurrency-safe communication object.
+func inc(i int, c chan int) {
+ c <- i + 1 // <- is the "send" operator when a channel appears on the left.
+}
+
+// We'll use inc to increment some numbers concurrently.
+func learnConcurrency() {
+ // Same make function used earlier to make a slice. Make allocates and
+ // initializes slices, maps, and channels.
+ c := make(chan int)
+ // Start three concurrent goroutines. Numbers will be incremented
+ // concurrently, perhaps in parallel if the machine is capable and
+ // properly configured. All three send to the same channel.
+ go inc(0, c) // go is a statement that starts a new goroutine.
+ go inc(10, c)
+ go inc(-805, c)
+ // Read three results from the channel and print them out.
+ // There is no telling in what order the results will arrive!
+ fmt.Println(<-c, <-c, <-c) // channel on right, <- is "receive" operator.
+
+ cs := make(chan string) // another channel, this one handles strings.
+ cc := make(chan chan string) // a channel of string channels.
+ go func() { c <- 84 }() // start a new goroutine just to send a value
+ go func() { cs <- "wordy" }() // again, for cs this time
+ // Select has syntax like a switch statement but each case involves
+ // a channel operation. It selects a case at random out of the cases
+ // that are ready to communicate.
+ select {
+ case i := <-c: // the value received can be assigned to a variable
+ fmt.Printf("it's a %T", i)
+ case <-cs: // or the value received can be discarded
+ fmt.Println("it's a string")
+ case <-cc: // empty channel, not ready for communication.
+ fmt.Println("didn't happen.")
+ }
+ // At this point a value was taken from either c or cs. One of the two
+ // goroutines started above has completed, the other will remain blocked.
+
+ learnWebProgramming() // Go does it. You want to do it too.
+}
+
+// A single function from package http starts a web server.
+func learnWebProgramming() {
+ // ListenAndServe first parameter is TCP address to listen at.
+ // Second parameter is an interface, specifically http.Handler.
+ err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", pair{})
+ fmt.Println(err) // don't ignore errors
+}
+
+// Make pair an http.Handler by implementing its only method, ServeHTTP.
+func (p pair) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+ // Serve data with a method of http.ResponseWriter
+ w.Write([]byte("You learned Go in Y minutes!"))
+}
+```
+
+## Further Reading
+
+The root of all things Go is the [official Go web site](http://golang.org/).
+There you can follow the tutorial, play interactively, and read lots.
+
+The language definition itself is highly recommended. It's easy to read
+and amazingly short (as language definitions go these days.)
+
+On the reading list for students of Go is the source code to the standard
+library. Comprehensively documented, it demonstrates the best of readable
+and understandable Go, Go style, and Go idioms. Click on a function name
+in the documentation and the source code comes up!
+