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-rw-r--r--lsf/lambda-calculus-lsf.html.markdown90
-rw-r--r--lsf/latex-lsf.html.markdown146
-rw-r--r--pt-br/python3-pt.html.markdown28
-rw-r--r--swift.html.markdown56
-rw-r--r--th-th/typescript.th.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--typescript.html.markdown2
6 files changed, 280 insertions, 44 deletions
diff --git a/lsf/lambda-calculus-lsf.html.markdown b/lsf/lambda-calculus-lsf.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36583367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsf/lambda-calculus-lsf.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+---
+category: Algorithms & Data Structures
+name: Lambda Calculus
+contributors:
+ - ["Max Sun", "http://github.com/maxsun"]
+translators:
+ - ["Victore Leve", "https://github.com/AcProIL"]
+lang: lsf
+---
+
+# Calculo λ
+
+Calculo lambda, creato principto per Alonzo Church, es lingua de programmatura computatro maximo parvo. Quamquam non habe numero, serie de charactere vel ullo
+typo de data non functionale, id pote repraesenta omne machina de Turing.
+
+Tres elemento compone calculo lambda: **quantitate variabile** (q.v.),
+**functione** et **applicatione**.
+
+| Elemento | Syntaxe | Exemplo |
+|----------------------|-----------------------------------|-----------|
+| Quantitate variabile | `<nomine>` | `x` |
+| Functione | `λ<parametro>.<corpore>` | `λx.x` |
+| Applicatione | `<functione><q.v. aut functione>` | `(λx.x)a` |
+
+Functione fundamentale es identitate: `λx.x` cum argumento primo `x` et cum
+corpore secundo `x`. In mathematica, nos scribe `id: x↦x`.
+
+## Quantitate variabile libero et ligato
+
+* In functione praecedente, `x` es q.v. ligato nam id es et in copore et
+ argumento.
+* In `λx.y`, `y` es q.v. libero nam non es declarato ante.
+
+## Valutatione
+
+Valutatione es facto per reductione beta (reductione β) que es essentialiter
+substitutione lexicale.
+
+Dum valutatione de formula `(λx.x)a`, nos substitue omne evento de `x` in
+corpore de functione pro `a`.
+
+* `(λx.x)a` vale `a`
+* `(λx.y)a` vale `y`
+
+Pote etiam crea functione de ordine supero: `(λx.(λy.x))a` vale `λy.a`.
+
+Etsi calculo lambda solo tracta functione de uno parametro, nos pote crea
+functione cum plure argumento utente methodo de Curry: `λx.(λy.(λz.xyz))`
+es scriptura informatica de formula mathematico `f: x, y, z ↦ x(y(z)))`.
+
+Ergo, interdum, nos ute `λxy.<corpore>` pro `λx.λy.<corpore>`.
+
+## Arithmetica
+
+### Logica de Boole
+
+Es nec numero nec booleano in calculo lambda.
+
+* «vero» es `v = λx.λy.x`
+* «falso» es `f = λx.λy.y`
+
+Primo, nos pote defini functione «si t tunc a alio b» per `si = λtab.tab`.
+Si `t` es vero, valutatione da `(λxy.x) a b` id es `a`. Similiter si `t` es
+falso, nos obtine `b`.
+
+Secundo, nos pote defini operatore de logica:
+
+* «a et b» es `et = λa.λb.si a b f`
+* «a vel b» es `vel = λa.λb.si a t b`
+* «non a» es `non = λa.si a f t`
+
+### Numeros
+
+Nos pone:
+
+* `0 = λf.λx.x` (`0: f↦id`)
+* `1 = λf.λx.f x` (`1: f↦f`)
+* `2 = λf.λx.f(f x)` (`2: f↦f⚬f`)
+
+Cum mente generale, successore de numero `n` es `S n = λf.λx.f((n f) x)`
+(`n+1: f↦f⚬fⁿ`). Id es **`n` est functione que da `fⁿ` ex functione `f`**.
+
+Postremo additione es `λab.(a S)b`
+
+## Ut progrede
+
+### In lingua anglo
+
+1. [A Tutorial Introduction to the Lambda Calculus](http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/lehre/WS03/alpi/lambda.pdf) per Raúl Roja
+2. [The Lambda Calculus](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3110/2008fa/recitations/rec26.html), CS 312 Recitation 26
diff --git a/lsf/latex-lsf.html.markdown b/lsf/latex-lsf.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18c2e62b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lsf/latex-lsf.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+---
+language: latex
+lang: lsf
+contributors:
+ - ["Chaitanya Krishna Ande", "http://icymist.github.io"]
+ - ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"]
+ - ["Sricharan Chiruvolu", "http://sricharan.xyz"]
+translators:
+ - ["Victore Leve", "https://github.com/AcProIL"]
+filename: learn-latex-lsf.tex
+---
+
+```tex
+% Solo existe commentario monolinea, illo incipe cum charactere %
+
+% LaTeX non es sicut MS Word aut OpenOffice: que scribe non es que obtine.
+% Primo, scribe imperio (que semper incipe cum \) et secundo programma crea
+% lima.
+
+% Nos defini typo de document (id es articulo aut libro aut libello etc.).
+% Optione muta quomodo programma age, per exemplo altore de littera.
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+
+% Deinde nos lista paccettos que nos vol ute. Es classe de imperio que alio
+% utatore e scribe. Pote muta funda, geometria de pagina, etc. vel adde
+% functionnalitate.
+\usepackage{euler}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+% Ultimo statione ante scribe documento es metadata id es titulo, auctore et
+% tempore. Charactere ~ es spatio que non pote es secato.
+\title{Disce LaTeX in~Y Minutos!}
+\author{Chaitanya Krishna Ande, Colton Kohnke \& Sricharan Chiruvolu}
+\date{\today}
+
+% Principio de documento
+\begin{document}
+ \maketitle % Nos vol adfige metadata.
+
+ % Saepe nos adde breviario us describe texto.
+ \begin{abstract}
+ Hic es exmplo de documento sibre cum lingua de LaTeX.
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ % \section crea sectione cum titulo dato sicut sperato
+ \section{Introductione}
+
+ Traductione de hic cursu es importante.
+
+ \subsection{Methodo}
+ Iste parte non es utile.
+
+ \subsubsection{Methodo peculiare}
+ % \label da nomine ad parte ut post ute imperio de referentia \ref.
+ \label{subsec:metpec}
+
+ % Cum asteritco nos indice que nos non vol numero ante titulo de sectione.
+ \section*{Me non aestima numero…}
+
+ …sed de Peano aut de Church.
+
+ \section{Listas}
+
+ Que me debe scribe:
+
+ \begin{enumerate} % `enumerate` designa lista cum numeros contra `itemize`.
+ \item articulo,
+ \item libro,
+ \item cursu.
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ \section{Mathematica}
+
+ Methematicas ute multo programma LaTeX ut communica suo decooperito.
+ Illo necessita symbolo multo instar de logica vel sagitta vel littera cum
+ accento.
+
+ % Fornula es in linea si nos scribe inter \( et \) (aut duo $) sed magno si
+ % nos ute \[ et \].
+ \(\forall n\in N_0\) % pro omne n in classe N₀
+ \[^{3}/_{4} = \frac{3}{4} < 1\] % ¾ < 1
+
+ Alphabeta graeco contine littera $\alpha$.
+
+ % Ut scribe equatione cum numero et nomine, existe circumiecto `equation`.
+ \begin{equation}
+ c^2 = a^2 + b^2
+ \label{eq:pythagoras}
+ \end{equation}
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ % Summa ab 1 ad n de numeros dimidio de n(n+1)
+ \sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}
+ \end{equation}
+
+ \section{Figura}
+
+ % Nos adde imagine `right-triangle.png` cum latitudo de quinque centimetro,
+ % horizontaliter in centro et cum capite «Triangulo recto».
+ \begin{figure}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=5cm]{right-triangle.png}
+ \caption{Triangulo recto}
+ \label{fig:right-triangle}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ \subsection{Tabula}
+
+ \begin{table}
+ \caption{Título para la tabla.}
+ % Argumento de `tabular` es lineamente de columna.
+ % c: centro, l: sinistra, r: destra, | linea verticale
+ \begin{tabular}{c|cc}
+ Numero & B & C \\
+ \hline % linea horizontale
+ 1 & et & aut \\
+ 2 & atque & vel
+ \end{tabular}
+ \end{table}
+
+ \section{Stylo}
+
+ Texto pote es \textbf{crasso} et \textit{italico}!
+
+ \section{Texto puro}
+
+ % Circumiecto `verbatim` ignora imperio, nos saepe ute id pro monstra
+ % programma.
+ \begin{verbatim}
+from math import tau, e
+print(e ** tau)
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+ \section{Et plus!}
+ LaTeX habe facultate crea bibliographia, paritura, scaccarip… cum paccetto
+ dedicato.
+\end{document}
+```
+
+Imperio ut conge documento es `pdflatex documento` in terminale.
+
+## Ut progrede
+
+### In lingua anglo
+
+* [LaTeX tutorial](http://www.latex-tutorial.com/) per Claudio Vellage
diff --git a/pt-br/python3-pt.html.markdown b/pt-br/python3-pt.html.markdown
index b72c732a..23a9b3ce 100644
--- a/pt-br/python3-pt.html.markdown
+++ b/pt-br/python3-pt.html.markdown
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ contributors:
- ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
translators:
- ["Paulo Henrique Rodrigues Pinheiro", "http://www.sysincloud.it"]
+ - ["Monique Baptista", "https://github.com/bfmonique"]
lang: pt-br
filename: learnpython3-pt.py
---
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ aprender o velho Python 2.7.
8 - 1 # => 7
10 * 2 # => 20
-# Números inteiros por padrão, exceto na divisão, que retorna número
+# Números são inteiros por padrão, exceto na divisão, que retorna número
# de ponto flutuante (float).
35 / 5 # => 7.0
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ aprender o velho Python 2.7.
# Exponenciação (x**y, x elevado à potência y)
2**4 # => 16
-# Determine a precedência usando parêntesis
+# Determine a precedência usando parênteses
(1 + 3) * 2 # => 8
# Valores lógicos são primitivos (Atenção à primeira letra maiúscula)
@@ -105,9 +106,8 @@ False or True # => True
1 < 2 < 3 # => True
2 < 3 < 2 # => False
-# (operador 'is' e operador '==') is verifica se duas variáveis
-# referenciam um mesmo objeto, mas == verifica se as variáveis
-# apontam para o mesmo valor.
+# 'is' verifica se duas variáveis representam o mesmo endereço
+# na memória; '==' verifica se duas variáveis têm o mesmo valor
a = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Referência a uma nova lista, [1, 2, 3, 4]
b = a # b referencia o que está referenciado por a
b is a # => True, a e b referenciam o mesmo objeto
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ input_string_var = input("Digite alguma coisa: ") # Retorna o que foi digitado e
# Observação: Em versões antigas do Python, o método input() era chamado raw_input()
# Não é necessário declarar variáveis antes de iniciá-las
-# È uma convenção usar letras_minúsculas_com_sublinhados
+# É uma convenção usar letras_minúsculas_com_sublinhados
alguma_variavel = 5
alguma_variavel # => 5
@@ -182,31 +182,31 @@ alguma_variavel # => 5
# Veja Controle de Fluxo para aprender mais sobre tratamento de exceções.
alguma_variavel_nao_inicializada # Gera a exceção NameError
-# Listas armazenam sequencias
+# Listas armazenam sequências
li = []
-# Você pode iniciar com uma lista com alguns valores
+# Você pode iniciar uma lista com valores
outra_li = [4, 5, 6]
-# Adicionar conteúdo ao fim da lista com append
+# Adicione conteúdo ao fim da lista com append
li.append(1) # li agora é [1]
li.append(2) # li agora é [1, 2]
li.append(4) # li agora é [1, 2, 4]
li.append(3) # li agora é [1, 2, 4, 3]
-# Remover do final da lista com pop
+# Remova do final da lista com pop
li.pop() # => 3 e agora li é [1, 2, 4]
# Vamos colocá-lo lá novamente!
li.append(3) # li agora é [1, 2, 4, 3] novamente.
-# Acessar uma lista da mesma forma que você faz com um array
+# Acesse uma lista da mesma forma que você faz com um array
li[0] # => 1
-# Acessa o último elemento
+# Acessando o último elemento
li[-1] # => 3
-# Acessando além dos limites gera um IndexError
+# Acessar além dos limites gera um IndexError
li[4] # Gera o IndexError
# Você pode acessar vários elementos com a sintaxe de limites
-# (É um limite fechado, aberto pra você que gosta de matemática.)
+# Inclusivo para o primeiro termo, exclusivo para o segundo
li[1:3] # => [2, 4]
# Omitindo o final
li[2:] # => [4, 3]
diff --git a/swift.html.markdown b/swift.html.markdown
index c2fb3471..1f9fe897 100644
--- a/swift.html.markdown
+++ b/swift.html.markdown
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ let multiLineString = """
This is a multi-line string.
It's called that because it takes up multiple lines (wow!)
Any indentation beyond the closing quotation marks is kept, the rest is discarded.
- You can include " or "" in multi-line strings because the delimeter is three "s.
+ You can include " or "" in multi-line strings because the delimiter is three "s.
"""
// Arrays
@@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ let `class` = "keyword"
or contains nil (no value) to indicate that a value is missing.
Nil is roughly equivalent to `null` in other languages.
A question mark (?) after the type marks the value as optional of that type.
-
+
If a type is not optional, it is guaranteed to have a value.
-
+
Because Swift requires every property to have a type, even nil must be
explicitly stored as an Optional value.
-
+
Optional<T> is an enum, with the cases .none (nil) and .some(T) (the value)
*/
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ let someOptionalString4 = String?.none //nil
To access the value of an optional that has a value, use the postfix
operator !, which force-unwraps it. Force-unwrapping is like saying, "I
know that this optional definitely has a value, please give it to me."
-
+
Trying to use ! to access a non-existent optional value triggers a
runtime error. Always make sure that an optional contains a non-nil
value before using ! to force-unwrap its value.
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ if someOptionalString != nil {
// Swift supports "optional chaining," which means that you can call functions
// or get properties of optional values and they are optionals of the appropriate type.
// You can even do this multiple times, hence the name "chaining."
-
+
let empty = someOptionalString?.isEmpty // Bool?
// if-let structure -
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ func say(_ message: String) {
}
say("Hello")
-// Default parameters can be ommitted when calling the function.
+// Default parameters can be omitted when calling the function.
func printParameters(requiredParameter r: Int, optionalParameter o: Int = 10) {
print("The required parameter was \(r) and the optional parameter was \(o)")
}
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ func testGuard() {
return // guard statements MUST exit the scope that they are in.
// They generally use `return` or `throw`.
}
-
+
print("number is \(aNumber)")
}
testGuard()
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ enum Furniture {
case desk(height: Int)
// Associate with String and Int
case chair(String, Int)
-
+
func description() -> String {
//either placement of let is acceptable
switch self {
@@ -591,15 +591,15 @@ print(chair.description()) // "Chair of Foo with 40 cm"
- Define initializers to set up their initial state
- Be extended to expand their functionality beyond a default implementation
- Conform to protocols to provide standard functionality of a certain kind
-
+
Classes have additional capabilities that structures don't have:
- Inheritance enables one class to inherit the characteristics of another.
- Type casting enables you to check and interpret the type of a class instance at runtime.
- Deinitializers enable an instance of a class to free up any resources it has assigned.
- Reference counting allows more than one reference to a class instance.
-
+
Unless you need to use a class for one of these reasons, use a struct.
-
+
Structures are value types, while classes are reference types.
*/
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ print(chair.description()) // "Chair of Foo with 40 cm"
struct NamesTable {
let names: [String]
-
+
// Custom subscript
subscript(index: Int) -> String {
return names[index]
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ class Shape {
class Rect: Shape {
var sideLength: Int = 1
-
+
// Custom getter and setter property
var perimeter: Int {
get {
@@ -640,16 +640,16 @@ class Rect: Shape {
sideLength = newValue / 4
}
}
-
+
// Computed properties must be declared as `var`, you know, cause' they can change
var smallestSideLength: Int {
return self.sideLength - 1
}
-
+
// Lazily load a property
// subShape remains nil (uninitialized) until getter called
lazy var subShape = Rect(sideLength: 4)
-
+
// If you don't need a custom getter and setter,
// but still want to run code before and after getting or setting
// a property, you can use `willSet` and `didSet`
@@ -659,19 +659,19 @@ class Rect: Shape {
print(someIdentifier)
}
}
-
+
init(sideLength: Int) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
// always super.init last when init custom properties
super.init()
}
-
+
func shrink() {
if sideLength > 0 {
sideLength -= 1
}
}
-
+
override func getArea() -> Int {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
@@ -703,13 +703,13 @@ class Circle: Shape {
override func getArea() -> Int {
return 3 * radius * radius
}
-
+
// Place a question mark postfix after `init` is an optional init
// which can return nil
init?(radius: Int) {
self.radius = radius
super.init()
-
+
if radius <= 0 {
return nil
}
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ for _ in 0..<10 {
- Internal: Accessible and subclassible in the module it is declared in.
- Fileprivate: Accessible and subclassible in the file it is declared in.
- Private: Accessible and subclassible in the enclosing declaration (think inner classes/structs/enums)
-
+
See more here: https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/AccessControl.html
*/
@@ -878,11 +878,11 @@ extension Int {
var doubled: Int {
return self * 2
}
-
+
func multipliedBy(num: Int) -> Int {
return num * self
}
-
+
mutating func multiplyBy(num: Int) {
self *= num
}
@@ -965,18 +965,18 @@ func fakeFetch(value: Int) throws -> String {
guard 7 == value else {
throw MyError.reallyBadValue(msg: "Some really bad value")
}
-
+
return "test"
}
func testTryStuff() {
// assumes there will be no error thrown, otherwise a runtime exception is raised
let _ = try! fakeFetch(value: 7)
-
+
// if an error is thrown, then it proceeds, but if the value is nil
// it also wraps every return value in an optional, even if its already optional
let _ = try? fakeFetch(value: 7)
-
+
do {
// normal try operation that provides error handling via `catch` block
try fakeFetch(value: 1)
diff --git a/th-th/typescript.th.html.markdown b/th-th/typescript.th.html.markdown
index fc2a823b..5395c2a7 100644
--- a/th-th/typescript.th.html.markdown
+++ b/th-th/typescript.th.html.markdown
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ interface Person {
}
var p1: Person = { name: "Tyrone", age: 42 };
-p1.age = 25; // Error แน่นอน เพราะ p1.x ถูกกำหนดเป็น read-only
+p1.age = 25; // Error แน่นอน เพราะ p1.age ถูกกำหนดเป็น read-only
var p2 = { name: "John", age: 60 }; // สังเกตว่า p2 ไม่ได้กำหนดเป็น Person
var p3: Person = p2; // ทำได้ เป็น read-only alias ของ p2 และกำหนดเป็น Person
diff --git a/typescript.html.markdown b/typescript.html.markdown
index cf2111d5..6f238d5b 100644
--- a/typescript.html.markdown
+++ b/typescript.html.markdown
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ interface Person {
}
var p1: Person = { name: "Tyrone", age: 42 };
-p1.age = 25; // Error, p1.x is read-only
+p1.age = 25; // Error, p1.age is read-only
var p2 = { name: "John", age: 60 };
var p3: Person = p2; // Ok, read-only alias for p2