diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | bash.html.markdown | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | hu-hu/go.html.markdown | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | id-id/css-id.html.markdown | 245 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | json.html.markdown | 48 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | lua.html.markdown | 151 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ro-ro/bash-ro.html.markdown | 171 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ro-ro/ruby-ro.html.markdown | 479 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | yaml.html.markdown | 139 |
8 files changed, 1177 insertions, 102 deletions
diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown index 70a3b52a..d5d08e9d 100644 --- a/bash.html.markdown +++ b/bash.html.markdown @@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ echo '$VARIABLE' echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A} # This will substitute the first occurance of "Some" with "A" +# Substring from a variable +echo ${VARIABLE:0:7} +# This will return only the first 7 characters of the value + # Default value for variable echo ${FOO:-"DefaultValueIfFOOIsMissingOrEmpty"} # This works for null (FOO=), empty string (FOO=""), zero (FOO=0) returns 0 diff --git a/hu-hu/go.html.markdown b/hu-hu/go.html.markdown index 621ebdbf..638c9489 100644 --- a/hu-hu/go.html.markdown +++ b/hu-hu/go.html.markdown @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ contributors: - ["Sonia Keys", "https://github.com/soniakeys"] translators: - ["Szabó Krisztián", "https://github.com/thenonameguy/"] + - ["Árpád Goretity", "https://github.com/H2CO3"] --- A Go programozási nyelv az életszerű feladatok könnyebb elvégzése miatt született. @@ -38,14 +39,14 @@ import ( "strconv" // Stringek átalakítására szolgáló csomag ) -// Funkció deklarálás, a main nevű funkció a program kezdőpontja. +// Függvénydeklarálás, a main nevű függvény a program kezdőpontja. func main() { // Println kiírja a beadott paramétereket a standard kimenetre. - // Ha más csomagot funkcióját akarjuk használni, akkor azt jelezni kell a + // Ha más csomagot függvényeit akarjuk használni, akkor azt jelezni kell a // csomag nevével fmt.Println("Hello world!") - // Meghívunk egy másik funkciót ebből a csomagból + // Meghívunk egy másik függvényt ebből a csomagból beyondHello() } @@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ func learnTypes() { // lebegőpontos szám c := 3 + 4i // complex128, belsőleg két float64-gyel tárolva - // Var szintaxis változó típus definiálással + // Var szintaxis változótípus-definiálással var u uint = 7 // unsigned, az implementáció dönti el mekkora, akárcsak az // int-nél var pi float32 = 22. / 7 @@ -105,8 +106,8 @@ func learnTypes() { a3 := [...]int{3, 1, 5} // egy tömb 3 int-tel, láthatóan inicalizálva egyedi // értékekre - // Szeleteknek dinamikus a méretük. A szeleteknek és a tömböknek is meg - // vannak az előnyeik de a szeleteket sokkal gyakrabban használjuk. + // A "szeleteknek" (slices) dinamikus a méretük. A szeleteknek és a tömböknek is + // megvannak az előnyeik de a szeleteket sokkal gyakrabban használjuk. s3 := []int{4, 5, 9} // vesd össze a3-mal, nincsenek pontok. s4 := make([]int, 4) // allokál 4 int-et, mind 0-ra inicializálva var d2 [][]float64 // ez csak deklaráció, semmi sincs még allokálva @@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ func learnTypes() { learnFlowControl() } -// A Go nyelv teljesen szemétgyűjtött (garbage-collected). Megtalálhatók benne -// mutatók, de nincs mutató aritmetika. Ez azt jelenti, hogy üres mutatóval még +// A Go nyelvben szemétgyűjtés (garbage collection) működik. Megtalálhatók benne +// mutatók, de nincs pointeraritmetika. Ez azt jelenti, hogy üres (null) mutatóval még // mindig hibázhatsz, de hozzáadni/műveleteket végezni már nem lehet. func learnMemory() (p, q *int) { // Elnevezett visszatérési változóknak int-re mutató a típusa @@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ type pair struct { } // Definiáljunk egy metódust a pair struktúrának, ezzel teljesítve a Stringer interfészt. -func (p pair) String() string { // p lesz a "vevő" +func (p pair) String() string { // p lesz a "fogadó" (receiver) // Sprintf az fmt csomag egy publikus függvénye, műkődése megegyezik a C-s // megfelelőjével. A pontokkal érjük el a mindenkori p struktúra elemeit return fmt.Sprintf("(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y) @@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ func learnInterfaces() { // Meghívjuk i String metódusát, az eredmény ugyanaz, mint az előbb. fmt.Println(i.String()) - // Az fmt csomag funckciói automatikusan meghívják a String funkciót + // Az fmt csomag függvényei automatikusan meghívják a String függvényt // hogy megtudják egy objektum szöveges reprezentációját. fmt.Println(p) // ugyan az az eredmény mint az előbb, a Println meghívja // a String metódust. @@ -267,8 +268,8 @@ func inc(i int, c chan int) { // Az inc-et fogjuk arra használni, hogy konkurensen megnöveljünk számokat func learnConcurrency() { - // Ugyan az a make funkció amivel korábban szeleteket hoztunk létre. - // Make allokál mapokat, szeleteket és csatornákat. + // Ugyanaz a make függvény, amivel korábban szeleteket hoztunk létre. + // A make allokál map-eket, szeleteket és csatornákat. c := make(chan int) // Indítsunk három konkurens goroutine-t. A számok konkurensen lesznek // megnövelve, ha a számítógép képes rá és jól be van állítva, akkor pedig @@ -299,14 +300,14 @@ func learnConcurrency() { case <-cc: // üres csatorna, soha nem fog rajta semmi se érkezni fmt.Println("sose futok le :'( ") } - // Ezen a ponton vagy c vagy a cs goroutineja lefutott. + // Ezen a ponton vagy c vagy a cs goroutine-ja lefutott. // Amelyik hamarabb végzett, annak a megfelelő case-e lefutott, a másik // blokkolva vár. - learnWebProgramming() // Go képes rá. Te is képes akarsz rá lenni. + learnWebProgramming() // a Go képes rá. Te is képes akarsz rá lenni. } -// Egy funkció a http csomagból elindít egy webszervert. +// Egy függvény a http csomagból elindít egy webszervert. func learnWebProgramming() { // A ListenAndServe első paramétre egy TCP port, amin kiszolgálunk majd. // Második paramétere egy interfész, pontosabban a http.Handler interfész. @@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ func learnWebProgramming() { } // Csináljunk a pair-ból egy http.Handler-t úgy, hogy implementáljuk az -// egyetlen metódusát a ServeHTTP-t. +// egyetlen metódusát, a ServeHTTP-t. func (p pair) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { // Minden kapcsolatra elküldjük ezt a http.ResponseWriter-rel w.Write([]byte("Megtanultad a Go-t Y perc alatt!")) @@ -325,11 +326,12 @@ func (p pair) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { ## További olvasmányok Minden Go-val kapcsolatos megtaláható a [hivatalos Go weboldalon](http://golang.org/). -Ott követhetsz egy tutorialt, játszhatsz a nyelvvel az interneten és sok érdekességet olvashatsz. +Ott követhetsz egy tutorialt, játszhatsz a nyelvvel az interneten, és sok érdekességet olvashatsz. A nyelv specifikációját kifejezetten érdemes olvasni, viszonylag rövid és sokat tanul belőle az ember. -Ha pedig jobban bele akarod vetni magad a Go-ba, akkor a standard könyvtárban a legjobb praktikákat kilesheted. -TIPP: a dokumentációban kattints egy funkció nevére és rögtön megmutatja a hozzá tartozó kódot! +Ha pedig jobban bele akarod vetni magad a Go-ba, akkor a legjobb praktikákat kilesheted a standard könyvtárból. +TIPP: a dokumentációban kattints egy függvény nevére és rögtön megmutatja a hozzá tartozó kódot! -Ha pedig a nyelvnek egy bizonyos részéről szeretnél hasonló leírást találni, akkor a [gobyexample.com](https://gobyexample.com/)-on megtalálod, amit keresel. +Ha pedig a nyelvnek egy bizonyos részéről szeretnél hasonló leírást találni, akkor a +[gobyexample.com](https://gobyexample.com/)-on megtalálod, amit keresel. diff --git a/id-id/css-id.html.markdown b/id-id/css-id.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d0798ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/id-id/css-id.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +language: css +contributors: + - ["Mohammad Valipour", "https://github.com/mvalipour"] +translators: + - ["Eka Y Saputra", "http://github.com/ekajogja"] +lang: id-id +filename: learncss-id.css +--- + +Pada mulanya, web tidak memiliki elemen visual, murni teks saja. +Tapi seiring perkembangan peramban, laman web dengan elemen visual menjadi umum. +CSS adalah bahasa standar yang ada untuk menjaga keterpisahan antara +konten (HTML) serta tampilan-dan-kesan laman web. + +Singkatnya, fungsi CSS ialah menyajikan sintaks yang memampukan kita +untuk memilih elemen tertentu dalam sebuah laman HTML +dan menerapkan berbagai properti visual bagi elemen tersebut. + +Seperti bahasa lainnya, CSS memiliki banyak versi. +Di artikel ini, kita fokus pada CSS2.0 - yang meskipun bukan versi termutakhir +namun paling kompatibel dan didukung secara luas. + +**CATATAN:** Lantaran keluaran dari CSS berwujud efek-efek visual, +maka untuk mempelajarinya, kita perlu mencoba berbagai hal dalam dunia olah CSS +semisal [dabblet](http://dabblet.com/). +Fokus utama artikel ini ialah pada sintaks dan sejumlah tips umum. + + +```css +/* komentar terletak diantara sepasang tanda garis miring dan bintang, +persis seperti larik ini! */ + +/* #################### + ## SELEKTOR + ####################*/ + +/* Secara garis besar, statemen utama dalam CSS sangat sederhana */ +selektor { properti: nilai; /* properti lainnya */ } + +/* selektor berfungsi untuk memilih suatu elemen dalam sebuah laman. + +Kita juga bisa memilih semua elemen di sebuah halaman! */ +* { color:red; } + +/* +Dengan menentukan sebuah elemen seperti ini pada sebuah laman: + +<div class='suatu-class class2' id='suatuId' attr='nilai' /> +*/ + +/* kita bisa memilih elemen berdasarkan nama class-nya */ +.suatu-class { } + +/*atau dengan dua class sekaligus! */ +.suatu-class.class2 { } + +/* atau dengan nama tag-nya */ +div { } + +/* atau id-nya */ +#suatuId { } + +/* atau - jika ada - dengan attribute-nya! */ +[attr] { font-size:smaller; } + +/* atau jika attribute tersebut memiliki nilai spesifik */ +[attr='nilai'] { font-size:smaller; } + +/* dibuka dengan sebuah nilai*/ +[attr^='nil'] { font-size:smaller; } + +/* atau ditutup dengan nilai */ +[attr$='ai'] { font-size:smaller; } + +/* atau bahkan disisipi nilai */ +[attr~='la'] { font-size:smaller; } + + +/* dan yang lebih penting lagi, kita bisa mengombinasikannya sekaligus +dengan syarat tidak ada spasi diantara selektor-selektor. sebab adanya spasi +akan membuat selektor itu memiliki makna yang berbeda.*/ +div.suatu-class[attr$='ai'] { } + +/* kita juga bisa memilih sebuah elemen berdasarkan posisi elemen induknya.*/ + +/*sebuah elemen yang merupakan anak langsung dari elemen induk (diseleksi dng +cara yang sama) */ +div.suatu-induk > .-suatu-class {} + +/* atau salah satu induk elemennya dalam hirarki elemen */ +/* berikut ini dimaksudkan pada elemen manapun dengan class "class-entah" dan +merupakan anak elemen dari suatu div dengan class "induk-entah" PADA LEVEL +HIRARKI MANAPUN */ +div.suatu-induk .suatu-class {} + +/* peringatan: selektor yang sama jika tanpa ada spasi akan bermakna lain. +misalnya? */ +div.suatu-induk.suatu-class {} + +/* kita juga bisa memilih sebuah elemen berdasarkan saudara elemen yang muncul +tepat sebelumnya */ +.aku-muncul-tepat-sebelum + .elemen-ini { } + +/*atau saudara elemen manapun yang pernah muncul selang beberapa elemen +sebelumnya */ +.aku-pernah-muncul-sebelum ~ .elemen-ini {} + +/* Ada beberapa pseudo-class yang memampukan kita memilih suatu elemen +berdasarkan perilaku lamannya (bukan struktur lamannya) */ + +/* semisal ketika sebuah elemen ditimpa hover (pointer mouse) */ +:hover {} + +/* atau link yang sudah pernah diklik*/ +:visited {} + +/* atau link yang belum pernah diklik*/ +:link {} + +/* atau elemen input yang menjadi fokus */ +:focus {} + + +/* #################### + ## PROPERTI + ####################*/ + +selektor { + + /* Unit */ + width: 50%; /* dalam persen */ + font-size: 2em; /* angka kali jumlah font-size saat ini */ + width: 200px; /* dalam pixel */ + font-size: 20pt; /* dalam point */ + width: 5cm; /* dalam centimeter */ + width: 50mm; /* dalam milimeter */ + width: 5in; /* dalam inci */ + + /* Warna */ + background-color: #F6E; /* dalam short hex */ + background-color: #F262E2; /* dalam format long hex */ + background-color: tomato; /* warna yang sudah punya konvensi nama */ + background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); /* dalam rgb */ + background-color: rgb(10%, 20%, 50%); /* dalam persen rgb */ + background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); /* dalam rgb semi-transparan*/ + + /* Gambar */ + background-image: url(/folder-gambar/image.jpg); + + /* Font */ + font-family: Arial; + font-family: "Courier New"; /* jika nama font memiliki spasi, + ia diketik dalam tanda petik ganda */ + font-family: "Courier New", Trebuchet, Arial; /* jika font pertama tidak + ditemukan, peramban menggunakan font berikutnya, + demikian secara berturut-turut */ +} + +``` + +## Penggunaan + +Simpan semua CSS yang hendak kita pakai dengan ekstensi `.css`. + +```xml +<!-- kita harus menautkan file css itu ke laman di bagian <head>: --> +<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='folder/namafile.css' /> + +<!-- kita juga bisa mengetik CSS secara inline di dalam markup. +Namun, sebisa mungkin metode ini dihindari. --> +<style> + selektor { properti:nilai; } +</style> + +<!-- atau langsung mengetik properti CSS pada sebuah elemen. +Metode ini harus dihindari sebisa mungkin. --> +<div style='properti:nilai;'> +</div> + +``` + +## Prioritas + +Kita tahu bahwa sebuah elemen bisa dipilih dengan lebih dari satu selektor, +serta bisa diberi lebih dari satu properti. +Dalam kasus seperti ini, hanya salah satu properti saja yang akan diterapkan +pada elemen dengan prioritas tertentu. + +Dengan susunan CSS: + +```css + +/*A*/ +p.class1[attr='nilai'] + +/*B*/ +p.class1 {} + +/*C*/ +p.class2 {} + +/*D*/ +p {} + +/*E*/ +p { properti: nilai !important; } + +``` + +dan susunan markup: + +```xml +<p style='/*F*/ properti:nilai;' class='class1 class2' attr='nilai'> +</p> +``` + +Maka prioritas penerapan style-nya ialah sbb.: +Ingat, penerapan ini untuk masing-masing **properti**, +bukan keseluruhan larik. + +* `E` prioritas pertama sebab ada kata `!important`. + Dianjurkan untuk menghindari kata ini jika tidak benar-benar perlu. +* `F` prioritas kedua sebab ia diketik secara inline. +* `A` prioritas ketiga sebab selektor ini lebih spesifik dibanding yang lain. + lebih spesifik = lebih banyak unsur selektor. contoh ini punya 3 unsur: + 1 tagname `p` + 1 nama class `class1` + 1 attribute `attr='nilai'` +* `C` prioritas berikutnya sebab meski sama spesifik dengan `B` namun + ia muncul lebih akhir. +* Lalu `B` +* dan terakhir baru `D`. + +## Kompatibilitas + +Sebagian besar fitur dalam CSS2 (dan lambat laun juga CSS3) kompatibel dengan +semua peramban dan perangkat. Namun selalu vital untuk memastikan kompatibilitas +unsur dan nilai yang kita ketikkan dalam CSS dengan peramban yang ditargetkan. + +[QuirksMode CSS](http://www.quirksmode.org/css/) ialah salah satu sumber terbaik untuk memeriksa kompatibilitas CSS dan peramban. + +## Referensi Lanjut + +* [Understanding Style Precedence in CSS: Specificity, Inheritance, and the Cascade](http://www.vanseodesign.com/css/css-specificity-inheritance-cascaade/) +* [QuirksMode CSS](http://www.quirksmode.org/css/) +* [Z-Index - The stacking context](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/CSS/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context) + diff --git a/json.html.markdown b/json.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f86f0ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/json.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +--- +language: json +filename: learnjson.json +contributors: + - ["Anna Harren", "https://github.com/iirelu"] +--- + +As JSON is an extremely simple data-interchange format, this is most likely going +to be the simplest Learn X in Y Minutes ever. + +JSON in its purest form has no actual comments, but most parsers will accept +C-style (//, /\* \*/) comments. For the purposes of this, however, everything is +going to be 100% valid JSON. Luckily, it kind of speaks for itself. + +```json +{ + "numbers": 0, + "strings": "Hellø, wørld. All unicode is allowed, along with \"escaping\".", + "has bools?": true, + "nothingness": null, + + "big number": 1.2e+100, + + "objects": { + "comment": "Most of your structure will come from objects.", + + "array": [0, 1, 2, 3, "Arrays can have anything in them.", 5], + + "another object": { + "comment": "These things can be nested, very useful." + } + }, + + "silliness": [ + { + "sources of potassium": ["bananas"] + }, + [ + [1, 0, 0, 0], + [0, 1, 0, 0], + [0, 0, 1, "neo"], + [0, 0, 0, 1] + ] + ], + + "that was short": "And, you're done. You know know everything JSON has to offer." +} +``` diff --git a/lua.html.markdown b/lua.html.markdown index bdd59999..be9f3141 100644 --- a/lua.html.markdown +++ b/lua.html.markdown @@ -12,15 +12,13 @@ filename: learnlua.lua Adding two ['s and ]'s makes it a multi-line comment. --]] - ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 1. Variables and flow control. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- num = 42 -- All numbers are doubles. --- Don't freak out, 64-bit doubles have 52 bits for --- storing exact int values; machine precision is --- not a problem for ints that need < 52 bits. +-- Don't freak out, 64-bit doubles have 52 bits for storing exact int +-- values; machine precision is not a problem for ints that need < 52 bits. s = 'walternate' -- Immutable strings like Python. t = "double-quotes are also fine" @@ -60,8 +58,8 @@ aBoolValue = false -- Only nil and false are falsy; 0 and '' are true! if not aBoolValue then print('twas false') end --- 'or' and 'and' are short-circuited. --- This is similar to the a?b:c operator in C/js: +-- 'or' and 'and' are short-circuited. This is similar to the a?b:c operator +-- in C/js: ans = aBoolValue and 'yes' or 'no' --> 'no' karlSum = 0 @@ -81,10 +79,9 @@ repeat num = num - 1 until num == 0 - ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 2. Functions. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function fib(n) if n < 2 then return n end @@ -93,8 +90,8 @@ end -- Closures and anonymous functions are ok: function adder(x) - -- The returned function is created when adder is - -- called, and remembers the value of x: + -- The returned function is created when adder is called, and remembers the + -- value of x: return function (y) return x + y end end a1 = adder(9) @@ -102,10 +99,9 @@ a2 = adder(36) print(a1(16)) --> 25 print(a2(64)) --> 100 --- Returns, func calls, and assignments all work --- with lists that may be mismatched in length. --- Unmatched receivers are nil; --- unmatched senders are discarded. +-- Returns, func calls, and assignments all work with lists that may be +-- mismatched in length. Unmatched receivers are nil; unmatched senders are +-- discarded. x, y, z = 1, 2, 3, 4 -- Now x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, and 4 is thrown away. @@ -118,16 +114,15 @@ end x, y = bar('zaphod') --> prints "zaphod nil nil" -- Now x = 4, y = 8, values 15..42 are discarded. --- Functions are first-class, may be local/global. --- These are the same: +-- Functions are first-class, may be local/global. These are the same: function f(x) return x * x end f = function (x) return x * x end -- And so are these: local function g(x) return math.sin(x) end local g = function(x) return math.sin(x) end --- Equivalent to local function g(x)..., except referring --- to g in the function body won't work as expected. +-- Equivalent to local function g(x)..., except referring to g in the function +-- body won't work as expected. local g; g = function (x) return math.sin(x) end -- the 'local g' decl makes g-self-references ok. @@ -136,19 +131,16 @@ local g; g = function (x) return math.sin(x) end -- Calls with one string param don't need parens: print 'hello' -- Works fine. --- Calls with one table param don't need parens --- either (more on tables below): +-- Calls with one table param don't need parens either (more on tables below): print {} -- Works fine too. - ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 3. Tables. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Tables = Lua's only compound data structure; --- they are associative arrays. --- Similar to php arrays or js objects, they are --- hash-lookup dicts that can also be used as lists. +-- Tables = Lua's only compound data structure; they are associative arrays. +-- Similar to php arrays or js objects, they are hash-lookup dicts that can +-- also be used as lists. -- Using tables as dictionaries / maps: @@ -164,14 +156,13 @@ t.key2 = nil -- Removes key2 from the table. u = {['@!#'] = 'qbert', [{}] = 1729, [6.28] = 'tau'} print(u[6.28]) -- prints "tau" --- Key matching is basically by value for numbers --- and strings, but by identity for tables. +-- Key matching is basically by value for numbers and strings, but by identity +-- for tables. a = u['@!#'] -- Now a = 'qbert'. b = u[{}] -- We might expect 1729, but it's nil: --- b = nil since the lookup fails. It fails --- because the key we used is not the same object --- as the one used to store the original value. So --- strings & numbers are more portable keys. +-- b = nil since the lookup fails. It fails because the key we used is not the +-- same object as the one used to store the original value. So strings & +-- numbers are more portable keys. -- A one-table-param function call needs no parens: function h(x) print(x.key1) end @@ -191,16 +182,15 @@ v = {'value1', 'value2', 1.21, 'gigawatts'} for i = 1, #v do -- #v is the size of v for lists. print(v[i]) -- Indices start at 1 !! SO CRAZY! end --- A 'list' is not a real type. v is just a table --- with consecutive integer keys, treated as a list. +-- A 'list' is not a real type. v is just a table with consecutive integer +-- keys, treated as a list. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 3.1 Metatables and metamethods. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- A table can have a metatable that gives the table --- operator-overloadish behavior. Later we'll see --- how metatables support js-prototypey behavior. +-- A table can have a metatable that gives the table operator-overloadish +-- behavior. Later we'll see how metatables support js-prototypey behavior. f1 = {a = 1, b = 2} -- Represents the fraction a/b. f2 = {a = 2, b = 3} @@ -221,10 +211,9 @@ setmetatable(f2, metafraction) s = f1 + f2 -- call __add(f1, f2) on f1's metatable --- f1, f2 have no key for their metatable, unlike --- prototypes in js, so you must retrieve it as in --- getmetatable(f1). The metatable is a normal table --- with keys that Lua knows about, like __add. +-- f1, f2 have no key for their metatable, unlike prototypes in js, so you must +-- retrieve it as in getmetatable(f1). The metatable is a normal table with +-- keys that Lua knows about, like __add. -- But the next line fails since s has no metatable: -- t = s + s @@ -236,11 +225,12 @@ myFavs = {food = 'pizza'} setmetatable(myFavs, {__index = defaultFavs}) eatenBy = myFavs.animal -- works! thanks, metatable --- Direct table lookups that fail will retry using --- the metatable's __index value, and this recurses. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-- Direct table lookups that fail will retry using the metatable's __index +-- value, and this recurses. --- An __index value can also be a function(tbl, key) --- for more customized lookups. +-- An __index value can also be a function(tbl, key) for more customized +-- lookups. -- Values of __index,add, .. are called metamethods. -- Full list. Here a is a table with the metamethod. @@ -261,12 +251,12 @@ eatenBy = myFavs.animal -- works! thanks, metatable -- __newindex(a, b, c) for a.b = c -- __call(a, ...) for a(...) ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 3.2 Class-like tables and inheritance. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Classes aren't built in; there are different ways --- to make them using tables and metatables. +-- Classes aren't built in; there are different ways to make them using +-- tables and metatables. -- Explanation for this example is below it. @@ -286,22 +276,20 @@ mrDog = Dog:new() -- 7. mrDog:makeSound() -- 'I say woof' -- 8. -- 1. Dog acts like a class; it's really a table. --- 2. function tablename:fn(...) is the same as --- function tablename.fn(self, ...) --- The : just adds a first arg called self. --- Read 7 & 8 below for how self gets its value. +-- 2. "function tablename:fn(...)" is the same as +-- "function tablename.fn(self, ...)", The : just adds a first arg called +-- self. Read 7 & 8 below for how self gets its value. -- 3. newObj will be an instance of class Dog. --- 4. self = the class being instantiated. Often --- self = Dog, but inheritance can change it. --- newObj gets self's functions when we set both --- newObj's metatable and self's __index to self. +-- 4. "self" is the class being instantiated. Often self = Dog, but inheritance +-- can change it. newObj gets self's functions when we set both newObj's +-- metatable and self's __index to self. -- 5. Reminder: setmetatable returns its first arg. --- 6. The : works as in 2, but this time we expect --- self to be an instance instead of a class. +-- 6. The : works as in 2, but this time we expect self to be an instance +-- instead of a class. -- 7. Same as Dog.new(Dog), so self = Dog in new(). -- 8. Same as mrDog.makeSound(mrDog); self = mrDog. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Inheritance example: @@ -315,17 +303,16 @@ end seymour = LoudDog:new() -- 3. seymour:makeSound() -- 'woof woof woof' -- 4. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 1. LoudDog gets Dog's methods and variables. -- 2. self has a 'sound' key from new(), see 3. --- 3. Same as LoudDog.new(LoudDog), and converted to --- Dog.new(LoudDog) as LoudDog has no 'new' key, --- but does have __index = Dog on its metatable. --- Result: seymour's metatable is LoudDog, and --- LoudDog.__index = Dog. So seymour.key will --- = seymour.key, LoudDog.key, Dog.key, whichever +-- 3. Same as "LoudDog.new(LoudDog)", and converted to "Dog.new(LoudDog)" as +-- LoudDog has no 'new' key, but does have "__index = Dog" on its metatable. +-- Result: seymour's metatable is LoudDog, and "LoudDog.__index = Dog". So +-- seymour.key will equal seymour.key, LoudDog.key, Dog.key, whichever -- table is the first with the given key. --- 4. The 'makeSound' key is found in LoudDog; this --- is the same as LoudDog.makeSound(seymour). +-- 4. The 'makeSound' key is found in LoudDog; this is the same as +-- "LoudDog.makeSound(seymour)". -- If needed, a subclass's new() is like the base's: function LoudDog:new() @@ -335,13 +322,13 @@ function LoudDog:new() return setmetatable(newObj, self) end ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 4. Modules. ----------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---[[ I'm commenting out this section so the rest of --- this script remains runnable. +--[[ I'm commenting out this section so the rest of this script remains +-- runnable. ``` ```lua @@ -367,8 +354,8 @@ local mod = require('mod') -- Run the file mod.lua. local mod = (function () <contents of mod.lua> end)() --- It's like mod.lua is a function body, so that --- locals inside mod.lua are invisible outside it. +-- It's like mod.lua is a function body, so that locals inside mod.lua are +-- invisible outside it. -- This works because mod here = M in mod.lua: mod.sayHello() -- Says hello to Hrunkner. @@ -376,8 +363,8 @@ mod.sayHello() -- Says hello to Hrunkner. -- This is wrong; sayMyName only exists in mod.lua: mod.sayMyName() -- error --- require's return values are cached so a file is --- run at most once, even when require'd many times. +-- require's return values are cached so a file is run at most once, even when +-- require'd many times. -- Suppose mod2.lua contains "print('Hi!')". local a = require('mod2') -- Prints Hi! diff --git a/ro-ro/bash-ro.html.markdown b/ro-ro/bash-ro.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fa91cca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/ro-ro/bash-ro.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,171 @@ +--- +category: tool +tool: bash +contributors: + - ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"] + - ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"] + - ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"] + - ["Denis Arh", "https://github.com/darh"] +translators: + - ["Adrian Bordinc", "https://github.com/ellimist"] +lang: ro-ro +filename: LearnBash-ro.sh +--- + +Bash este numele shell-ului unix, care a fost de asemenea distribuit drept shell pentru pentru sistemul de operare GNU si ca shell implicit pentru Linux si Mac OS X. +Aproape toate exemplele de mai jos pot fi parte dintr-un script sau pot fi executate direct in linia de comanda. + +[Citeste mai multe:](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html) + +```bash +#!/bin/bash +# Prima linie din script se numeste "shebang" care spune systemului cum sa execute scriptul +# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix) +# Dupa cum te-ai prins deja, comentariile incep cu #. Shebang este de asemenea un comentariu. + +# Exemplu simplu de hello world: +echo Hello world! + +# Fiecare comanda incepe pe o linie noua, sau dupa punct si virgula ; +echo 'Prima linie'; echo 'A doua linie' + +# Declararea unei variabile se face astfel: +VARIABLE="Niste text" + +# DAR nu asa: +VARIABLE = "Niste text" +# Bash va crede ca VARIABLE este o comanda care trebuie executata si va +# returna o eroare pentru ca nu va putea fi gasita. + +# Folosind variabila: +echo $VARIABLE +echo "$VARIABLE" +echo '$VARIABLE' +# Atunci cand folosesti variabila, o atribui, o exporti sau altfel, numele ei se scrie fara $. +# Daca vrei sa folosesti valoarea variabilei, atunci trebuie sa folosesti $. +# Atentie la faptul ca ' (apostrof) nu va inlocui variabla cu valoarea ei. + +# Inlocuirea de caractere in variabile +echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A} +# Asta va inlocui prima aparitie a "Some" cu "A" in variabila de mai sus. + +# Substring dintr-o variabila +echo ${VARIABLE:0:7} +# Asta va returna numai primele 7 caractere din variabila. + +# Valoarea implicita a unei variabile: +echo ${FOO:-"ValoareaImplicitaDacaFOOLipsesteSauEGoala"} +# Asta functioneaza pentru null (FOO=), sir de caractere gol (FOO=""), zero (FOO=0) returneaza 0 + +# Variabile pre-existente +echo "Ulima valoare returnata de ultimul program rulat: $?" +echo "ID-ul procesului (PID) care ruleaza scriptul: $$" +echo "Numarul de argumente: $#" +echo "Argumentele scriptului: $@" +echo "Argumentele scriptului separate in variabile: $1 $2..." + +# Citind o valoare din consola +echo "Care e numele tau?" +read NAME # Observa faptul ca nu a trebuit sa declaram o variabila noua +echo Salut, $NAME! + +# Avem obisnuita instructiune "if" +# Foloseste "man test" pentru mai multe informatii despre instructinea conditionala +if [ $NAME -ne $USER ] +then + echo "Numele tau este username-ul tau" +else + echo "Numele tau nu este username-ul tau" +fi + +# Este de asemenea si executarea conditionala de comenzi +echo "Intotdeauna executat" || echo "Executat numai daca prima instructiune esueaza" +echo "Intotdeauna executat" && echo "Executat numai daca prima instructiune NU esueaza" + +# Expresiile apar in urmatorul format +echo $(( 10 + 5 )) + +# Spre deosebire de alte limbaje de programare bash este un shell - asa ca +# functioneaza in contextul directorului curent. Poti vedea fisiere si directoare +# din directorul curent folosind comanda "ls": +ls + +# Aceste comenzi au optiuni care la controleaza executia +ls -l # Listeaza fiecare fisier si director pe o linie separata + +# Rezultatele comenzii precedente poate fi trimis urmatoarei comenzi drept argument +# Comanda grep filtreaza argumentele trimise cu sabloane. Astfel putem vedea fiserele +# .txt din directorul curent. +ls -l | grep "\.txt" + +# De asemenea poti redirectiona o comanda, input si error output +python2 hello.py < "input.in" +python2 hello.py > "output.out" +python2 hello.py 2> "error.err" +# Output-ul va suprascrie fisierul daca acesta exista. +# Daca vrei sa fie concatenate poti folosi ">>" + +# Comenzile pot fi inlocuite in interiorul altor comenzi folosind $( ): +# Urmatoarea comanda afiseaza numarul de fisiere si directoare din directorul curent +echo "Sunt $(ls | wc -l) fisiere aici." + +# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - the preferred way +# is to use $( ). +# Acelasi lucru se poate obtine folosind apostrf-ul inversat ``, dar nu pot fi folosite +# unele in interiorul celorlalte asa ca modalitatea preferata este de a folosi $( ) +echo "Sunt `ls | wc -l` fisiere aici." + +# Bash foloseste o instructiune 'case' care functioneaza in mod similar cu instructiunea +# switch din Java si C++ +case "$VARIABLE" in + 0) echo "Este un zero.";; + 1) echo "Este un unu.";; + *) echo "Nu este null";; +esac + +# Instructiunea for parcurge toate elementele trimise: +# Continutul variabilei $VARIABLE este printat de 3 ori +for VARIABLE in {1..3} +do + echo "$VARIABLE" +done + +# while loop: +while [true] +do + echo "in interiorul iteratiei aici..." + break +done + +# De asemenea poti defini functii +# Definitie: +function foo () +{ + echo "Argumentele functioneaza ca si argumentele scriptului: $@" + echo "Si: $1 $2..." + echo "Asta este o functie" + return 0 +} + +# sau mai simplu +bar () +{ + echo "Alta metoda de a declara o functie" + return 0 +} + +# Invocarea unei functii +foo "Numele meu este: " $NAME + +# Sunt o multime de comenzi utile pe care ar trebui sa le inveti: +tail -n 10 file.txt +# printeaza ultimele 10 linii din fisierul file.txt +head -n 10 file.txt +# printeaza primele 10 linii din fisierul file.txt +sort file.txt +# sorteaza liniile din file.txt +uniq -d file.txt +# raporteaza sau omite liniile care se repeta, cu -d le raporteaza +cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt +# printeaza doar prima coloana inainte de caracterul "," +``` diff --git a/ro-ro/ruby-ro.html.markdown b/ro-ro/ruby-ro.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..27c6c462 --- /dev/null +++ b/ro-ro/ruby-ro.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ +--- +language: ruby +contributors: + - ["David Underwood", "http://theflyingdeveloper.com"] + - ["Joel Walden", "http://joelwalden.net"] + - ["Luke Holder", "http://twitter.com/lukeholder"] + - ["Tristan Hume", "http://thume.ca/"] + - ["Nick LaMuro", "https://github.com/NickLaMuro"] + - ["Marcos Brizeno", "http://www.about.me/marcosbrizeno"] +translators: + - ["Adrian Bordinc", "https://github.com/ellimist"] +filename: learnruby-ro.rb +lang: ro-ro +--- + +```ruby +# Acesta este un comentariu + +=begin +Acesta este un comentariu pe mai multe linii +Nimeni nu le foloseste +Si nici tu nu ar trebui sa o faci +=end + +# In primul rand: totul este un obiect + +# Numerele sunt obiecte + +3.class #=> Fixnum + +3.to_s #=> "3" + + +# Aritmetica de baza +1 + 1 #=> 2 +8 - 1 #=> 7 +10 * 2 #=> 20 +35 / 5 #=> 7 + +# Aritmetica este doar "zahar sintactic" +# pentru a putea chema metode pe un obiect +1.+(3) #=> 4 +10.* 5 #=> 50 + +# Valorile speciale sunt obiecte +nil # Nimic +true # true +false # false + +nil.class #=> NilClass +true.class #=> TrueClass +false.class #=> FalseClass + +# Egalitate +1 == 1 #=> true +2 == 1 #=> false + +# Inegalitate +1 != 1 #=> false +2 != 1 #=> true +!true #=> false +!false #=> true + +# Excluzand "false", "nil" este singura valoare "falsa" + +!nil #=> true +!false #=> true +!0 #=> false + +# Mai multe comparatii +1 < 10 #=> true +1 > 10 #=> false +2 <= 2 #=> true +2 >= 2 #=> true + +# Sirurule de caractere sunt obiecte + +'Sunt un sir de caractere'.class #=> String +"Si eu sunt un sir de caractere".class #=> String + +fi_inlocuit = "inlocui o valoare in string" +"Pot #{fi_inlocuit} atunci cand folosesc dublu apostrof" +#=> "Pot inlocui o valoare intr-un sir de caractere atunci cand folosesc dublu apostrof" + + +# Printeaza +puts "Afisez rezultate!" + +# Variabile +x = 25 #=> 25 +x #=> 25 + +# Retineti faptul ca atribuire unei valori, o si returneaza pe aceasta +# Asta inseamna ca poti sa faci atribuire multipla: + +x = y = 10 #=> 10 +x #=> 10 +y #=> 10 + +# Prin conventie se foloseste "snake_case" in denumirea variabilelor +snake_case = true + +# Folositi nume descriptive pentru variablie +adresa_radacina_proiect = '/nume/bun/' +adresa = '/nume/nu atat de bun/' + +# Simbolurile (sunt obiecte) +# Simbolurile sunt constante imutabile, reutilizabile, reprezentate intern +# de o valoare numerica. Sunt deseori folosite in locul sirurilor de caractere pentru a da un nume reprezentativ unei valori + +:exemplu_simbol.class #=> Symbol + +status = :exemplu_simbol + +status == :exemplu_simbol #=> adevarat + +status == 'exemplu_simbol' #=> fals + +status == :aprobat #=> fals + +# Vectori + +# Acesta este un vector +vector = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + +# Vectorii pot contine diferite tipuri de date + +[1, "salut", false] #=> [1, "salut", false] + +# Vectorii pot fi indexati +# de la inceput +vector[0] #=> 1 +vector[12] #=> nil + +# Ca si aritmetica, accessul [valoare] +# este doar "zahar sintactic" +# pentru a chema metoda [] a unui obiect +vector.[] 0 #=> 1 +vector.[] 12 #=> nil + +# De la sfarsit +vector[-1] #=> 5 + +# Cu un index de inceput si o lungime +vector[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5] + +# Sau cu un interval +vector[1..3] #=> [2, 3, 4] + +# Adauga elemente intr-un vector in felul urmator: +vector << 6 #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] + +# Hash-urile sunt dictionarele din Ruby cu perechi cheie/valoare. +# Hash-urile sunt notate cu acolade +hash = {'culoare' => 'verde', 'numar' => 5} + +hash.keys #=> ['culoare', 'numar'] + +# Poti lua valoare unui element dintr-un hash foarte rapid folosind cheia +hash['culoare'] #=> 'verde' +hash['numar'] #=> 5 + +# Incercand sa accesezi un element dintr-un hash printr-o cheie care nu exista va returna "nil". +hash['nimic_aici'] #=> nil + +# Incepand cu Ruby 1.9, este o sintaxa speciala pentru atunci cand se folosesc simboluri drept chei: + +hash_nou = { defcon: 3, actiune: true} + +hash_now.keys #=> [:defcon, :actiune] + +# Pont: Atat vectorii (Array) si hash-urile (Hash) sunt enumerabile (Enumerable) +# Ele impart o multime de metode utile precum each, map, count si altele + + +# Structuri de control + +if true + "instructiune if" +elsif false + "else if, optional" +else + "else, de asemenea optional" +end + +for numar in 1..5 + puts "iteratia #{numar}" +end +#=> iteratia 1 +#=> iteratia 2 +#=> iteratia 3 +#=> iteratia 4 +#=> iteratia 5 + +# TOTUSI, Nici una nu foloseste instructiunea for +# In locul acesteia ar trebui sa folosesti metoda "each" si sa ii trimiti un block +# Un bloc este o bucata de cod pe care o poti trimite unei metode precum "each". +# Este analog pentru "lambda", functii anonime, sau closures in alte limbaje de programare. +# +# The "each" method of a range runs the block once for each element of the range. +# Metoda "each" a unui interval, ruleaza block-ul o data pentru fiecare element din interval. +# Block-ul primeste ca si parametru un index +# Invocand metoda "each" cu un block, arata in urmatorul fel: + +(1..5).each do |index| + puts "iteratia #{index}" +end +#=> iteratia 1 +#=> iteratia 2 +#=> iteratia 3 +#=> iteratia 4 +#=> iteratia 5 + +# Poti de asemenea sa pui block-ul intre acolade +(1..5).each {|index| puts "iteratia #{index}"} + +# Continutul unei structuri de date poate fi parcurs folosind "each". +array.each do |element| + puts "#{element} parte din vector" +end +hash.each do |cheie, valoare| + puts "#{cheie} este #{valoare}" +end + +index = 1 +while index <= 5 do + puts "iteratia #{index}" + index += 1 +end +#=> iteratia 1 +#=> iteratia 2 +#=> iteratia 3 +#=> iteratia 4 +#=> iteratia 5 + +nota = 'B' + +case nota +when 'A' + puts "Bravo pustiule!" +when 'B' + puts "Mai mult noroc data viitoare" +when 'C' + puts "Poti mai mult" +when 'D' + puts "Incet, incet..." +when 'F' + puts "Ai esuat!" +else + puts "Sistem de notare alternativ?!" +end + +# Functii + +def dublu(x) + x * 2 +end + +# Functille (si toate block-urile) returneaza implicit valoarea ultimei instructiuni +dublu(2) #=> 4 + +# Parantezele sunt optionale cand rezultatul nu este ambiguu +dublu 3 #=> 6 + +dublu dublu 3 #=> 12 + +def suma(x,y) + x + y +end + +# Argumentele metodei sunt separate printr-o virgula +suma 3, 4 #=> 7 + +suma suma(3,4), 5 #=> 12 + +# yield +# Toate metodele au un parametru block, implicit si optional +# care poate fi invocat folosit cuvantul cheie 'yield' + +def incercuieste + puts "{" + yield + puts "}" +end + +incercuieste { puts 'Salut Mihai!' } + +# { +# Salut Mihai! +# } + + +# Poti trimite un block unei functii. +# "&" marcheaza o referinta trimisa unui block +def vizitatori(&block) + block.call "un_parametru" +end + +# Poti trimite o lista de argumente, care va fi convertita intr-un vector (array). +# Pentru asta se foloseste ("*") +def vizitatori(*vector) + vector.each { |vizitator| puts "#{vizitator}" } +end + +# Defineste o clasa folosind cuvantul cheie "class" +class Om + + # O variabila apartinand clasei. Este folosita in toate instantele clasei + @@specie = "H. sapiens" + + # Constructor + def initialize(nume, varsta=0) + # Atribuie argumentul, variabilei "nume", care apartine doar unei instante + @nume = nume + # Daca varsta nu este data, o sa ii atribuim valoarea implicita din lista de argumente (0, in cazul nostru) + @varsta = varsta + end + + # Metoda pentru a seta valoarea unei variabile + def nume=(nume) + @nume = nume + end + + # Metoda pentru a lua valoarea unei variabile + def nume + @nume + end + + # Functionalitatea de mai sus poate fi obtinuta folosing metoda "attr_accessor" dupa cum urmeaza: + attr_accessor :nume + + # Metodele pentru a lua si a seta valoarea unei variabile pot fi de asemenea obtinute individial: + attr_reader :nume + attr_writer :nume + + # O metoda apartinand unei clase foloseste "self" pentru a se diferentia de metodele unei instante ale clasei respective + # Poate fi invocata doar pe clasa, si nu pe o instanta a acesteia + def self.spune(msg) + puts "#{msg}" + end + + def specie + @@specie + end + +end + + +# Creaza o instanta a unei clase +ion = Om.new("Ionut Popescu") + +eugen = Om.new("Eugen Ionescu") + +# Sa invocam niste metode +ion.specie #=> "H. sapiens" +ion.nume #=> "Ionut Popescu" +ion.nume = "Ionut Popescu JR." #=> "Ionut Popescu JR." +ion.nume #=> "Ionut Popescu JR." +eugen.specie #=> "H. sapiens" +eugen.nume #=> "Eugen Ionescu" + +# Invoca o metoda a unei clase +Om.spune("Salut") #=> "Salut" + + +# Scopul unei variabile este definit de modul in care le numim +# Variabilele care incep cu $ au scop global +$var = "Sunt o variabila globala" +defined? $var #=> "global-variable" + +# Variabilele care incep cu @ apartin unei instante +@var = "Sunt o variabila a unei instante" +defined? @var #=> "instance-variable" + +# Variabilele care incep cu @@ apartin unei clase +@@var = "Sunt variabila unei clase" +defined? @@var #=> "class variable" + +# Variabilele care incep cu litera mare sunt constante +Var = "Sunt o constanta" +defined? Var #=> "constant" + +# Clasele sunt de asemenea obiecte in ruby. Astfel incat clasele pot avea variabile care apartin unei instante +# O variabila care apartine unei clase poate fi accesata de toate instantele acesteia si de clasele care o extind + +# clasa parinte +class Om + @@foo = 0 + + def self.foo + @@foo + end + + def self.foo=(valoare) + @@foo = valoare + end +end + +# clasa copil +class Muncitor < Om +end + +Om.foo # 0 +Muncitor.foo # 0 + +Om.foo = 2 # 2 +Muncitor.foo # 2 + +# Variabilele care apartin unei instante ale unei clase, nu sunt impartite de (copii acesteia) clasele care o extind +class Om + @bar = 0 + + def self.bar + @bar + end + + def self.bar=(valoare) + @bar = valoare + end +end + +class Doctor < Om +end + +Om.bar # 0 +Doctor.bar # nil + +module ExempluModul + def foo + 'foo' + end +end + +# Incluzand modulul instantei unui obiect +# Extinzand modulul unei instante ale unei clase + +class Persoana + include ExempluModul +end + +class Carte + extend ExempluModul +end + +Persoana.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' for Persoana:Class +Persoana.new.foo # => 'foo' +Carte.foo # => 'foo' +Carte.new.foo # => NoMethodError: undefined method `foo' + +# Callbacks atunci cand includerea si extinderea unui modul sunt executate + +module ModulExempluCallBack + def self.included(base) + base.extend(ClassMethods) + base.send(:include, InstanceMethods) + end + + module ClassMethods + def bar + 'bar' + end + end + + module InstanceMethods + def qux + 'qux' + end + end +end + +class CevaRelevant + include ModulExempluCallBack +end + +CevaRelevant.bar # => 'bar' +CevaRelevant.qux # => NoMethodError: undefined method `qux' +CevaRelevant.new.bar # => NoMethodError: undefined method `bar' +CevaRelevant.new.qux # => 'qux' +``` diff --git a/yaml.html.markdown b/yaml.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c5d15895 --- /dev/null +++ b/yaml.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +--- +language: yaml +filename: learnyaml.yaml +contributors: + - ["Adam Brenecki", "https://github.com/adambrenecki"] +--- + +YAML is a data serialisation language designed to be directly writable and +readable by humans. + +It's a strict superset of JSON, with the addition of syntactically +significant newlines and indentation, like Python. Unlike Python, however, +YAML doesn't allow literal tab characters at all. + +```yaml +# Comments in YAML look like this. + +################ +# SCALAR TYPES # +################ + +# Our root object (which continues for the entire document) will be a map, +# which is equivalent to a dictionary, hash or object in other languages. +key: value +another_key: Another value goes here. +a_number_value: 100 +scientific_notation: 1e+12 +boolean: true +null_value: null +key with spaces: value +# Notice that strings don't need to be quoted. However, they can be. +however: "A string, enclosed in quotes." +"Keys can be quoted too.": "Useful if you want to put a ':' in your key." + +# Multiple-line strings can be written either as a 'literal block' (using |), +# or a 'folded block' (using '>') +literal_block: | + This entire block of text will be the value of the 'literal_block' key, + with line breaks being preserved. + + The literal continues until de-dented, and the leading indentation is + stripped. + + Any lines that are 'more-indented' keep the rest of their indentation - + these lines will be indented by 4 spaces. +folded_style: > + This entire block of text will be the value of 'folded_style', but this + time, all newlines will be replaced with a single space. + + Blank lines, like above, are converted to a newline character. + + 'More-indented' lines keep their newlines, too - + this text will appear over two lines. + +#################### +# COLLECTION TYPES # +#################### + +# Nesting is achieved by indentation. +a_nested_map: + key: value + another_key: Another Value + another_nested_map: + hello: hello + +# Maps don't have to have string keys. +0.25: a float key + +# Keys can also be multi-line objects, using ? to indicate the start of a key +? | + This is a key + that has multiple lines +: and this is its value + +# YAML also allows collection types in keys, but many programming languages +# will complain. + +# Sequences (equivalent to lists or arrays) look like this: +a_sequence: + - Item 1 + - Item 2 + - 0.5 # sequences can contain disparate types + - Item 4 + - key: value + another_key: another_value + - + - This is a sequence + - inside another sequence + +# Since YAML is a superset of JSON, you can also write JSON-style maps and +# sequences: +json_map: {"key": "value"} +json_seq: [3, 2, 1, "takeoff"] + +####################### +# EXTRA YAML FEATURES # +####################### + +# YAML also has a handy feature called 'anchors', which let you easily duplicate +# content across your document. Both of these keys will have the same value: +anchored_content: &anchor_name This string will appear as the value of two keys. +other_anchor: *anchor_name + +# YAML also has tags, which you can use to explicitly declare types. +explicit_string: !!str 0.5 +# Some parsers implement language specific tags, like this one for Python's +# complex number type. +python_complex_number: !!python/complex 1+2j + +#################### +# EXTRA YAML TYPES # +#################### + +# Strings and numbers aren't the only scalars that YAML can understand. +# ISO-formatted date and datetime literals are also parsed. +datetime: 2001-12-15T02:59:43.1Z +datetime_with_spaces: 2001-12-14 21:59:43.10 -5 +date: 2002-12-14 + +# The !!binary tag indicates that a string is actually a base64-encoded +# representation of a binary blob. +gif_file: !!binary | + R0lGODlhDAAMAIQAAP//9/X17unp5WZmZgAAAOfn515eXvPz7Y6OjuDg4J+fn5 + OTk6enp56enmlpaWNjY6Ojo4SEhP/++f/++f/++f/++f/++f/++f/++f/++f/+ + +f/++f/++f/++f/++f/++SH+Dk1hZGUgd2l0aCBHSU1QACwAAAAADAAMAAAFLC + AgjoEwnuNAFOhpEMTRiggcz4BNJHrv/zCFcLiwMWYNG84BwwEeECcgggoBADs= + +# YAML also has a set type, which looks like this: +set: + ? item1 + ? item2 + ? item3 + +# Like Python, sets are just maps with null values; the above is equivalent to: +set2: + item1: null + item2: null + item3: null +``` |