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-rw-r--r--bash.html.markdown64
-rw-r--r--brainfuck.html.markdown14
-rw-r--r--csharp.html.markdown81
-rw-r--r--es-es/perl-es.html.markdown160
-rw-r--r--haskell.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--javascript.html.markdown5
-rw-r--r--ko-kr/brainfuck-kr.html.markdown83
-rw-r--r--matlab.html.markdown140
-rw-r--r--php.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--pogo.html.markdown202
-rw-r--r--python.html.markdown44
-rw-r--r--tr-tr/brainfuck-tr.html.markdown87
-rw-r--r--tr-tr/objective-c-tr.html.markdown320
-rw-r--r--tr-tr/php-tr.html.markdown7
14 files changed, 1132 insertions, 79 deletions
diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 708131bd..4d80545e 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ tool: bash
contributors:
- ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
- ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"]
+ - ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"]
filename: LearnBash.sh
---
@@ -35,8 +36,22 @@ VARIABLE = "Some string"
# Using the variable:
echo $VARIABLE
echo "$VARIABLE"
+echo '$VARIABLE'
# When you use the variable itself — assign it, export it, or else — you write
# its name without $. If you want to use variable's value, you should use $.
+# Note that ' (single quote) won't expand the variables!
+
+# String substitution in variables
+echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A}
+# This will substitute the first occurance of "Some" with "A"
+
+# Bultin variables:
+# There are some useful builtin variables, like
+echo "Last program return value: $?"
+echo "Script's PID: $$"
+echo "Number of arguments: $#"
+echo "Scripts arguments: $@"
+echo "Scripts arguments separeted in different variables: $1 $2..."
# Reading a value from input:
echo "What's your name?"
@@ -44,13 +59,18 @@ read NAME # Note that we didn't need to declare new variable
echo Hello, $NAME!
# We have the usual if structure:
-if true
+# use 'man test' for more info about conditionals
+if [ $NAME -ne $USER ]
then
- echo "This is expected"
+ echo "Your name is you username"
else
- echo "And this is not"
+ echo "Your name isn't you username"
fi
+# There is also conditional execution
+echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fail"
+echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
+
# Expressions are denoted with the following format:
echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
@@ -67,6 +87,13 @@ ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
# txt files in the current directory:
ls -l | grep "\.txt"
+# You can also redirect a command output, input and error output.
+python2 hello.py < "input.in"
+python2 hello.py > "output.out"
+python2 hello.py 2> "error.err"
+# The output error will overwrite the file if it exists, if you want to
+# concatenate them, use ">>" instead.
+
# Commands can be substitued within other commands using $( ):
# The following command displays the number of files and directories in the
# current directory.
@@ -80,11 +107,36 @@ case "$VARIABLE" in
*) echo "It is not null.";;
esac
-#For loops iterate for as many arguments given:
-#The contents of var $VARIABLE is printed three times.
-for VARIABLE in x y z
+# For loops iterate for as many arguments given:
+# The contents of var $VARIABLE is printed three times.
+# Note that ` ` is equivalent to $( ) and that seq returns a sequence of size 3.
+for VARIABLE in `seq 3`
do
echo "$VARIABLE"
done
+# You can also define functions
+# Definition:
+foo ()
+{
+ echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@"
+ echo "And: $1 $2..."
+ echo "This is a function"
+ return 0
+}
+
+# Calling your function
+foo "My name is" $NAME
+
+# There are a lot of useful commands you should learn:
+tail -n 10 file.txt
+# prints last 10 lines of file.txt
+head -n 10 file.txt
+# prints first 10 lines of file.txt
+sort file.txt
+# sort file.txt's lines
+uniq -d file.txt
+# report or omit repeated lines, with -d it reports them
+cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
+# prints only the first column before the ',' character
```
diff --git a/brainfuck.html.markdown b/brainfuck.html.markdown
index 9282381f..27ac6921 100644
--- a/brainfuck.html.markdown
+++ b/brainfuck.html.markdown
@@ -53,25 +53,27 @@ until cell #1 is 0, and cell #2 holds cell #1's old value. Because we're on
cell #1 at the end of the loop, move to cell #2, and then print out the value
in ASCII.
-Also keep in mind that the spaces are purely for readibility purposes. You
+Also keep in mind that the spaces are purely for readability purposes. You
could just as easily write it as:
,[>+<-]>.
Try and figure out what this program does:
-,>,< [ > [ >+ >+ << -] >> [- << + >>] <<< -] >>
+,>,< [ > [ >+ >+ << -] >> [- << + >>] <<< -] >>
This program takes two numbers for input, and multiplies them.
The gist is it first reads in two inputs. Then it starts the outer loop,
conditioned on cell #1. Then it moves to cell #2, and starts the inner
-loop conditioned on cell #2, incrementing cell #3. However, there comes a
-problem: at the end of the inner loop, cell #2 is zero. To solve this problem,
+loop conditioned on cell #2, incrementing cell #3. However, there comes a
+problem: At the end of the inner loop, cell #2 is zero. In that case,
+inner loop won't work anymore since next time. To solve this problem,
we also increment cell #4, and then recopy cell #4 into cell #2.
+Then cell #3 is the result.
```
-And that's brainfuck. Not that hard, eh? For fun, you can write your own
-brainfuck programs, or you can write a brainfuck interpreter in another
+And that's brainfuck. Not that hard, eh? For fun, you can write your own
+brainfuck programs, or you can write a brainfuck interpreter in another
language. The interpreter is fairly simple to implement, but if you're a
masochist, try writing a brainfuck interpreter… in brainfuck.
diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index d3adbd01..1471b833 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ language: c#
contributors:
- ["Irfan Charania", "https://github.com/irfancharania"]
- ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
+ - ["Melvyn Laïly", "http://x2a.yt"]
filename: LearnCSharp.cs
---
@@ -95,17 +96,25 @@ namespace Learning
// Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
// Precision: 15-16 digits
double fooDouble = 123.4;
+
+ // Decimal - a 128-bits data type, with more precision than other floating-point types,
+ // suited for financial and monetary calculations
+ decimal fooDecimal = 150.3m;
- // Bool - true & false
+ // Boolean - true & false
bool fooBoolean = true;
bool barBoolean = false;
// Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
char fooChar = 'A';
- // Strings
+ // Strings -- unlike the previous base types which are all value types,
+ // a string is a reference type. That is, you can set it to null
string fooString = "My string is here!";
Console.WriteLine(fooString);
+ // You can access each character of the string with an indexer:
+ char charFromString = fooString[1]; // 'y'
+ // Strings are immutable: you can't do fooString[1] = 'X';
// formatting
string fooFs = string.Format("Check Check, {0} {1}, {0} {1:0.0}", 1, 2);
@@ -138,14 +147,21 @@ namespace Learning
const int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
// Nullable types
- // any type can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
+ // any value type (i.e. not a class) can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
// <type>? <var name> = <value>
int? nullable = null;
Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
- // In order to use nullable's value, you have to use Value property or to explicitly cast it
- string? nullableString = "not null";
- Console.WriteLine("Nullable value is: " + nullableString.Value + " or: " + (string) nullableString );
+ // In order to use nullable's value, you have to use Value property
+ // or to explicitly cast it
+ DateTime? nullableDate = null;
+ // The previous line would not have compiled without the '?'
+ // because DateTime is a value type
+ // <type>? is equivalent to writing Nullable<type>
+ Nullable<DateTime> otherNullableDate = nullableDate;
+
+ nullableDate = DateTime.Now;
+ Console.WriteLine("Nullable value is: " + nullableDate.Value + " or: " + (DateTime) nullableDate );
// ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
// in case variable is null
@@ -153,6 +169,8 @@ namespace Learning
Console.WriteLine("Not nullable variable: " + notNullable);
// Var - compiler will choose the most appropriate type based on value
+ // Please note that this does not remove type safety.
+ // In this case, the type of fooImplicit is known to be a bool at compile time
var fooImplicit = true;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -201,7 +219,7 @@ namespace Learning
// Others data structures to check out:
//
// Stack/Queue
- // Dictionary
+ // Dictionary (an implementation of a hash map)
// Read-only Collections
// Tuple (.Net 4+)
@@ -235,7 +253,6 @@ namespace Learning
~ Unary bitwise complement
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
- >>> Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
| Bitwise inclusive OR
@@ -308,6 +325,18 @@ namespace Learning
//Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
}
Console.WriteLine("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
+
+ // For Each Loop
+ // foreach loop structure => foreach(<iteratorType> <iteratorName> in <enumerable>)
+ // The foreach loop loops over any object implementing IEnumerable or IEnumerable<T>
+ // All the collection types (Array, List, Dictionary...) in the .Net framework
+ // implement one or both of these interfaces.
+ // (The ToCharArray() could be removed, because a string also implements IEnumerable)
+ foreach (char character in "Hello World".ToCharArray())
+ {
+ //Console.WriteLine(character);
+ //Iterated over all the characters in the string
+ }
// Switch Case
// A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
@@ -327,6 +356,14 @@ namespace Learning
case 3:
monthString = "March";
break;
+ // You can assign more than one case to an action
+ // But you can't add an action without a break before another case
+ // (if you want to do this, you would have to explicitly add a goto case x
+ case 6:
+ case 7:
+ case 8:
+ monthString = "Summer time!!";
+ break;
default:
monthString = "Some other month";
break;
@@ -335,7 +372,7 @@ namespace Learning
///////////////////////////////////////
- // Converting Data Types And Typcasting
+ // Converting Data Types And Typecasting
///////////////////////////////////////
// Converting data
@@ -389,7 +426,7 @@ namespace Learning
// Class Declaration Syntax:
- // <public/private/protected> class <class name>{
+ // <public/private/protected/internal> class <class name>{
// //data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
// //functions are called as methods in Java.
// }
@@ -404,17 +441,20 @@ namespace Learning
string name; // Everything is private by default: Only accessible from within this class
// Enum is a value type that consists of a set of named constants
+ // It is really just mapping a name to a value (an int, unless specified otherwise).
+ // The approved types for an enum are byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, or ulong.
+ // An enum can't contain the same value twice.
public enum Brand
{
AIST,
BMC,
- Electra,
+ Electra=42, //you can explicitly set a value to a name
Gitane
}
// We defined this type inside a Bicycle class, so it is a nested type
// Code outside of this class should reference this type as Bicycle.Brand
- public Brand brand; // After declaing an enum type, we can declare the field of this type
+ public Brand brand; // After declaring an enum type, we can declare the field of this type
// Static members belong to the type itself rather then specific object.
static public int bicyclesCreated = 0;
@@ -459,7 +499,7 @@ namespace Learning
// <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
// classes can implement getters and setters for their fields
- // or they can implement properties
+ // or they can implement properties (this is the preferred way in C#)
// Method declaration syntax:
// <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
@@ -474,13 +514,14 @@ namespace Learning
cadence = newValue;
}
- // virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
+ // virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden in a derived class
public virtual void SetGear(int newValue)
{
gear = newValue;
}
- // Method parameters can have defaut values. In this case, methods can be called with these parameters omitted
+ // Method parameters can have default values.
+ // In this case, methods can be called with these parameters omitted
public void SpeedUp(int increment = 1)
{
_speed += increment;
@@ -500,6 +541,12 @@ namespace Learning
get { return _hasTassles; }
set { _hasTassles = value; }
}
+
+ // You can also define an automatic property in one line
+ // this syntax will create a backing field automatically.
+ // You can set an access modifier on either the getter or the setter (or both)
+ // to restrict its access:
+ public bool IsBroken { get; private set; }
// Properties can be auto-implemented
public int FrameSize
@@ -525,7 +572,7 @@ namespace Learning
// Methods can also be static. It can be useful for helper methods
public static bool DidWeCreateEnoughBycles()
{
- // Within a static method, we only can reference static class memebers
+ // Within a static method, we only can reference static class members
return bicyclesCreated > 9000;
} // If your class only needs static members, consider marking the class itself as static.
@@ -564,7 +611,7 @@ namespace Learning
interface IBreakable
{
- bool Broken { get; } // interfaces can contain properties as well as methods, fields & events
+ bool Broken { get; } // interfaces can contain properties as well as methods & events
}
// Class can inherit only one other class, but can implement any amount of interfaces
diff --git a/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown b/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f0c26c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+---
+name: perl
+category: language
+language: perl
+filename: learnperl-es.pl
+contributors:
+ - ["Korjavin Ivan", "http://github.com/korjavin"]
+translators:
+ - ["Francisco Gomez", "http://github.com/frncscgmz"]
+lang: es-es
+---
+
+Perl 5 es un lenguaje de programación altamente capaz, rico en características con mas de 25 años de desarrollo.
+
+Perl 5 corre en mas de 100 plataformas desde portales hasta mainframes y es adecuado para realizar prototipos rápidos hasta desarrollar proyectos a gran escala.
+
+```perl
+# Comentarios de una sola linea con un carácter hash.
+
+#### Tipos de variables en Perl
+
+# Las variables comienzan con el símbolo $.
+# Un nombre de variable valido empieza con una letra o un guión bajo,
+# seguido por cualquier numero de letras, números o guiones bajos.
+
+### Perl tiene tres tipos principales de variables: escalares, arreglos y hashes.
+
+## Escalares
+# Un escalar representa un solo valor:
+my $animal = "camello";
+my $respuesta = 42;
+
+# Los valores escalares pueden ser cadenas de caracteres, números enteros o
+# de punto flotante, Perl automáticamente los convertirá como sea requerido.
+
+## Arreglos
+# Un arreglo representa una lista de valores:
+my @animales = {"camello","llama","buho"};
+my @numeros = {23,42,69};
+my @mixto = {"camello",42,1.23};
+
+
+
+## Hashes
+# Un hash representa un conjunto de pares llave/valor:
+
+my %color_fruta = {"manzana","rojo","banana","amarillo"};
+
+# Puedes usar un espacio en blanco y el operador "=>" para asignarlos mas
+# fácilmente.
+
+my %color_fruta = (
+ manzana => "rojo",
+ banana => "amarillo",
+ );
+# Los escalares, arreglos y hashes están mas documentados en perldata. (perldoc perldata).
+
+# Los tipos de datos mas complejos pueden ser construidos utilizando
+# referencias, las cuales te permiten construir listas y hashes dentro
+# de listas y hashes.
+
+#### Estructuras condicionales y de ciclos
+
+# Perl tiene la mayoría de las estructuras condicionales y de ciclos mas comunes.
+
+if ( $var ) {
+ ...
+} elsif ( $var eq 'bar' ) {
+ ...
+} else {
+ ...
+}
+
+unless ( condicion ) {
+ ...
+ }
+# Esto es proporcionado como una version mas fácil de leer que "if (!condición)"
+
+# La post condición al modo Perl
+print "Yow!" if $zippy;
+print "No tenemos bananas" unless $bananas;
+
+# while
+ while ( condicion ) {
+ ...
+ }
+
+
+# for y foreach
+for ($i = 0; $i <= $max; $i++) {
+ ...
+ }
+
+foreach (@array) {
+ print "Este elemento es $_\n";
+ }
+
+
+#### Expresiones regulares
+
+# El soporte de expresiones regulares en Perl es muy amplio y profundo, y es
+# sujeto a una extensa documentación en perlrequick, perlretut, entre otros.
+# Sin embargo, resumiendo:
+
+# Pareo simple
+if (/foo/) { ... } # verdadero si $_ contiene "foo"
+if ($a =~ /foo/) { ... } # verdadero si $a contiene "foo"
+
+# Substitución simple
+$a =~ s/foo/bar/; # remplaza foo con bar en $a
+$a =~ s/foo/bar/g; # remplaza TODAS LAS INSTANCIAS de foo con bar en $a
+
+
+#### Archivos e I/O
+
+# Puedes abrir un archivo para obtener datos o escribirlos utilizando la
+# función "open()".
+
+open(my $entrada, "<" "entrada.txt") or die "No es posible abrir entrada.txt: $!";
+open(my $salida, ">", "salida.txt") or die "No es posible abrir salida.txt: $!";
+open(my $log, ">>", "mi.log") or die "No es posible abrir mi.log: $!";
+
+# Es posible leer desde un gestor de archivo abierto utilizando el operador "<>"
+# operador. En contexto escalar leer una sola linea desde el gestor de
+# archivo, y en contexto de lista leer el archivo completo en donde, asigna
+# cada linea a un elemento de la lista.
+
+my $linea = <$entrada>;
+my @lineas = <$entrada>;
+
+#### Escribiendo subrutinas
+
+# Escribir subrutinas es fácil:
+
+sub logger {
+ my $mensajelog = shift;
+ open my $archivolog, ">>", "mi.log" or die "No es posible abrir mi.log: $!";
+ print $archivolog $mensajelog;
+}
+
+# Ahora podemos utilizar la subrutina al igual que cualquier otra función
+# incorporada:
+
+logger("Tenemos una subrutina logger!");
+
+
+```
+
+#### Utilizando módulos Perl
+
+Los módulos en Perl proveen una gama de funciones que te pueden ayudar a evitar reinventar la rueda, estas pueden ser descargadas desde CPAN( http://www.cpan.org/ ). Algunos de los módulos mas populares ya están incluidos con la misma distribución de Perl.
+
+perlfaq contiene preguntas y respuestas relacionadas con muchas tareas comunes, y algunas veces provee sugerencias sobre buenos módulos CPAN para usar.
+
+#### Material de Lectura
+
+ - [perl-tutorial](http://perl-tutorial.org/)
+ - [Aprende en www.perl.com](http://www.perl.org/learn.html)
+ - [perldoc](http://perldoc.perl.org/)
+ - y perl incorporado: `perldoc perlintro`
diff --git a/haskell.html.markdown b/haskell.html.markdown
index e3ec3f38..6b3c6e17 100644
--- a/haskell.html.markdown
+++ b/haskell.html.markdown
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ main' = interact countLines
sayHello :: IO ()
sayHello = do
putStrLn "What is your name?"
- name <- getLine -- this gets a line and gives it the name "input"
+ name <- getLine -- this gets a line and gives it the name "name"
putStrLn $ "Hello, " ++ name
-- Exercise: write your own version of `interact` that only reads
diff --git a/javascript.html.markdown b/javascript.html.markdown
index 2f742574..b15eae7c 100644
--- a/javascript.html.markdown
+++ b/javascript.html.markdown
@@ -358,12 +358,15 @@ myObj.meaningOfLife; // = 43
// the constructor function itself; instead, it's the prototype that new objects
// are given when they're created with that constructor and the new keyword.
myConstructor.prototype = {
+ myNumber: 5,
getMyNumber: function(){
- return this.myNumber
+ return this.myNumber;
}
};
var myNewObj2 = new myConstructor();
myNewObj2.getMyNumber(); // = 5
+myNewObj2.myNumber = 6
+myNewObj2.getMyNumber(); // = 6
// Built-in types like strings and numbers also have constructors that create
// equivalent wrapper objects.
diff --git a/ko-kr/brainfuck-kr.html.markdown b/ko-kr/brainfuck-kr.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..661fcfea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ko-kr/brainfuck-kr.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+---
+language: brainfuck
+contributors:
+ - ["Prajit Ramachandran", "http://prajitr.github.io/"]
+ - ["Mathias Bynens", "http://mathiasbynens.be/"]
+translators:
+ - ["JongChan Choi", "http://0xABCDEF.com/"]
+lang: ko-kr
+---
+
+Brainfuck(f는 대문자로 적지 않습니다)은
+여덟가지 명령어만으로 튜링-완전한 최소주의 프로그래밍 언어입니다.
+
+```
+"><+-.,[]" 이외의 문자들은 무시됩니다. (쌍따옴표는 제외)
+
+브레인퍽은 30,000 칸 짜리의 0으로 초기화된 배열과,
+현재 칸을 가르키는 포인터로 표현됩니다.
+
+여덟가지의 명령어는 다음과 같습니다:
++ : 포인터가 가르키는 현재 칸의 값을 1 증가시킵니다.
+- : 포인터가 가르키는 현재 칸의 값을 1 감소시킵니다.
+> : 포인터가 다음 칸(오른쪽 칸)을 가르키도록 이동시킵니다.
+< : 포인터가 이전 칸(왼쪽 칸)을 가르키도록 이동시킵니다.
+. : 현재 칸의 값을 ASCII 문자로 출력합니다. (즉, 65 = 'A')
+, : 하나의 문자를 입력받고 그 값을 현재 칸에 대입합니다.
+[ : 현재 칸의 값이 0이면 짝이 맞는 ] 명령으로 넘어갑니다.
+ 0이 아니면 다음 명령어로 넘어갑니다.
+] : 현재 칸의 값이 0이면 다음 명령어로 넘어갑니다.
+ 0이 아니면 짝이 맞는 [ 명령으로 다시 돌아갑니다.
+
+[이랑 ]은 while 루프를 만들어냅니다. 무조건, 짝이 맞아야 합니다.
+
+몇가지 간단한 브레인퍽 프로그램을 보겠습니다.
+
+++++++ [ > ++++++++++ < - ] > +++++ .
+
+이 프로그램은 문자 'A'를 출력합니다. 처음에는, 반복할 횟수를 정하기 위한 값을
+만들기 위해 첫번째 칸의 값을 6으로 증가시킵니다. 그리고 루프로 들어가서([)
+두번째 칸으로 넘어갑니다. 루프 안에서는 두번째 칸의 값을 10 증가시키고,
+다시 첫번째 칸으로 넘어가서 값을 1 감소시킵니다. 이 루프는 여섯번 돕니다.
+(첫번째 칸의 값을 6번 감소시켜서 0이 될 때 까지는 ] 명령을 만날 때마다
+루프의 시작 지점으로 돌아갑니다)
+
+이 시점에서, 두번째 칸의 값은 60이고, 포인터는 값이 0인 첫번째 칸에 위치합니다.
+여기서 두번째 칸으로 넘어간 다음 값을 5 증가시키면 두번째 칸의 값이 65가 되고,
+65는 문자 'A'에 대응하는 아스키 코드이기 때문에, 두번째 칸의 값을 출력하면
+터미널에 'A'가 출력됩니다.
+
+, [ > + < - ] > .
+
+이 프로그램은 사용자로부터 문자 하나를 입력받아 첫번째 칸에 집어넣습니다.
+그리고 루프에 들어가서, 두번째 칸으로 넘어가 값을 한 번 증가시킨 다음,
+다시 첫번째 칸으로 넘어가서 값을 한 번 감소시킵니다.
+이는 첫번째 칸의 값이 0이 될 때까지 지속되며,
+두번째 칸은 첫번째 칸이 갖고있던 값을 가지게 됩니다.
+루프가 종료되면 포인터는 첫번째 칸을 가르키기 때문에 두번째 칸으로 넘어가고,
+해당 아스키 코드에 대응하는 문자를 출력합니다.
+
+또한 공백문자는 순전히 가독성을 위해서 작성되었다는 것을 기억하세요.
+다음과 같이 작성해도 똑같이 돌아갑니다:
+
+,[>+<-]>.
+
+한 번 돌려보고 아래의 프로그램이 실제로 무슨 일을 하는지 맞춰보세요:
+
+,>,< [ > [ >+ >+ << -] >> [- << + >>] <<< -] >>
+
+이 프로그램은 두 개의 숫자를 입력받은 뒤, 그 둘을 곱합니다.
+
+위 코드는 일단 두 번의 입력을 받고, 첫번째 칸의 값만큼 바깥 루프를 돕니다.
+그리고 루프 안에서 다시 두번째 칸의 값만큼 안쪽의 루프를 돕니다.
+그리고 그 루프에서는 세번째 칸의 값을 증가시키는데, 문제가 하나 있습니다:
+내부 루프가 한 번 끝나게 되면 두번째 칸의 값은 0이 됩니다.
+그럼 다시 바깥 루프를 돌 때에 안쪽의 루프를 돌지 않게 되는데, 이를 해결하려면
+네번째 칸의 값도 같이 증가시킨 다음, 그 값을 두번째 칸으로 옮기면 됩니다.
+그러면 세번째 칸에 곱셈의 결과가 남습니다.
+```
+
+여기까지 브레인퍽이었습니다. 참 쉽죠?
+재미삼아 브레인퍽 프로그램이나 다른 언어로 브레인퍽 인터프리터를 작성해보세요.
+인터프리터 구현은 간단한 편인데,
+사서 고생하는 것을 즐기는 편이라면 한 번 작성해보세요… 브레인퍽으로.
diff --git a/matlab.html.markdown b/matlab.html.markdown
index e72a95ea..15ff2303 100644
--- a/matlab.html.markdown
+++ b/matlab.html.markdown
@@ -20,18 +20,25 @@ something
like
this %}
+% commands can span multiple lines, using '...':
+ a = 1 + 2 + ...
+ + 4
+
+% commands can be passed to the operating system
+!ping google.com
+
who % Displays all variables in memory
whos % Displays all variables in memory, with their types
clear % Erases all your variables from memory
-clear('A') % Erases a aprticualr variable
+clear('A') % Erases a particular variable
openvar('A') % Open variable in variable editor
clc % Erases the writing on your Command Window
diary % Toggle writing Command Window text to file
ctrl-c % Abort current computation
-edit('myfunction.m') % Open function in editor
-type('myfunction.m') % Print the source of function to Command Window
+edit('myfunction.m') % Open function/script in editor
+type('myfunction.m') % Print the source of function/script to Command Window
profile viewer % Open profiler
@@ -43,6 +50,7 @@ lookfor command % Searches for a given command
% Output formatting
format short % 4 decimals in a floating number
format long % 15 decimals
+format bank % only two digits after decimal point - for financial calculations
fprintf
% Variables & Expressions
@@ -54,6 +62,17 @@ myVariable = 4; % Semi colon suppresses output to the Command Window
a = 2; b = 3;
c = exp(a)*sin(pi/2) % c = 7.3891
+% Calling functions can be done in either of two ways:
+% Standard function syntax:
+load('myFile.mat', 'y')
+% Command syntax:
+load myFile.mat y % no parentheses, and spaces instead of commas
+% Note the lack of quote marks in command form: inputs are always passed as
+% literal text - cannot pass variable values. Also, can't receive output:
+[V,D] = eig(A) % this has no equivalent in command form
+
+
+
% Logicals
1 > 5 % ans = 0
10 >= 10 % ans = 1
@@ -63,7 +82,7 @@ c = exp(a)*sin(pi/2) % c = 7.3891
3 > 1 || 4 > 1 % OR -> ans = 1
~1 % NOT -> ans = 0
-% Logicals can be applied to matricies:
+% Logicals can be applied to matrices:
A > 5
% for each element, if condition is true, that element is 1 in returned matrix
A[ A > 5 ]
@@ -169,9 +188,18 @@ transpose(A) % Transpose the matrix, without taking complex conjugate
% Element by Element Arithmetic vs. Matrix Arithmetic
+% On their own, the arithmetic operators act on whole matrices. When preceded
+% by a period, they act on each element instead. For example:
A * B % Matrix multiplication
A .* B % Multiple each element in A by its corresponding element in B
+% There are several pairs of functions, where one acts on each element, and
+% the other (whose name ends in m) acts on the whole matrix.
+exp(A) % exponentiate each element
+expm(A) % calculate the matrix exponential
+sqrt(A) % take the square root of each element
+sqrtm(A) % find the matrix whose square is A
+
% Plotting
x = 0:.10:2*pi; % Creates a vector that starts at 0 and ends at 2*pi with increments of .1
@@ -181,9 +209,24 @@ xlabel('x axis')
ylabel('y axis')
title('Plot of y = sin(x)')
axis([0 2*pi -1 1]) % x range from 0 to 2*pi, y range from -1 to 1
-plot(x,y1,'-',x,y2,'--',x,y3,':'') % For multiple functions on one plot
-grid on % Show grid; turn off with 'grid off'
+plot(x,y1,'-',x,y2,'--',x,y3,':') % For multiple functions on one plot
+legend('Line 1 label', 'Line 2 label') % Label curves with a legend
+
+% Alternative method to plot multiple functions in one plot.
+% while 'hold' is on, commands add to existing graph rather than replacing it
+plot(x, y)
+hold on
+plot(x, z)
+hold off
+
+loglog(x, y) % A log-log plot
+semilogx(x, y) % A plot with logarithmic x-axis
+semilogy(x, y) % A plot with logarithmic y-axis
+
+fplot (@(x) x^2, [2,5]) % plot the function x^2 from x=2 to x=5
+
+grid on % Show grid; turn off with 'grid off'
axis square % Makes the current axes region square
axis equal % Set aspect ratio so data units are the same in every direction
@@ -197,11 +240,19 @@ pcolor(A) % Heat-map of matrix: plot as grid of rectangles, coloured by value
contour(A) % Contour plot of matrix
mesh(A) % Plot as a mesh surface
-h = figure %C reate new figure object, with handle f
-figure(h) %M akes the figure corresponding to handle h the current figure
+h = figure % Create new figure object, with handle f
+figure(h) % Makes the figure corresponding to handle h the current figure
+close(h) % close figure with handle h
+close all % close all open figure windows
+close % close current figure window
-% Properties can be set and changed through a figure handle
-h = plot(x, y);
+shg % bring an existing graphics window forward, or create new one if needed
+clf clear % clear current figure window, and reset most figure properties
+
+% Properties can be set and changed through a figure handle.
+% You can save a handle to a figure when you create it.
+% The function gcf returns a handle to the current figure
+h = plot(x, y); % you can save a handle to a figure when you create it
set(h, 'Color', 'r')
% 'y' yellow; 'm' magenta, 'c' cyan, 'r' red, 'g' green, 'b' blue, 'w' white, 'k' black
set(h, 'LineStyle', '--')
@@ -209,22 +260,38 @@ set(h, 'LineStyle', '--')
get(h, 'LineStyle')
+% The function gca returns a handle to the axes for the current figure
+set(gca, 'XDir', 'reverse'); % reverse the direction of the x-axis
+
+% To create a figure that contains several axes in tiled positions, use subplot
+subplot(2,3,1); % select the first position in a 2-by-3 grid of subplots
+plot(x1); title('First Plot') % plot something in this position
+subplot(2,3,2); % select second position in the grid
+plot(x2); title('Second Plot') % plot something there
+
+
+% To use functions or scripts, they must be on your path or current directory
+path % display current path
+addpath /path/to/dir % add to path
+rmpath /path/to/dir % remove from path
+cd /path/to/move/into % change directory
+
+
% Variables can be saved to .mat files
save('myFileName.mat') % Save the variables in your Workspace
load('myFileName.mat') % Load saved variables into Workspace
-
% M-file Scripts
% A script file is an external file that contains a sequence of statements.
% They let you avoid repeatedly typing the same code in the Command Window
% Have .m extensions
-
% M-file Functions
% Like scripts, and have the same .m extension
% But can accept input arguments and return an output
-% Also, they have their own workspace (ie. different variable scope)
-% double_input.m - .m file name must be same as function name in file
+% Also, they have their own workspace (ie. different variable scope).
+% Function name should match file name (so save this example as double_input.m).
+% 'help double_input.m' returns the comments under line beginning function
function output = double_input(x)
%double_input(x) returns twice the value of x
output = 2*x;
@@ -234,14 +301,26 @@ double_input(6) % ans = 12
% You can also have subfunctions and nested functions.
% Subfunctions are in the same file as the primary function, and can only be
-% called from within that function. Nested functions are defined within another
+% called by functions in the file. Nested functions are defined within another
% functions, and have access to both its workspace and their own workspace.
+% If you want to create a function without creating a new file you can use an
+% anonymous function. Useful when quickly defining a function to pass to
+% another function (eg. plot with fplot, evaluate an indefinite integral
+% with quad, find roots with fzero, or find minimum with fminsearch).
+% Example that returns the square of it's input, assigned to to the handle sqr:
+sqr = @(x) x.^2;
+sqr(10) % ans = 100
+doc function_handle % find out more
% User input
a = input('Enter the value: ')
-% Reading in data
+% Stops execution of file and gives control to the keyboard: user can examine
+% or change variables. Type 'return' to continue execution, or 'dbquit' to exit
+keyboard
+
+% Reading in data (also xlsread/importdata/imread for excel/CSV/image files)
fopen(filename)
% Output
@@ -249,10 +328,10 @@ disp(a) % Print out the value of variable a
disp('Hello World') % Print out a string
fprintf % Print to Command Window with more control
-% Conditional statements
-if a > 15
+% Conditional statements (the parentheses are optional, but good style)
+if (a > 15)
disp('Greater than 15')
-elseif a == 23
+elseif (a == 23)
disp('a is 23')
else
disp('neither condition met')
@@ -316,14 +395,20 @@ NaN
inf
% Solving matrix equations (if no solution, returns a least squares solution)
-x=A\b % Solves Ax=b
-x=B/a % Solves xa=B
+% The \ and / operators are equivalent to the functions mldivide and mrdivide
+x=A\b % Solves Ax=b. Faster and more numerically accurate than using inv(A)*b.
+x=b/A % Solves xA=b
+
+inv(A) % calculate the inverse matrix
+pinv(A) % calculate the pseudo-inverse
% Common matrix functions
zeros(m,n) % m x n matrix of 0's
ones(m,n) % m x n matrix of 1's
-diag(A) % Extracts the diagonal elements of a matrix
-eye(m,n) % Indentity matrix
+diag(A) % Extracts the diagonal elements of a matrix A
+diag(x) % Construct a matrix with diagonal elements listed in x, and zeroes elsewhere
+eye(m,n) % Identity matrix
+linspace(x1, x2, n) % Return n equally spaced points, with min x1 and max x2
inv(A) % Inverse of matrix A
det(A) % Determinant of A
eig(A) % Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A
@@ -331,7 +416,7 @@ trace(A) % Trace of matrix - equivalent to sum(diag(A))
isempty(A) % Tests if array is empty
all(A) % Tests if all elements are nonzero or true
any(A) % Tests if any elements are nonzero or true
-isequal(A, B) %Tests equality of two arrays
+isequal(A, B) % Tests equality of two arrays
numel(A) % Number of elements in matrix
triu(x) % Returns the upper triangular part of x
tril(x) % Returns the lower triangular part of x
@@ -340,13 +425,18 @@ dot(A,B) % Returns scalar product of two vectors (must have the same length)
transpose(A) % Returns the transpose of A
flipl(A) % Flip matrix left to right
+% Matrix Factorisations
+[L, U, P] = lu(A) % LU decomposition: PA = LU,L is lower triangular, U is upper triangular, P is permutation matrix
+[P, D] = eig(A) % eigen-decomposition: AP = PD, P's columns are eigenvectors and D's diagonals are eigenvalues
+[U,S,V] = svd(X) % SVD: XV = US, U and V are unitary matrices, S has non-negative diagonal elements in decreasing order
+
% Common vector functions
max % largest component
min % smallest component
length % length of a vector
sort % sort in ascending order
sum % sum of elements
-prod % product of elements
+prod % product of elements
mode % modal value
median % median value
mean % mean value
diff --git a/php.html.markdown b/php.html.markdown
index 1952d833..226eefff 100644
--- a/php.html.markdown
+++ b/php.html.markdown
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ $quotient = 2 / 1; // 2
$number = 0;
$number += 1; // Increment $number by 1
echo $number++; // Prints 1 (increments after evaluation)
-echo ++$number; // Prints 3 (increments before evalutation)
+echo ++$number; // Prints 3 (increments before evaluation)
$number /= $float; // Divide and assign the quotient to $number
// Strings should be enclosed in single quotes;
diff --git a/pogo.html.markdown b/pogo.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60a83edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pogo.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+---
+language: pogoscript
+contributors:
+ - ["Tim Macfarlane", "http://github.com/refractalize"]
+filename: learnPogo.pogo
+---
+
+Pogoscript is a little language that emphasises readability, DSLs and provides excellent asynchronous primitives for writing connected JavaScript applications for the browser or server.
+
+``` javascript
+// defining a variable
+water temperature = 24
+
+// re-assigning a variable after its definition
+water temperature := 26
+
+// functions allow their parameters to be placed anywhere
+temperature at (a) altitude = 32 - a / 100
+
+// longer functions are just indented
+temperature at (a) altitude :=
+ if (a < 0)
+ water temperature
+ else
+ 32 - a / 100
+
+// calling a function
+current temperature = temperature at 3200 altitude
+
+// this function constructs a new object with methods
+position (x, y) = {
+ x = x
+ y = y
+
+ distance from position (p) =
+ dx = self.x - p.x
+ dy = self.y - p.y
+ Math.sqrt (dx * dx + dy * dy)
+}
+
+// `self` is similar to `this` in JavaScript with the
+// exception that `self` isn't redefined in each new
+// function definition
+// `self` just does what you expect
+
+// calling methods
+position (7, 2).distance from position (position (5, 1))
+
+// as in JavaScript, objects are hashes too
+position.'x' == position.x == position.('x')
+
+// arrays
+positions = [
+ position (1, 1)
+ position (1, 2)
+ position (1, 3)
+]
+
+// indexing an array
+positions.0.y
+
+n = 2
+positions.(n).y
+
+// strings
+poem = 'Tail turned to red sunset on a juniper crown a lone magpie cawks.
+ Mad at Oryoki in the shrine-room -- Thistles blossomed late afternoon.
+ Put on my shirt and took it off in the sun walking the path to lunch.
+ A dandelion seed floats above the marsh grass with the mosquitos.
+ At 4 A.M. the two middleaged men sleeping together holding hands.
+ In the half-light of dawn a few birds warble under the Pleiades.
+ Sky reddens behind fir trees, larks twitter, sparrows cheep cheep cheep
+ cheep cheep.'
+
+// that's Allen Ginsburg
+
+// interpolation
+outlook = 'amazing!'
+console.log "the weather tomorrow is going to be #(outlook)"
+
+// regular expressions
+r/(\d+)m/i
+r/(\d+) degrees/mg
+
+// operators
+true @and true
+false @or true
+@not false
+2 < 4
+2 >= 2
+2 > 1
+
+// plus all the javascript ones
+
+// to define your own
+(p1) plus (p2) =
+ position (p1.x + p2.x, p1.y + p2.y)
+
+// `plus` can be called as an operator
+position (1, 1) @plus position (0, 2)
+// or as a function
+(position (1, 1)) plus (position (0, 2))
+
+// explicit return
+(x) times (y) = return (x * y)
+
+// new
+now = @new Date ()
+
+// functions can take named optional arguments
+spark (position, color: 'black', velocity: {x = 0, y = 0}) = {
+ color = color
+ position = position
+ velocity = velocity
+}
+
+red = spark (position 1 1, color: 'red')
+fast black = spark (position 1 1, velocity: {x = 10, y = 0})
+
+// functions can unsplat arguments too
+log (messages, ...) =
+ console.log (messages, ...)
+
+// blocks are functions passed to other functions.
+// This block takes two parameters, `spark` and `c`,
+// the body of the block is the indented code after the
+// function call
+
+render each @(spark) into canvas context @(c)
+ ctx.begin path ()
+ ctx.stroke style = spark.color
+ ctx.arc (
+ spark.position.x + canvas.width / 2
+ spark.position.y
+ 3
+ 0
+ Math.PI * 2
+ )
+ ctx.stroke ()
+
+// asynchronous calls
+
+// JavaScript both in the browser and on the server (with Node.js)
+// makes heavy use of asynchronous IO with callbacks. Async IO is
+// amazing for performance and making concurrency simple but it
+// quickly gets complicated.
+// Pogoscript has a few things to make async IO much much easier
+
+// Node.js includes the `fs` module for accessing the file system.
+// Let's list the contents of a directory
+
+fs = require 'fs'
+directory listing = fs.readdir! '.'
+
+// `fs.readdir()` is an asynchronous function, so we can call it
+// using the `!` operator. The `!` operator allows you to call
+// async functions with the same syntax and largely the same
+// semantics as normal synchronous functions. Pogoscript rewrites
+// it so that all subsequent code is placed in the callback function
+// to `fs.readdir()`.
+
+// to catch asynchronous errors while calling asynchronous functions
+
+try
+ another directory listing = fs.readdir! 'a-missing-dir'
+catch (ex)
+ console.log (ex)
+
+// in fact, if you don't use `try catch`, it will raise the error up the
+// stack to the outer-most `try catch` or to the event loop, as you'd expect
+// with non-async exceptions
+
+// all the other control structures work with asynchronous calls too
+// here's `if else`
+config =
+ if (fs.stat! 'config.json'.is file ())
+ JSON.parse (fs.read file! 'config.json' 'utf-8')
+ else
+ {
+ color: 'red'
+ }
+
+// to run two asynchronous calls concurrently, use the `?` operator.
+// The `?` operator returns a *future* which can be executed to
+// wait for and obtain the result, again using the `!` operator
+
+// we don't wait for either of these calls to finish
+a = fs.stat? 'a.txt'
+b = fs.stat? 'b.txt'
+
+// now we wait for the calls to finish and print the results
+console.log "size of a.txt is #(a!.size)"
+console.log "size of b.txt is #(b!.size)"
+
+// futures in Pogoscript are analogous to Promises
+```
+
+That's it.
+
+Download [Node.js](http://nodejs.org/) and `npm install pogo`.
+
+There is plenty of documentation on [http://pogoscript.org/](http://pogoscript.org/), inlcuding a [cheat sheet](http://pogoscript.org/cheatsheet.html), a [guide](http://pogoscript.org/guide/), and how [Pogoscript translates to Javascript](http://featurist.github.io/pogo-examples/). Get in touch on the [google group](http://groups.google.com/group/pogoscript) if you have questions!
diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index bad9a360..08e68407 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -112,8 +112,10 @@ None is None #=> True
## 2. Variables and Collections
####################################################
-# Printing is pretty easy
-print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!"
+# Python has a print function, available in versions 2.7 and 3...
+print("I'm Python. Nice to meet you!")
+# and an older print statement, in all 2.x versions but removed from 3.
+print "I'm also Python!"
# No need to declare variables before assigning to them.
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@ filled_dict.get("four") #=> None
filled_dict.get("one", 4) #=> 1
filled_dict.get("four", 4) #=> 4
-# "setdefault()" method is a safe way to add new key-value pair into dictionary
+# "setdefault()" inserts into a dictionary only if the given key isn't present
filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) #filled_dict["five"] is set to 5
filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) #filled_dict["five"] is still 5
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ empty_set = set()
some_set = set([1,2,2,3,4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
# Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set
-filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1 2 3 4}
+filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4}
# Add more items to a set
filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
@@ -265,11 +267,11 @@ some_var = 5
# Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!
# prints "some_var is smaller than 10"
if some_var > 10:
- print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
+ print("some_var is totally bigger than 10.")
elif some_var < 10: # This elif clause is optional.
- print "some_var is smaller than 10."
+ print("some_var is smaller than 10.")
else: # This is optional too.
- print "some_var is indeed 10."
+ print("some_var is indeed 10.")
"""
@@ -281,10 +283,10 @@ prints:
"""
for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
# You can use % to interpolate formatted strings
- print "%s is a mammal" % animal
-
+ print("%s is a mammal" % animal)
+
"""
-"range(number)" returns a list of numbers
+"range(number)" returns a list of numbers
from zero to the given number
prints:
0
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ prints:
3
"""
for i in range(4):
- print i
+ print(i)
"""
While loops go until a condition is no longer met.
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@ prints:
"""
x = 0
while x < 4:
- print x
+ print(x)
x += 1 # Shorthand for x = x + 1
# Handle exceptions with a try/except block
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ except IndexError as e:
# Use "def" to create new functions
def add(x, y):
- print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y)
+ print("x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y))
return x + y # Return values with a return statement
# Calling functions with parameters
@@ -351,8 +353,8 @@ keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") #=> {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
# You can do both at once, if you like
def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
- print args
- print kwargs
+ print(args)
+ print(kwargs)
"""
all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
(1, 2)
@@ -420,10 +422,10 @@ class Human(object):
# Instantiate a class
i = Human(name="Ian")
-print i.say("hi") # prints out "Ian: hi"
+print(i.say("hi")) # prints out "Ian: hi"
j = Human("Joel")
-print j.say("hello") #prints out "Joel: hello"
+print(j.say("hello")) #prints out "Joel: hello"
# Call our class method
i.get_species() #=> "H. sapiens"
@@ -443,12 +445,12 @@ Human.grunt() #=> "*grunt*"
# You can import modules
import math
-print math.sqrt(16) #=> 4
+print(math.sqrt(16) )#=> 4
# You can get specific functions from a module
from math import ceil, floor
-print ceil(3.7) #=> 4.0
-print floor(3.7) #=> 3.0
+print(ceil(3.7)) #=> 4.0
+print(floor(3.7)) #=> 3.0
# You can import all functions from a module.
# Warning: this is not recommended
@@ -459,7 +461,7 @@ import math as m
math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) #=> True
# Python modules are just ordinary python files. You
-# can write your own, and import them. The name of the
+# can write your own, and import them. The name of the
# module is the same as the name of the file.
# You can find out which functions and attributes
diff --git a/tr-tr/brainfuck-tr.html.markdown b/tr-tr/brainfuck-tr.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..baca4217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tr-tr/brainfuck-tr.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+language: brainfuck
+filename: brainfuck-tr
+contributors:
+ - ["Prajit Ramachandran", "http://prajitr.github.io"]
+translators:
+ - ["Haydar KULEKCI", "http://scanf.info/"]
+lang: tr-tr
+---
+
+Brainfuck (normalde brainfuck olarak bütün harfleri küçük olarak yazılır.)
+son derece minimal bir programlama dilidir. (Sadece 8 komut) ve tamamen
+Turing'dir.
+
+```
+"><+-.,[]" (tırnak işaretleri hariç) karakterleri dışındaki her karakter
+gözardı edilir.
+
+Brainfuck 30,000 hücresi olan ve ilk değerleri sıfır olarak atanmış bir
+dizidir. İşaretçi ilk hücreyi işaret eder.
+
+Sekik komut vardır:
++ : Geçerli hücrenin değerini bir artırır.
+- : Geçerli hücrenin değerini bir azaltır.
+> : Veri işaretçisini bir sonraki hücreye hareket ettirir(sağdaki hücreye).
+< : Veri işaretçisini bir önceki hücreye hareket ettirir(soldaki hücreye).
+. : Geçerli hücrenin ASCII değerini yazdırır (örn: 65 = 'A').
+, : Bir girdilik karakteri aktif hücre için okur.
+[ : Eğer geçerli hücredeki değer sıfır ise, ]ifadesine atlar.
+ Diğer durumlarda bir sonraki yönergeye geçer.
+] : Eğer geçerli hücredeki değer sıfır ise, bir sonraki yönergeye geçer.
+ Diğer durumlarda, [ ifadesine karşılık gelen yönergelere döner.
+
+[ ve ] bir while döngüsü oluşturur. Açıkça, dengeli olmalıdırlar.
+
+Basit bir brainfuck programına göz atalım.
+
+++++++ [ > ++++++++++ < - ] > +++++ .
+
+Bu program 'A' karaterini ekrana basar. İlk olarak, #1'inci hücre 6'ya artırılır.
+#1'inci hücre döngü için kullanılacaktır. Sonra, ([) döngüsüne girilir ve
+#2'inci hücreye hareket edilir. #2'inci hücre 10 kez artırılır, #1'inci hücreye
+geri dönülür. #1 hücresini bir azaltır. Bu döngü 6 kez gerçekleşir. (Bu 6 kez
+azaltmak demektir, #1 hücresi 0 değerini alır ve bu noktada ] ifadesini atlar).
+
+Bu noktada, biz #1 hücresindeyiz, değeri şu anda 0 ve #2 hücresinin değeri
+60'tır. Biz #2 hücresine hareket diyoruz ve bu hücreyi 5 defa artırıyoruz.
+#2'nin şu anki değeri 65 olur. Sonra #2 hücresinin ASCII karşılığını
+yazdırıyoruz. 65 değerinin ASCII karşılığı 'A'dır. Ekrana 'A' yazılacaktır.
+
+
+, [ > + < - ] > .
+
+Bu program kullanıcıdan bir girdi okur, ve karakteri bir diğer hücreye yazdırır,
+ve daha sonra aynı karakteri ekrana yazdırır.
+
+, ifadesi kullanıcıdan karakteri #1 hücresine okur. Sonra bir döngü
+başlar. #2 hücresine hareket edilir, #2 hücresinin değeri bir artırılır, #1
+hücresine geri dönülür, ve #1 hücresinin değer bir azaltılır. Bu #1 hücresinin
+değeri 0 olana kadar devam eder ve #2 hücresi #1'in eski değerini tutar. Çünkü
+biz #1 hücresindeki verileri döngü süresince #2 hücresine taşıyoruz, ve sonunda
+#2 hücresinin ASCII değerini yazdırıyoruz.
+
+Boşluk karakteri sadece okunabilirliği artırmak içindir. Aşağıdaki gibi de
+yazabilirsiniz.
+
+,[>+<-]>.
+
+
+Bu uygulamanın ne yaptığına bakalım:
+
+,>,< [ > [ >+ >+ << -] >> [- << + >>] <<< -] >>
+
+Bu program 2 sayı alır, ve birbiri ile çarpar.
+
+Özetle, ilk olarak iki girdi alır. Sonra, #1 hücresinde şarta bağlı harici bir
+döngü başlar. Sonra #2 ye hareket edilir, ve içerde #2 hücresine bağlı bir döngü
+daha başlar ve #3 hücresinin değerini artırır. Ama, Bir problem vardır: iç
+döngünün sonunda #2'inci hücrenin değeri 0 olacaktır. Bunu çözmek için #4
+hücresinin de değerini yükseltiyoruz, ve sonra #4 hücresinin değerini #2'ye
+kopyalıyoruz.
+```
+
+İşte brainfuck. Zor değil değil mi? Eğlenmek için kendi programınızı
+yazabilirsiniz, veya farklı bir dilde brainfuck yorumlayıcısı yazabilirsiniz.
+Yorumlayıcı oldukça basittir, ama mazoşist iseniz, brainfuck içerisinde bir
+brainfuck yorumlayıcısı yazmayı deneyebilirsiniz.
diff --git a/tr-tr/objective-c-tr.html.markdown b/tr-tr/objective-c-tr.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..854d70f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tr-tr/objective-c-tr.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+---
+language: Objective-C
+contributors:
+ - ["Eugene Yagrushkin", "www.about.me/yagrushkin"]
+ - ["Yannick Loriot", "https://github.com/YannickL"]
+filename: LearnObjectiveC-tr.m
+translators:
+ - ["Haydar KULEKCI", "http://scanf.info/"]
+lang: tr-tr
+---
+
+Objective-C Apple tarafından, OSX ve iOS işletim sistemleri ve onların
+kendi çatıları olan Cocoa ve Cocoa Touch için kullanılan bir programlama dilidir.
+Genel açamlı, object-oriented bir yapıya sahip programlama dilidir. C
+programlama diline Smalltalk stilinde mesajlaşma ekler.
+
+```cpp
+// Tek satır yorum // işaretleri ile başlar
+
+/*
+Çoklu satır yorum bu şekilde görünür.
+*/
+
+// #import ile Foundation başlıklarını projeye import edebiliriz.
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+#import "MyClass.h"
+
+// Progarmınızı girişi bir main fonksiyonudur ve bir integer değer döner.
+int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
+{
+ // Programdaki bellek kullanımını kontrol etmek için autorelease bir
+ // oluşturuyoruz. Autorelease bellekte kullanılmayan değerlerin kendi
+ // kendini silmesi demektir.
+ NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
+
+ // NSLog konsola bir satırlık bilgi yazdırmak için kullanılır.
+ NSLog(@"Hello World!"); // "Hello World!" değeri yazdırılır.
+
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+ // Tipler & Değişkenler
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+ // Basit Tanımlamalar
+ int myPrimitive1 = 1;
+ long myPrimitive2 = 234554664565;
+
+ // Nesne Tanımlamaları
+ // strongly-typed nesne tanımlaması için karakter değişken isminin önüne
+ // * karakteri konulur.
+ MyClass *myObject1 = nil; // Strong typing
+ id myObject2 = nil; // Weak typing
+ // %@ bir nesnedir.
+ // 'description' objelerin değerlerinin gösterilmesi için bir düzendir.
+ NSLog(@"%@ and %@", myObject1, [myObject2 description]);
+ // "(null) and (null)" yazdırılacaktır.
+
+ // Karakter Dizisi (String)
+ NSString *worldString = @"World";
+ NSLog(@"Hello %@!", worldString); // "Hello World!" yazdırılacaktır.
+
+ // Karakterler
+ NSNumber *theLetterZNumber = @'Z';
+ char theLetterZ = [theLetterZNumber charValue];
+ NSLog(@"%c", theLetterZ);
+
+ // Tamsayılar
+ NSNumber *fortyTwoNumber = @42;
+ int fortyTwo = [fortyTwoNumber intValue];
+ NSLog(@"%i", fortyTwo);
+
+ NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsignedNumber = @42U;
+ unsigned int fortyTwoUnsigned = [fortyTwoUnsignedNumber unsignedIntValue];
+ NSLog(@"%u", fortyTwoUnsigned);
+
+ NSNumber *fortyTwoShortNumber = [NSNumber numberWithShort:42];
+ short fortyTwoShort = [fortyTwoShortNumber shortValue];
+ NSLog(@"%hi", fortyTwoShort);
+
+ NSNumber *fortyTwoLongNumber = @42L;
+ long fortyTwoLong = [fortyTwoLongNumber longValue];
+ NSLog(@"%li", fortyTwoLong);
+
+ // Kayan Noktalı Sayılar (Floats)
+ NSNumber *piFloatNumber = @3.141592654F;
+ float piFloat = [piFloatNumber floatValue];
+ NSLog(@"%f", piFloat);
+
+ NSNumber *piDoubleNumber = @3.1415926535;
+ piDouble = [piDoubleNumber doubleValue];
+ NSLog(@"%f", piDouble);
+
+ // BOOL Değerler
+ NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES;
+ NSNumber *noNumber = @NO;
+
+ // Dizi objeleri
+ NSArray *anArray = @[@1, @2, @3, @4];
+ NSNumber *thirdNumber = anArray[2];
+ NSLog(@"Third number = %@", thirdNumber); // "Third number = 3" yazdırılır
+
+ // Dictionary objeleri
+ NSDictionary *aDictionary = @{ @"key1" : @"value1", @"key2" : @"value2" };
+ NSObject *valueObject = aDictionary[@"A Key"];
+ NSLog(@"Object = %@", valueObject); // "Object = (null)" yazıdılır
+
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+ // Operatörler
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+ // Operatörler C dilindeki gibi çalışır.
+ // Örneğin:
+ 2 + 5; // => 7
+ 4.2f + 5.1f; // => 9.3f
+ 3 == 2; // => 0 (NO)
+ 3 != 2; // => 1 (YES)
+ 1 && 1; // => 1 (Logical and)
+ 0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
+ ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation)
+ 0x0F & 0xF0; // => 0x00 (bitwise AND)
+ 0x01 << 1; // => 0x02 (bitwise left shift (by 1))
+
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+ // Kontrol Yapıları
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+ // If-Else ifadesi
+ if (NO)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I am never run");
+ } else if (0)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I am also never run");
+ } else
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I print");
+ }
+
+ // Switch ifadesi
+ switch (2)
+ {
+ case 0:
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I am never run");
+ } break;
+ case 1:
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I am also never run");
+ } break;
+ default:
+ {
+ NSLog(@"I print");
+ } break;
+ }
+
+ // While döngü ifadesi
+ int ii = 0;
+ while (ii < 4)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"%d,", ii++); // ii++, ii değişkenini kullanıldıktan
+ //sonra yerinde artırır.
+ } // => "0,"
+ // "1,"
+ // "2,"
+ // "3," yazdırılır
+
+ // For döngü ifadesi
+ int jj;
+ for (jj=0; jj < 4; jj++)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"%d,", jj++);
+ } // => "0,"
+ // "1,"
+ // "2,"
+ // "3," yazdırılır
+
+ // Foreach ifadesi
+ NSArray *values = @[@0, @1, @2, @3];
+ for (NSNumber *value in values)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"%@,", value);
+ } // => "0,"
+ // "1,"
+ // "2,"
+ // "3," yazdırılır
+
+ // Try-Catch-Finally ifadesi
+ @try
+ {
+ // İfadelerinizi buraya yazın
+ @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:@"FileNotFoundException"
+ reason:@"Sistemde Dosya Bulunamadı" userInfo:nil];
+ } @catch (NSException * e)
+ {
+ NSLog(@"Exception: %@", e);
+ } @finally
+ {
+ NSLog(@"Finally");
+ } // => "Exception: Sistemde Dosya Bulunamadı"
+ // "Finally"
+ // yazdırılacaktır
+
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+ // Objeler
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+ // Bellekten bir alan ayırmak ve objeyi burada oluşturmak bir obje örneği
+ // oluşturalım. Bir obje allocate ve init aşamalarını bitirmeden tam olarak
+ // işlevsel değildir.
+ MyClass *myObject = [[MyClass alloc] init];
+
+ // Objective-C nesne yönelimli programlama modelinin temelinde objelere
+ // mesaj gönderme vardır.
+ // Objective-C'de bir method çağırılmaz, ona bir mesaj gönderilir.
+ [myObject instanceMethodWithParameter:@"Steve Jobs"];
+
+ // Programda kullanılan bellek temizlenir
+ [pool drain];
+
+ // Program Sonu
+ return 0;
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////
+// Sınıflar ve Fonksiyonlar
+///////////////////////////////////////
+
+// Sınıfınızı (MyClass.h) header dosyasında tanımlayın:
+
+// Sınıf tanımlama yapısı:
+// @interface ClassName : ParentClassName <ImplementedProtocols>
+// {
+// Üye değişken (member variable) tanımlaması;
+// }
+// -/+ (type) Method tanımlaması;
+// @end
+@interface MyClass : NSObject <MyCustomProtocol>
+{
+ int count;
+ id data;
+ NSString *name;
+}
+// getter ve setter için otomatik oluşturulmuş gösterim.
+@property int count;
+@property (copy) NSString *name; // Copy the object during assignment.
+@property (readonly) id data; // Declare only a getter method.
+
+// Metodlar
++/- (return type)methodSignature:(Parameter Type *)parameterName;
+
+// "+" class metodları içindir
++ (NSString *)classMethod;
+
+// "-" instance metodu içindir
+- (NSString *)instanceMethodWithParmeter:(NSString *)string;
+- (NSNumber *)methodAParameterAsString:(NSString*)string andAParameterAsNumber:(NSNumber *)number;
+
+@end
+
+// Metodların implementasyonlarını (MyClass.m) dosyasında yapıyoruz:
+
+@implementation UserObject
+
+// Obje bellekten silineceği (release) zaman çağırılır
+- (void)dealloc
+{
+}
+
+// Constructor'lar sınıf oluşturmanın bir yoludur
+// Bu varsayılan bir constructor'dur ve bir obje oluşturulurken çağrılır.
+- (id)init
+{
+ if ((self = [super init]))
+ {
+ self.count = 1;
+ }
+ return self;
+}
+
++ (NSString *)classMethod
+{
+ return [[self alloc] init];
+}
+
+- (NSString *)instanceMethodWithParmeter:(NSString *)string
+{
+ return @"New string";
+}
+
+- (NSNumber *)methodAParameterAsString:(NSString*)string andAParameterAsNumber:(NSNumber *)number
+{
+ return @42;
+}
+
+// MyProtocol içerisinde metod tanımlamaları
+- (void)myProtocolMethod
+{
+ // ifadeler
+}
+
+@end
+
+/*
+ * Bir `protocol` herhangi bir sınıf tarafından implement edilen metodları tanımlar
+ * `Protocol`ler sınıfların kendileri değildir. Onlar basitçe diğer objelerin
+ * implementasyon için sorumlu oldukları bir arayüz (interface) tanımlarlar.
+ */
+@protocol MyProtocol
+ - (void)myProtocolMethod;
+@end
+
+
+
+```
+## Daha Fazla Okuma
+
+[Vikipedi Objective-C](http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C)
+
+[Objective-C Öğrenme](http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/Learning_Objective-C_A_Primer/)
+
+[Lise Öğrencileri için iOS: Başlangıç](http://www.raywenderlich.com/5600/ios-for-high-school-students-getting-started)
diff --git a/tr-tr/php-tr.html.markdown b/tr-tr/php-tr.html.markdown
index c5576fd7..3db437cf 100644
--- a/tr-tr/php-tr.html.markdown
+++ b/tr-tr/php-tr.html.markdown
@@ -146,6 +146,11 @@ echo $associative['One']; // 1 yazdıracaktır.
$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
echo $array[0]; // => "One"
+// Dizinin sonuna bir eleman ekleme
+$array[] = 'Four';
+
+// Diziden eleman silme
+unset($array[3]);
/********************************
* Çıktı
@@ -692,7 +697,7 @@ $cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass();
Referans ve topluluk yazıları için [official PHP documentation](http://www.php.net/manual/) adresini ziyaret edin.
-Gncel en yi örnekler için [PHP Usulüne Uygun](http://kulekci.net/php-the-right-way/) adresini ziyaret edin.
+Güncel en yi örnekler için [PHP Usulüne Uygun](http://kulekci.net/php-the-right-way/) adresini ziyaret edin.
Eğer bir paket yöneticisi olan dil kullandıysanız, [Composer](http://getcomposer.org/)'a bir göz atın.