diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | csharp.html.markdown | 24 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | css.html.markdown | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | de-de/bash-de.html.markdown | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | de-de/git-de.html.markdown | 14 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | de-de/go-de.html.markdown | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | de-de/hack-de.html.markdown | 322 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | de-de/make-de.html.markdown | 260 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | es-es/javascript-es.html.markdown | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | fa-ir/css-fa.html.markdown | 307 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | git.html.markdown | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | it-it/git-it.html.markdown | 498 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | kotlin.html.markdown | 321 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ms-my/bash-my.html.markdown | 284 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ms-my/sass-my.html.markdown | 232 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ms-my/xml-my.html.markdown | 130 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | nl-nl/coffeescript-nl.html.markdown | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | nl-nl/json-nl.html.markdown | 71 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | nl-nl/typescript-nl.html.markdown | 174 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | pt-br/java-pt.html.markdown | 44 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | pt-br/paren-pt.html.markdown | 196 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | ro-ro/coffeescript-ro.html.markdown | 102 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | zh-cn/swift-cn.html.markdown | 43 |
22 files changed, 2979 insertions, 67 deletions
diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown index 7d7f4340..197f43e7 100644 --- a/csharp.html.markdown +++ b/csharp.html.markdown @@ -24,10 +24,12 @@ Multi-line comments look like this /// This is an XML documentation comment which can be used to generate external /// documentation or provide context help within an IDE /// </summary> -//public void MethodOrClassOrOtherWithParsableHelp() {} +/// <param name="firstParam">This is some parameter documentation for firstParam</param> +/// <returns>Information on the returned value of a function</returns> +//public void MethodOrClassOrOtherWithParsableHelp(string firstParam) {} // Specify the namespaces this source code will be using -// The namespaces below are all part of the standard .NET Framework Class Libary +// The namespaces below are all part of the standard .NET Framework Class Library using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Dynamic; @@ -421,7 +423,7 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; // Item is an int Console.WriteLine(item.ToString()); } - + // YIELD // Usage of the "yield" keyword indicates that the method it appears in is an Iterator // (this means you can use it in a foreach loop) @@ -437,7 +439,7 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; foreach (var counter in YieldCounter()) Console.WriteLine(counter); } - + // you can use more than one "yield return" in a method public static IEnumerable<int> ManyYieldCounter() { @@ -446,7 +448,7 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; yield return 2; yield return 3; } - + // you can also use "yield break" to stop the Iterator // this method would only return half of the values from 0 to limit. public static IEnumerable<int> YieldCounterWithBreak(int limit = 10) @@ -482,7 +484,7 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; // ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value (coalesce) // in case variable is null int notNullable = nullable ?? 0; // 0 - + // ?. is an operator for null-propagation - a shorthand way of checking for null nullable?.Print(); // Use the Print() extension method if nullable isn't null @@ -913,17 +915,17 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; public DbSet<Bicycle> Bikes { get; set; } } - + // Classes can be split across multiple .cs files // A1.cs - public partial class A + public partial class A { public static void A1() { Console.WriteLine("Method A1 in class A"); } } - + // A2.cs public partial class A { @@ -932,9 +934,9 @@ on a new line! ""Wow!"", the masses cried"; Console.WriteLine("Method A2 in class A"); } } - + // Program using the partial class "A" - public class Program + public class Program { static void Main() { diff --git a/css.html.markdown b/css.html.markdown index 8ee4f4b9..4ec95f8b 100644 --- a/css.html.markdown +++ b/css.html.markdown @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ contributors: - ["Connor Shea", "https://github.com/connorshea"] - ["Deepanshu Utkarsh", "https://github.com/duci9y"] - ["Tyler Mumford", "https://tylermumford.com"] + filename: learncss.css --- @@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ Save a CSS stylesheet with the extension `.css`. ## Precedence or Cascade -An element may be targeted by multiple selectors and may have a property set on it in more than once. In these cases, one of the rules takes precedence over others. Rules with a more specific selector take precedence over a less specific one, and a rule occuring later in the stylesheet overwrites a previous one. +An element may be targeted by multiple selectors and may have a property set on it in more than once. In these cases, one of the rules takes precedence over others. Rules with a more specific selector take precedence over a less specific one, and a rule occuring later in the stylesheet overwrites a previous one (which also means that if two different linked stylesheets contain rules for an element and if the rules are of the same specificity, then order of linking would take precedence and the sheet linked latest would govern styling) . This process is called cascading, hence the name Cascading Style Sheets. diff --git a/de-de/bash-de.html.markdown b/de-de/bash-de.html.markdown index 541d28bb..654fcdd4 100644 --- a/de-de/bash-de.html.markdown +++ b/de-de/bash-de.html.markdown @@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ echo "immer ausgeführt" || echo "Nur ausgeführt wenn der erste Befehl fehlschl echo "immer ausgeführt" && echo "Nur ausgeführt wenn der erste Befehl Erfolg hat" # Um && und || mit if statements zu verwenden, braucht man mehrfache Paare eckiger Klammern: -if [ $NAME == "Steve" ] && [ $Alter -eq 15 ] +if [ "$NAME" == "Steve" ] && [ "$Alter" -eq 15 ] then echo "Wird ausgeführt wenn $NAME gleich 'Steve' UND $Alter gleich 15." fi -if [ $Name == "Daniya" ] || [ $Name == "Zach" ] +if [ "$Name" == "Daniya" ] || [ "$Name" == "Zach" ] then echo "Wird ausgeführt wenn $NAME gleich 'Daniya' ODER $NAME gleich 'Zach'." fi diff --git a/de-de/git-de.html.markdown b/de-de/git-de.html.markdown index dea329d5..61f7bb67 100644 --- a/de-de/git-de.html.markdown +++ b/de-de/git-de.html.markdown @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ Eine Versionsverwaltung erfasst die Änderungen einer Datei oder eines Verzeichn * Ist offline einsetzbar. * Einfache Kollaboration! * Branching ist einfach! +* Branching ist schnell! * Merging ist einfach! * Git ist schnell. * Git ist flexibel. @@ -53,11 +54,11 @@ Das .git-Verzeichnis enthält alle Einstellung, Logs, Branches, den HEAD und meh ### Arbeitsverzeichnis (Teil des Repositorys) -Dies sind die Verzeichnisse und Dateien in deinem Repository. +Dies sind die Verzeichnisse und Dateien in deinem Repository, also z.B. dein Programmcode. ### Index (Teil des .git-Verzeichnisses) -Der Index ist die die Staging-Area von Git. Es ist im Grunde eine Ebene, die Arbeitsverzeichnis vom Repository trennt. Sie gibt Entwicklern mehr Einfluss darüber, was ins Git-Repository eingeht. +Der Index ist die Staging-Area von Git. Es ist im Grunde eine Ebene, die Arbeitsverzeichnis vom Repository trennt. Sie gibt Entwicklern mehr Einfluss darüber, was ins Git-Repository eingeht. ### Commit @@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ Ein *head* ist ein Pointer, der auf einen beliebigen Commit zeigt. Ein Reposito ### init -Erstelle ein leeres Git-Repository. Die Einstellungen, gespeicherte Informationen und mehr zu diesem Git-Repository werden in einem Verzeichnis namens *.git* angelegt. +Erstelle ein leeres Git-Repository im aktuellen Verzeichnis. Die Einstellungen, gespeicherte Informationen und mehr zu diesem Git-Repository werden in einem Verzeichnis namens *.git* angelegt. ```bash $ git init @@ -180,6 +181,8 @@ Bringt alle Dateien im Arbeitsverzeichnis auf den Stand des Index oder des angeg ```bash # Ein Repo auschecken - wenn nicht anders angegeben ist das der master $ git checkout +# Eine Datei auschecken - sie befindet sich dann auf dem aktuellen Stand im Repository +$ git checkout /path/to/file # Einen bestimmten Branch auschecken $ git checkout branchName # Erstelle einen neuen Branch und wechsle zu ihm. Wie: "git branch <name>; git checkout <name>" @@ -217,6 +220,9 @@ $ git diff --cached # Unterschiede zwischen deinem Arbeitsverzeichnis und dem aktuellsten Commit anzeigen $ git diff HEAD + +# Unterschiede zwischen dem Index und dem aktuellsten Commit (betrifft nur Dateien im Index) +$ git diff --staged ``` ### grep @@ -374,3 +380,5 @@ $ git rm /pather/to/the/file/HelloWorld.c * [SalesForce Cheat Sheet](https://na1.salesforce.com/help/doc/en/salesforce_git_developer_cheatsheet.pdf) * [GitGuys](http://www.gitguys.com/) + +* [gitflow - Ein Modell um mit Branches zu arbeiten](http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/) diff --git a/de-de/go-de.html.markdown b/de-de/go-de.html.markdown index 94f48e65..dca88f01 100644 --- a/de-de/go-de.html.markdown +++ b/de-de/go-de.html.markdown @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ filename: learngo-de.go contributors: - ["Joseph Adams", "https://github.com/jcla1"] - ["Dennis Keller", "https://github.com/denniskeller"] +translators: - ["Jerome Meinke", "https://github.com/jmeinke"] lang: de-de --- diff --git a/de-de/hack-de.html.markdown b/de-de/hack-de.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..42428130 --- /dev/null +++ b/de-de/hack-de.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ +--- +language: Hack +lang: de-de +contributors: + - ["Stephen Holdaway", "https://github.com/stecman"] + - ["David Lima", "https://github.com/davelima"] +translators: + - ["Jerome Meinke", "https://github.com/jmeinke"] +filename: learnhack-de.hh +--- + +Hack ist eine von Facebook neu entwickelte Programmiersprache auf Basis von PHP. +Sie wird von der HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM) ausgeführt. Die HHVM kann +aufgrund der Ähnlichkeit der Programmiersprachen nicht nur Hack, sondern auch +PHP-Code ausführen. Der wesentliche Unterschied zu PHP besteht in der statischen +Typisierung der Sprache, die eine wesentlich höhere Performance erlaubt. + + +Hier werden nur Hack-spezifische Eigenschaften beschrieben. Details über PHP's +Syntax findet man im [PHP Artikel](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/php/) dieser +Seite. + +```php +<?hh + +// Hack-Syntax ist nur für Dateien aktiv, die mit dem <?hh Prefix starten. +// Der <?hh Prefix kann nicht wie <?php mit HTML gemischt werden. +// Benutzung von "<?hh //strict" aktiviert den Strikt-Modus des Type-Checkers. + + +// Typisierung für Funktions-Argumente +function repeat(string $word, int $count) +{ + $word = trim($word); + return str_repeat($word . ' ', $count); +} + +// Typisierung für Rückgabewerte +function add(...$numbers) : int +{ + return array_sum($numbers); +} + +// Funktionen ohne Rückgabewert, werden mit "void" typisiert +function truncate(resource $handle) : void +{ + // ... +} + +// Typisierung unterstützt die explizit optionale Ein- / Ausgabe von "null" +function identity(?string $stringOrNull) : ?string +{ + return $stringOrNull; +} + +// Typisierung von Klassen-Eigenschaften +class TypeHintedProperties +{ + public ?string $name; + + protected int $id; + + private float $score = 100.0; + + // Hack erfordert es, dass typisierte Eigenschaften (also "non-null") + // einen Default-Wert haben oder im Konstruktor initialisiert werden. + public function __construct(int $id) + { + $this->id = $id; + } +} + + +// Kurzgefasste anonyme Funktionen (lambdas) +$multiplier = 5; +array_map($y ==> $y * $multiplier, [1, 2, 3]); + + +// Weitere, spezielle Felder (Generics) +// Diese kann man sich als ein zugreifbares Interface vorstellen +class Box<T> +{ + protected T $data; + + public function __construct(T $data) { + $this->data = $data; + } + + public function getData(): T { + return $this->data; + } +} + +function openBox(Box<int> $box) : int +{ + return $box->getData(); +} + + +// Formen +// +// Hack fügt das Konzept von Formen hinzu, wie struct-ähnliche arrays +// mit einer typ-geprüften Menge von Schlüsseln +type Point2D = shape('x' => int, 'y' => int); + +function distance(Point2D $a, Point2D $b) : float +{ + return sqrt(pow($b['x'] - $a['x'], 2) + pow($b['y'] - $a['y'], 2)); +} + +distance( + shape('x' => -1, 'y' => 5), + shape('x' => 2, 'y' => 50) +); + + +// Typen-Definition bzw. Aliasing +// +// Hack erlaubt es Typen zu definieren und sorgt somit für bessere Lesbarkeit +newtype VectorArray = array<int, Vector<int>>; + +// Ein Tupel mit zwei Integern +newtype Point = (int, int); + +function addPoints(Point $p1, Point $p2) : Point +{ + return tuple($p1[0] + $p2[0], $p1[1] + $p2[1]); +} + +addPoints( + tuple(1, 2), + tuple(5, 6) +); + + +// Erstklassige Aufzählungen (enums) +enum RoadType : int +{ + Road = 0; + Street = 1; + Avenue = 2; + Boulevard = 3; +} + +function getRoadType() : RoadType +{ + return RoadType::Avenue; +} + + +// Automatische Erstellung von Klassen-Eigenschaften durch Konstruktor-Argumente +// +// Wiederkehrende Definitionen von Klassen-Eigenschaften können durch die Hack- +// Syntax vermieden werden. Hack erlaubt es die Klassen-Eigenschaften über +// Argumente des Konstruktors zu definieren. +class ArgumentPromotion +{ + public function __construct(public string $name, + protected int $age, + private bool $isAwesome) {} +} + +class WithoutArgumentPromotion +{ + public string $name; + + protected int $age; + + private bool $isAwesome; + + public function __construct(string $name, int $age, bool $isAwesome) + { + $this->name = $name; + $this->age = $age; + $this->isAwesome = $isAwesome; + } +} + + +// Kooperatives Multitasking +// +// Die Schlüsselworte "async" and "await" führen Multitasking ein. +// Achtung, hier werden keine Threads benutzt, sondern nur Aktivität getauscht. +async function cooperativePrint(int $start, int $end) : Awaitable<void> +{ + for ($i = $start; $i <= $end; $i++) { + echo "$i "; + + // Geben anderen Tasks die Möglichkeit aktiv zu werden + await RescheduleWaitHandle::create(RescheduleWaitHandle::QUEUE_DEFAULT, 0); + } +} + +// Die Ausgabe von folgendem Code ist "1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9" +AwaitAllWaitHandle::fromArray([ + cooperativePrint(1, 3), + cooperativePrint(4, 6), + cooperativePrint(7, 9) +])->getWaitHandle()->join(); + + +// Attribute +// +// Attribute repräsentieren eine Form von Metadaten für Funktionen. +// Hack bietet Spezial-Attribute, die nützliche Eigenschaften mit sich bringen. + +// Das __Memoize Attribut erlaubt es die Ausgabe einer Funktion zu cachen. +<<__Memoize>> +function doExpensiveTask() : ?string +{ + return file_get_contents('http://example.com'); +} + +// Der Funktionsrumpf wird im Folgenden nur ein einziges mal ausgeführt: +doExpensiveTask(); +doExpensiveTask(); + + +// Das __ConsistentConstruct Attribut signalisiert dem type-checker, dass +// die Funktionsdeklaration von __construct für alle Unterklassen dieselbe ist. +<<__ConsistentConstruct>> +class ConsistentFoo +{ + public function __construct(int $x, float $y) + { + // ... + } + + public function someMethod() + { + // ... + } +} + +class ConsistentBar extends ConsistentFoo +{ + public function __construct(int $x, float $y) + { + // Der Type-checker erzwingt den Aufruf des Eltern-Klassen-Konstruktors + parent::__construct($x, $y); + + // ... + } + + // Das __Override Attribut ist ein optionales Signal an den Type-Checker, + // das erzwingt, dass die annotierte Methode die Methode der Eltern-Klasse + // oder des Traits verändert. + <<__Override>> + public function someMethod() + { + // ... + } +} + +class InvalidFooSubclass extends ConsistentFoo +{ + // Wenn der Konstruktor der Eltern-Klasse nicht übernommen wird, + // wird der Type-Checker einen Fehler ausgeben: + // + // "This object is of type ConsistentBaz. It is incompatible with this object + // of type ConsistentFoo because some of their methods are incompatible" + // + public function __construct(float $x) + { + // ... + } + + // Auch bei der Benutzung des __Override Attributs für eine nicht veränderte + // Methode wird vom Type-Checker eine Fehler ausgegeben: + // + // "InvalidFooSubclass::otherMethod() is marked as override; no non-private + // parent definition found or overridden parent is defined in non-<?hh code" + // + <<__Override>> + public function otherMethod() + { + // ... + } +} + +// Ein Trait ist ein Begriff aus der objektorientierten Programmierung und +// beschreibt eine wiederverwendbare Sammlung von Methoden und Attributen, +// ähnlich einer Klasse. + +// Anders als in PHP können Traits auch als Schnittstellen (Interfaces) +// implementiert werden und selbst Schnittstellen implementieren. +interface KittenInterface +{ + public function play() : void; +} + +trait CatTrait implements KittenInterface +{ + public function play() : void + { + // ... + } +} + +class Samuel +{ + use CatTrait; +} + + +$cat = new Samuel(); +$cat instanceof KittenInterface === true; // True + +``` + +## Weitere Informationen + +Die Hack [Programmiersprachen-Referenz](http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/de/hacklangref.php) +erklärt die neuen Eigenschaften der Sprache detailliert auf Englisch. Für +allgemeine Informationen kann man auch die offizielle Webseite [hacklang.org](http://hacklang.org/) +besuchen. + +Die offizielle Webseite [hhvm.com](http://hhvm.com/) bietet Infos zum Download +und zur Installation der HHVM. + +Hack's [nicht-untersützte PHP Syntax-Elemente](http://docs.hhvm.com/manual/en/hack.unsupported.php) +werden im offiziellen Handbuch beschrieben. diff --git a/de-de/make-de.html.markdown b/de-de/make-de.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..22c14a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/de-de/make-de.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +---
+language: make
+contributors:
+ - ["Robert Steed", "https://github.com/robochat"]
+translators:
+ - ["Martin Schimandl", "https://github.com/Git-Jiro"]
+filename: Makefile-de
+lang: de-de
+---
+
+Eine Makefile definiert einen Graphen von Regeln um ein Ziel (oder Ziele)
+zu erzeugen. Es dient dazu die geringste Menge an Arbeit zu verrichten um
+ein Ziel in einklang mit dem Quellcode zu bringen. Make wurde berühmterweise
+von Stuart Feldman 1976 übers Wochenende geschrieben. Make ist noch immer
+sehr verbreitet (vorallem im Unix umfeld) obwohl es bereits sehr viel
+Konkurrenz und Kritik zu Make gibt.
+
+Es gibt eine vielzahl an Varianten von Make, dieser Artikel beschäftig sich
+mit der Version GNU Make. Diese Version ist standard auf Linux.
+
+```make
+
+# Kommentare können so geschrieben werden.
+
+# Dateien sollten Makefile heißen, denn dann können sie als `make <ziel>`
+# aufgerufen werden. Ansonsten muss `make -f "dateiname" <ziel>` verwendet
+# werden.
+
+# Warnung - Es sollten nur TABULATOREN zur Einrückung im Makefile verwendet
+# werden. Niemals Leerzeichen!
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Grundlagen
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Eine Regel - Diese Regel wird nur abgearbeitet wenn die Datei file0.txt
+# nicht existiert.
+file0.txt:
+ echo "foo" > file0.txt
+ # Selbst Kommentare in der 'Rezept' Sektion werden an die Shell
+ # weitergegeben. Versuche `make file0.txt` oder einfach `make`
+ # die erste Regel ist die Standard-Regel.
+
+
+# Diese Regel wird nur abgearbeitet wenn file0.txt aktueller als file1.txt ist.
+file1.txt: file0.txt
+ cat file0.txt > file1.txt
+ # Verwende die selben Quoting-Regeln wie die Shell
+ @cat file0.txt >> file1.txt
+ # @ unterdrückt die Ausgabe des Befehls an stdout.
+ -@echo 'hello'
+ # - bedeutet das Make die Abarbeitung fortsetzt auch wenn Fehler passieren.
+ # Versuche `make file1.txt` auf der Kommandozeile.
+
+# Eine Regel kann mehrere Ziele und mehrere Voraussetzungen haben.
+file2.txt file3.txt: file0.txt file1.txt
+ touch file2.txt
+ touch file3.txt
+
+# Make wird sich beschweren wenn es mehrere Rezepte für die gleiche Regel gibt.
+# Leere Rezepte zählen nicht und können dazu verwendet werden weitere
+# Voraussetzungen hinzuzufügen.
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Phony-Ziele
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Ein Phony-Ziel ist ein Ziel das keine Datei ist.
+# Es wird nie aktuell sein, daher wird Make immer versuchen es abzuarbeiten
+all: maker process
+
+# Es ist erlaubt Dinge ausserhalb der Reihenfolge zu deklarieren.
+maker:
+ touch ex0.txt ex1.txt
+
+# Um das Fehlschlagen von Phony-Regeln zu vermeiden wenn eine echte Datei den
+# selben namen wie ein Phony-Ziel hat:
+.PHONY: all maker process
+# Das ist ein spezielles Ziel. Es gibt noch ein paar mehr davon.
+
+# Eine Regel mit einem Phony-Ziel als Voraussetzung wird immer abgearbeitet
+ex0.txt ex1.txt: maker
+
+# Häufige Phony-Ziele sind: all make clean install ...
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Automatische Variablen & Wildcards
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+process: file*.txt # Eine Wildcard um Dateinamen zu Vergleichen
+ @echo $^ # $^ ist eine Variable die eine Liste aller
+ # Voraussetzungen enthält.
+ @echo $@ # Namen des Ziels ausgeben.
+ #(Bei mehreren Ziel-Regeln enthält $@ den Verursacher der Abarbeitung
+ #der Regel.)
+ @echo $< # Die erste Voraussetzung aus der Liste
+ @echo $? # Nur die Voraussetzungen die nicht aktuell sind.
+ @echo $+ # Alle Voraussetzungen inklusive Duplikate (nicht wie Üblich)
+ #@echo $| # Alle 'order only' Voraussetzungen
+
+# Selbst wenn wir die Voraussetzungen der Regel aufteilen, $^ wird sie finden.
+process: ex1.txt file0.txt
+# ex1.txt wird gefunden werden, aber file0.txt wird dedupliziert.
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Muster
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Mit Mustern kann man make beibringen wie Dateien in andere Dateien
+# umgewandelt werden.
+
+%.png: %.svg
+ inkscape --export-png $^
+
+# Muster-Vergleichs-Regeln werden nur abgearbeitet wenn make entscheidet das Ziel zu
+# erzeugen
+
+# Verzeichnis-Pfade werden normalerweise bei Muster-Vergleichs-Regeln ignoriert.
+# Aber make wird versuchen die am besten passende Regel zu verwenden.
+small/%.png: %.svg
+ inkscape --export-png --export-dpi 30 $^
+
+# Make wird die letzte Version einer Muster-Vergleichs-Regel verwenden die es
+# findet.
+%.png: %.svg
+ @echo this rule is chosen
+
+# Allerdings wird make die erste Muster-Vergleicher-Regel verwenden die das
+# Ziel erzeugen kann.
+%.png: %.ps
+ @echo this rule is not chosen if *.svg and *.ps are both present
+
+# Make hat bereits ein paar eingebaute Muster-Vergleichs-Regelen. Zum Beispiel
+# weiß Make wie man aus *.c Dateien *.o Dateien erzeugt.
+
+# Ältere Versionen von Make verwenden möglicherweise Suffix-Regeln anstatt
+# Muster-Vergleichs-Regeln.
+.png.ps:
+ @echo this rule is similar to a pattern rule.
+
+# Aktivieren der Suffix-Regel
+.SUFFIXES: .png
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Variablen
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# auch Makros genannt.
+
+# Variablen sind im Grunde genommen Zeichenketten-Typen.
+
+name = Ted
+name2="Sarah"
+
+echo:
+ @echo $(name)
+ @echo ${name2}
+ @echo $name # Das funktioniert nicht, wird als $(n)ame behandelt.
+ @echo $(name3) # Unbekannte Variablen werden als leere Zeichenketten behandelt.
+
+# Es git 4 Stellen um Variablen zu setzen.
+# In Reihenfolge der Priorität von höchster zu niedrigster:
+# 1: Befehls-Zeilen Argumente
+# 2: Makefile
+# 3: Shell Umbebungs-Variablen - Make importiert diese automatisch.
+# 3: MAke hat einige vordefinierte Variablen.
+
+name4 ?= Jean
+# Setze die Variable nur wenn es eine gleichnamige Umgebungs-Variable noch
+# nicht gibt.
+
+override name5 = David
+# Verhindert das Kommando-Zeilen Argumente diese Variable ändern können.
+
+name4 +=grey
+# Werte an eine Variable anhängen (inkludiert Leerzeichen).
+
+# Muster-Spezifische Variablen Werte (GNU Erweiterung).
+echo: name2 = Sara # Wahr innerhalb der passenden Regel und auch innerhalb
+ # rekursiver Voraussetzungen (ausser wenn es den Graphen zerstören
+ # kann wenn es zu kompilizert wird!)
+
+# Ein paar Variablen die von Make automatisch definiert werden.
+echo_inbuilt:
+ echo $(CC)
+ echo ${CXX)}
+ echo $(FC)
+ echo ${CFLAGS)}
+ echo $(CPPFLAGS)
+ echo ${CXXFLAGS}
+ echo $(LDFLAGS)
+ echo ${LDLIBS}
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Variablen 2
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Der erste Typ von Variablen wird bei jeder verwendung ausgewertet.
+# Das kann aufwendig sein, daher exisitert ein zweiter Typ von Variablen.
+# Diese werden nur einmal ausgewertet. (Das ist eine GNU make Erweiterung)
+
+var := hello
+var2 ::= $(var) hello
+#:= und ::= sind äquivalent.
+
+# Diese Variablen werden prozedural ausgwertet (in der Reihenfolge in der sie
+# auftauchen), die stehen daher im wiederspruch zum Rest der Sprache!
+
+# Das funktioniert nicht
+var3 ::= $(var4) and good luck
+var4 ::= good night
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Funktionen
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Make verfügt über eine vielzahl von Funktionen.
+
+sourcefiles = $(wildcard *.c */*.c)
+objectfiles = $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(sourcefiles))
+
+# Das Format ist $(func arg0,arg1,arg2...)
+
+# Ein paar Beispiele
+ls: * src/*
+ @echo $(filter %.txt, $^)
+ @echo $(notdir $^)
+ @echo $(join $(dir $^),$(notdir $^))
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Direktiven
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Inkludiere andere Makefile, sehr praktisch für platformspezifischen Code
+include foo.mk
+
+sport = tennis
+# Konditionale kompiliereung
+report:
+ifeq ($(sport),tennis)
+ @echo 'game, set, match'
+else
+ @echo "They think it's all over; it is now"
+endif
+
+# Es gibt auch ifneq, ifdef, ifndef
+
+foo = true
+
+ifdef $(foo)
+bar = 'hello'
+endif
+```
+
+
+### Mehr Resourcen
+
++ [gnu make documentation](https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/)
++ [software carpentry tutorial](http://swcarpentry.github.io/make-novice/)
++ learn C the hard way [ex2](http://c.learncodethehardway.org/book/ex2.html) [ex28](http://c.learncodethehardway.org/book/ex28.html)
+
diff --git a/es-es/javascript-es.html.markdown b/es-es/javascript-es.html.markdown index 9ef0c63e..34428f42 100644 --- a/es-es/javascript-es.html.markdown +++ b/es-es/javascript-es.html.markdown @@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ Aunque JavaScript no sólo se limita a los navegadores web: Node.js, Un proyecto [adam@brenecki.id.au](mailto:adam@brenecki.id.au). ```js -// Los comentarios son como en C. Los comentarios de una sola línea comienzan con //, +// Los comentarios en JavaScript son los mismos como comentarios en C. + +//Los comentarios de una sola línea comienzan con //, /* y los comentarios multilínea comienzan y terminan con */ diff --git a/fa-ir/css-fa.html.markdown b/fa-ir/css-fa.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4e222eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/fa-ir/css-fa.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ +--- +language: css +contributors: + - ["Mohammad Valipour", "https://github.com/mvalipour"] + - ["Marco Scannadinari", "https://github.com/marcoms"] + - ["Geoffrey Liu", "https://github.com/g-liu"] + - ["Connor Shea", "https://github.com/connorshea"] + - ["Deepanshu Utkarsh", "https://github.com/duci9y"] + - ["Tyler Mumford", "https://tylermumford.com"] +translators: + - ["Arashk", "https://github.com/Arashk-A"] +lang: fa-ir +filename: learncss-fa.css +--- + +<p dir='rtl'>در روزهای آغازین وب هیچگونه عنصر بصری مشاهده نمیشد و محتوا به صورت متن خالی بود. </p> +<p dir='rtl'>اما با توسعه بیشتر مرورگرها صفحات وب کاملاً تصویری نیز رایج شد</p> +<p dir='rtl'>CSS زبان استانداردی که موجودیت آن برای حفظ جدایی بین محتوا (HTML) و نگاه و احساس از</p> +<p dir='rtl'>صفحات وب است.</p> + +<p dir='rtl'>به طور خلاصه, کاری که CSS انجام میدهد ارائه نحوه ایست که شما را قادر به هدف قرار دادن</p> +<p dir='rtl'>عناصر مختلف در یک صفحه HTML کرده و امکان اختصاص خواص متفاوت بصری به آنها را میدهد.</p> + + +<p dir='rtl'>مانند هر زبانی, CSS نسخه های زیادی دارد که در اینجا توجه ما روی CSS2.0 است. با وجودی که این نسخه جدیدترین نسخه نمیباشد اما بیشترین پشتیبانی و سازگاری را در میان نسخه های مختلف را دارد</p> + +<p dir='rtl'><strong>توجه: </strong> برای مشاهده برخی از نتایج جلوه های تصویری CSS به منظور یادگیری بیشتر شما باید چیزهای گوناگونی در محیطی مثل [dabblet](http://dabblet.com/) امتحان کنید. توجه اصلی این مقاله روی دستورات و برخی از نکات عمومی است.</p> + + +<p dir='rtl'>در CSS همه توضیحات داخل ستاره-بروم نوشته میشوند زیرا CSS دستوری برای توضیحات تک خطی مثل C ندارد</p> + +```CSS +/* comments appear inside slash-asterisk, just like this line! + there are no "one-line comments"; this is the only comment style */ +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>به طور کلی دستورات CSS بسیار ساده هستند که در آن یک انتخابگر (selector) عنصری را در روی صفحه هدف قرار میدهد.</p> + +```CSS +selector { property: value; /* more properties...*/ } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>با استفاده از ستاره می توان برای همه عناصر روی صفحه استایل تعریف کرد</p> + + +```CSS +* { color:red; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>فرض کنید عنصری مثل این بر روی صفحه قرار دارد</p> + +```html +<div class='some-class class2' id='someId' attr='value' otherAttr='en-us foo bar' /> +``` +<p dir='rtl'>شما میتوانید با استفاده از نام کلاس آنرا انتخاب کنید</p> + + +```CSS +.some-class { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با استفاده از نام دو کلاس</p> + +```CSS +.some-class.class2 { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با استفاده از نام id</p> + +```CSS +#someId { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با استفاده از نام خود عنصر</p> + +```CSS +div { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با استفاده از `attr`</p> + +```CSS +[attr] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با استفاده از ارزشی که برای `attr` مشخص شده</p> + +```CSS +[attr='value'] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>با استفاده از ارزشی که برای `attr` مشخص شده و آن ارزش با `val` شروع میشود در CSS3</p> + +```CSS +[attr^='val'] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>با استفاده از ارزشی که برای `attr` مشخص شده و آن ارزش با `ue` به پایان میرسد در CSS3</p> + +```CSS +[attr$='ue'] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا با انتخاب بوسیله یکی از ارزشهایی که در لیست `otherAttr` بوسیله فاصله از هم جدا شده اند در CSS3</p> + +```CSS +[attr$='ue'] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا ارزش(`value`) دقیقاً خود ارزش(`value`) یا بوسیله `-` که یونیکد (U+002D) از حرف بعدی جدا شود</p> + +```CSS +[otherAttr|='en'] { font-size:smaller; } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>و مهمتر از همه اینکه میتوان آنها را ترکیب کرد. نکته مهمی که در اینجا باید مد نظر داشته باشید این است که هنگام ترکیب نباید هیچگونه فاصله ای بین آنها قرار گیرد زیرا در این حالت معنای دستور تغییر میکند</p> + +```CSS +div.some-class[attr$='ue'] { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>CSS این امکان را به شما میدهد که یک عنصر را بوسیله والدین آن انتخاب کنید</p> +<p dir='rtl'>برای مثال دستور زیر همه عناصری را که نام کلاس آنها <span dir="ltr">`.class-name`</span> و دارای پدر و مادری با این مشخصه <span dir="ltr">`div.some-parent`</span> هستند را انتخاب میکند.</p> + +```CSS +div.some-parent > .class-name {} +``` + + +<p dir='rtl'>یا دستور زیر که همه عناصری را که نام کلاس آنها <span dir="ltr">`.class-name`</span> و داخل عنصری با مشخصه <span dir="ltr">`div.some-parent`</span> هستند را در هر عمقی که باشند (یعنی فرزندی از فرزندان <span dir="ltr">`div.some-parent`</span><span dir="ltr"> باشند) انتخاب میکند.</p> + +```CSS +div.some-parent .class-name {} +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>نکته ای که در اینجا باید به آن توجه کنید این است که این رستور با فاصله ای بین نام دو کلاس همراه است و با مثال زیر که در بالا هم ذکر شد تفاوت دارد.</p> + +```CSS +div.some-parent.class-name {} +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>دستور زیر همه عناصری را که نام کلاس آنها <span dir="ltr">`.this-element`</span> و بلافاصله بعد از عنصری با مشخصه <span dir="ltr">`.i-am-before`</span> قرار دارد را انتخاب میکند.</p> + +```CSS +.i-am-before + .this-element { } +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>هر خواهر یا برادری که بعد از <span dir="ltr">`.i-am-before`</span> بیاید در اینجا لازم نیست بلافاصله بعد از هم قرار بگیرند ولی باید دارای پدر و مادری یکسان باشند.</p> + +```CSS +.i-am-any-before ~ .this-element {} +``` +<p dir='rtl'>در زیر چند نمونه از شبه کلاسها را معرفی میکنیم که به شما اجازه میدهد عناصر را بر اساس رفتار آنها در صفحه انتخاب کنید.</p> +<p dir='rtl'>برای مثال زمانی که اشاره گر ماوس روی عنصری بر روی صفحه قرار دارد.</p> + +```CSS +selector:hover {} +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا زمانی از یک لینک بازید کردید.</p> + +```CSS +selected:visited {} +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا زمانی از لینکی بازید نشده است.</p> + +```CSS +selected:link {} +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا زمانی که روی یک عنصر ورودی متمرکز شده.</p> + +```CSS +selected:focus {} +``` + +<h3 dir='rtl'>واحدها</h3> + +```CSS +selector { + + /* واحدها اندازه */ + width: 50%; /* در اساس درصد */ + font-size: 2em; /* بر اساس اندازه font-size یعنی دو برابر اندازه فونت فعلی */ + width: 200px; /* بر اساس پیکسل */ + font-size: 20pt; /* بر اساس points (نکات) */ + width: 5cm; /* بر اساس سانتیمتر */ + min-width: 50mm; /* بر اساس میلیمتر */ + max-width: 5in; /* بر اساس اینچ. max-(width|height) */ + height: 0.2vh; /* بر اساس ارتفاع دید `vh = نسبت به 1٪ از ارتفاع دید` (CSS3) */ + width: 0.4vw; /* بر اساس عرض دید `vw = نسبت به 1٪ از عرض دید` (CSS3) */ + min-height: 0.1vmin; /* بر اساس کوچکترین مقدار از ارتفاع یا عرض دید (CSS3) */ + max-width: 0.3vmax; /* مانند مثال بالا برای بیشترین مقدار (CSS3) */ + + /* رنگها */ + background-color: #F6E; /* بر اساس short hex */ + background-color: #F262E2; /* بر اساس long hex format */ + background-color: tomato; /* بر اساس نام رنگ */ + background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); /* بر اساس rgb */ + background-color: rgb(10%, 20%, 50%); /* بر اساس درصد rgb , (rgb percent) */ + background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.3); /* بر اساس rgba (نیمه شفاف) , (semi-transparent rgb) (CSS3) */ + background-color: transparent; /* شفاف */ + background-color: hsl(0, 100%, 50%); /* بر اساس hsl format (CSS3). */ + background-color: hsla(0, 100%, 50%, 0.3); /* بر اساس hsla ,مثل RGBAکه میتوان شفافیت را در آخر انتخاب کرد (CSS3) */ + + + /* عکسها */ + background-image: url(/path-to-image/image.jpg); /* گذاشتن نقل قول داخل url() اختیاری است*/ + + /* فونتها */ + font-family: Arial; + font-family: "Courier New"; /* اگر اسم فونت با فاصله همراه باشد باید داخل نقل قول یک یا دو نوشته شود */ + font-family: "Courier New", Trebuchet, Arial, sans-serif; /* اگر فونت اولی پیدا نشد مرورگر به سراغ نام بعدی میرود */ +} +``` + +<h2 dir='rtl'>نحوه استفاده</h2> + +<p dir='rtl'>هر دستور CSS را که می خواهید در فایلی با پسوند <span dir="ltr">.css</span> ذخیره کنید </p> +<p dir='rtl'>حالا با استفاده از کد زیر آنرا در قسمت `head` داخل فایل html خود تعریف کنید </p> + +```html +<link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' href='path/to/style.css' /> +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>یا میتوان با استفاده از تگ `style` درون `head` دستورات CSS را به صورت درون برنامه ای تعریف کرد اما توسیه میشود تا جای ممکن از این کار اجتناب کنید. </p> + +```html +<style> + a { color: purple; } +</style> +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>همچنین شما میتوانید دستورات CSS را به عنوان یک مشخصه برای عنصر تعریف کنید ولی تا جای ممکن باید از این کار اجتناب کنید.</p> + +```html +<div style="border: 1px solid red;"> +</div> +``` + +<h2 dir='rtl'>حق تقدم یا اولویت</h2> + +<p dir='rtl'>همانگونه که مشاهده کردید یک مشخصه می تواند به وسیله چندین انتخابگر انتخاب گردد.</p> +<p dir='rtl'>و همچنین یک ویژگی میتواند چندین بار برای یک عنصر تعریف شود.</p> +<p dir='rtl'>در این صورت یک دستور میتواند بر دستورات دیگر حق تقدم یا اولویت پیدا کند.</p> + +<p dir='rtl'>به مثال زیر توجه کنید:</p> + +```CSS +/*A*/ +p.class1[attr='value'] + +/*B*/ +p.class1 {} + +/*C*/ +p.class2 {} + +/*D*/ +p {} + +/*E*/ +p { property: value !important; } + +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>و همچنین به کد زیر:</p> + +```html +<p style='/*F*/ property:value;' class='class1 class2' attr='value'> +</p> + +``` + +<p dir='rtl'>حق تقدم یا اولویت برای مثال بالا به این صورت است:</p> +<p dir='rtl'>توجه داشته باشید که حق تقدم برای هر کدام از ویژگیها است نه برای کل مجموعه.</p> + +<p dir='rtl'>E دارای بیشترین الویت برای اینکه از <span dir="ltr">`!important`</span> استفاده کرده.</p> +<p dir='rtl'>اما توصیه میشود تا جای ممکن از این کار اجتناب کنید مگر اینکه اینکار ضرورت داشته باشد</p> +<p dir='rtl'>اولویت بعدی با F است زیرا که از روش درون برنامه ای استفاده کرده </p> +<p dir='rtl'>اولویت بعدی با A است زیرا که بیشتر از بقیه مشخص تر تعریف شپه </p> +<p dir='rtl'>مشخص تر = مشخص کننده بیشتر. دارای ۳ مشخص کننده: ۱ تگ <span dir="ltr">`p`</span> + ۱ کلاس با نام <span dir="ltr">`class1`</span> + ۱ خاصیت <span dir="ltr">`attr="value"`</span></p> +<p dir='rtl'>اولویت بعدی با C است که مشخصه یکسانی با B دارد ولی بعد از آن تعریف شده است.</p> +<p dir='rtl'>اولویت بعدی با B</p> +<p dir='rtl'>و در آخر D</p> + +<h2 dir='rtl'>سازگاری</h2> + +<p dir='rtl'>بسیار از ویژگیهای CSS2 (و به تدریج CSS3) بر روی تمام مرورگرها و دستگاه ها سازگارند.اما همیشه حیاتی است که سازگاری CSS مورد استفاده خود را با مرورگر هدف چک کنید.</p> + +<p dir='rtl'> یک منبع خوب برای این کار است</p> +[QuirksMode CSS](http://www.quirksmode.org/css/) + +<p dir='rtl'>برای یک تست سازگاری سریع, منبع زیر میتواند کمک بزرگی برای این کار باشد.</p> +[CanIUse](http://caniuse.com/) + +<h2 dir='rtl'> منابع دیگر </h2> + + +[Understanding Style Precedence in CSS: Specificity, Inheritance, and the Cascade](http://www.vanseodesign.com/css/css-specificity-inheritance-cascaade/) + +[QuirksMode CSS](http://www.quirksmode.org/css/) + +[Z-Index - The stacking context](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/CSS/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context) + + diff --git a/git.html.markdown b/git.html.markdown index 35f24b2d..282abbd2 100644 --- a/git.html.markdown +++ b/git.html.markdown @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ Version control is a system that records changes to a file(s), over time. * Can work offline. * Collaborating with others is easy! * Branching is easy! +* Branching is fast! * Merging is easy! * Git is fast. * Git is flexible. diff --git a/it-it/git-it.html.markdown b/it-it/git-it.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..521538a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/it-it/git-it.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +--- +category: tool +tool: git +contributors: + - ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"] + - ["Leo Rudberg" , "http://github.com/LOZORD"] + - ["Betsy Lorton" , "http://github.com/schbetsy"] + - ["Bruno Volcov", "http://github.com/volcov"] +translators: + - ["Christian Grasso", "http://chris54721.net"] +filename: LearnGit-it.txt +lang: it-it +--- + +Git è un sistema di +[controllo versione distribuito](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllo_versione_distribuito) +e di gestione del codice sorgente. + +Git esegue una serie di _snapshot_ per salvare lo stato di un progetto, così +facendo può fornirti la possibilità di gestire il tuo codice e di salvarne lo +stato assegnando delle versioni. + +## Basi del controllo versione + +### Cos'è il controllo versione? + +Il controllo versione (_Version Control_ o _Versioning_) è un sistema che +registra le modifiche apportate a uno o più file nel tempo. + +### Controllo versione centralizzato e distribuito + +* Il controllo versione centralizzato si concentra sulla sincronizzazione, il + monitoraggio e il backup dei file. +* Il controllo versione distribuito si concentra sulla condivisione delle + modifiche. Ogni modifica ha un identificatore univoco. +* I sistemi distribuiti non hanno una struttura definita. Si potrebbe creare + ad esempio un sistema centralizzato simile a SVN utilizzando Git. + +[Ulteriori informazioni](http://git-scm.com/book/it/v1/Per-Iniziare-Il-Controllo-di-Versione) + +### Perchè usare Git? + +* Consente di lavorare offline. +* Collaborare con altre persone è semplice! +* Utilizzare i branch (rami di sviluppo) è semplice! +* Git è veloce. +* Git è flessibile. + +## Architettura di Git + +### Repository + +Un insieme di file, cartelle, registrazioni della cronologia e versioni. +Immaginalo come una struttura dati del codice, con la caratteristica che ogni +"elemento" del codice ti fornisce accesso alla sua cronologia delle revisioni, +insieme ad altre cose. + +Un repository comprende la cartella .git e il working tree. + +### Cartella .git (componente del repository) + +La cartella .git contiene tutte le configurazioni, i log, i rami e altro. +[Lista dettagliata](http://gitready.com/advanced/2009/03/23/whats-inside-your-git-directory.html) + +### Working Tree (componente del repository) + +Si tratta semplicemente delle cartelle e dei file presenti nel repository. +Spesso viene indicato come "directory di lavoro" ("working directory"). + +### Index (componente della cartella .git) + +L'Index è l'area di staging di Git. Si tratta di un livello che separa il +working tree dal repository. Ciò fornisce agli sviluppatori più controllo su +cosa viene inviato al repository. + +### Commit + +Un commit è uno snapshot di una serie di modifiche apportate al working tree. +Ad esempio, se hai aggiunto 5 file e ne hai rimossi 2, ciò sarà registrato in +un commit. Il commit può essere pushato (inviato) o meno ad altri repository. + +### Branch (ramo) + +Un branch (ramo) è essenzialmente un puntatore all'ultimo commit che hai +effettuato. Effettuando altri commit, il puntatore verrà automaticamente +aggiornato per puntare all'ultimo commit. + +### Tag + +Un tag è un contrassegno applicato a un punto specifico nella cronologia dei +commit. Di solito i tag vengono utilizzati per contrassegnare le versioni +rilasciate (v1.0, v1.1, etc.). + +### HEAD e head (componenti della cartella .git) + +HEAD (in maiuscolo) è un puntatore che punta al branch corrente. Un repository +può avere solo 1 puntatore HEAD *attivo*. + +head (in minuscolo) è un puntatore che può puntare a qualsiasi commit. Un +repository può avere un numero qualsiasi di puntatori head. + +### Stadi di Git +* _Modified_ - Un file è stato modificato, ma non è ancora stato effettuato + un commit per registrare le modifiche nel database di Git +* _Staged_ - Un file modificato è stato contrassegnato per essere incluso nel + prossimo commit +* _Committed_ - È stato effettuato un commit e le modifiche sono state + registrate nel database di Git + +## Comandi + +### init + +Crea un repository Git vuoto. Le impostazioni e le informazioni del repository +sono salvate nella cartella ".git". + +```bash +$ git init +``` + +### config + +Utilizzato per configurare le impostazioni, sia specifiche del repository, sia +a livello globale. Le impostazioni globali sono salvate in `~/.gitconfig`. + +```bash +$ git config --global user.email "email@example.com" +$ git config --global user.name "Nome utente" +``` + +[Ulteriori informazioni su git config](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config) + +### help + +Fornisce una documentazione molto dettagliata di ogni comando. + +```bash +# Mostra i comandi più comuni +$ git help + +# Mostra tutti i comandi disponibili +$ git help -a + +# Documentazione di un comando specifico +# git help <nome_comando> +$ git help add +$ git help commit +$ git help init +# oppure git <nome_comando> --help +$ git add --help +$ git commit --help +$ git init --help +``` + +### Ignorare file + +Per impedire intenzionalmente che file privati o temporanei vengano inviati +al repository Git. + +```bash +$ echo "temp/" >> .gitignore +$ echo "privato.txt" >> .gitignore +``` + + +### status + +Mostra le differenza tra lo stato attuale del working tree e l'attuale commit +HEAD. + +```bash +$ git status +``` + +### add + +Aggiunge file alla staging area, ovvero li contrassegna per essere inclusi nel +prossimo commit. Ricorda di aggiungere i nuovi file, altrimenti non saranno +inclusi nei commit! + +```bash +# Aggiunge un file nella directory attuale +$ git add HelloWorld.java + +# Aggiunge un file in una sottocartella +$ git add /path/to/file/HelloWorld.c + +# Il comando supporta le espressioni regolari +$ git add ./*.java + +# Aggiunge tutti i file non ancora contrassegnati +$ git add --all +``` + +Questo comando contrassegna soltanto i file, senza effettuare un commit. + +### branch + +Utilizzato per gestire i branch (rami). Puoi visualizzare, modificare, creare o +eliminare branch utilizzando questo comando. + +```bash +# Visualizza i branch e i remote +$ git branch -a + +# Crea un nuovo branch +$ git branch nuovoBranch + +# Elimina un branch +$ git branch -d nomeBranch + +# Rinomina un branch +$ git branch -m nomeBranch nuovoNomeBranch + +# Permette di modificare la descrizione di un branch +$ git branch nomeBranch --edit-description +``` + +### tag + +Utilizzato per gestire i tag. + +```bash +# Visualizza i tag esistenti +$ git tag +# Crea un nuovo tag +# L'opzione -m consente di specificare una descrizione per il tag. +# Se l'opzione -m non viene aggiunta, Git aprirà un editor per consentire +# l'inserimento del messaggio. +$ git tag -a v2.0 -m 'Versione 2.0' +# Mostra informazioni relative a un tag +# Include informazioni sul creatore del tag, la data di creazione, e il +# messaggio assegnato al tag oltre alle informazioni sul commit. +$ git show v2.0 +``` + +### checkout + +Consente di cambiare branch o ripristinare i file a una revisione specifica. +Tutti i file nel working tree vengono aggiornati per corrispondere alla versione +presente nel branch o nel commit specificato. + +```bash +# Effettua il checkout di un repository - il branch predefinito è 'master' +$ git checkout +# Effettua il checkout di un branch specifico +$ git checkout nomeBranch +# Crea un nuovo branch e ne effettua il checkout +# Equivalente a "git branch <nomeBranch>; git checkout <nomeBranch>" +$ git checkout -b nuovoBranch +``` + +### clone + +Clona, o copia, un repository esistente in una nuova directory. Inoltre, +aggiunge dei branch _remote-tracking_, utilizzati per monitorare i branch +remoti corrispondenti a quelli locali, e consentendo così di inviare le +modifiche al repository remoto. + +```bash +# Clona learnxinyminutes-docs +$ git clone https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git +# Clona solo l'ultima revisione di un repository +$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git +# Clona solo un branch specifico +$ git clone -b master-cn https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git --single-branch +``` + +### commit + +Effettua uno _snapshot_ dello stato attuale del working tree e registra le +modifiche in un nuovo commit. Il commit contiene, oltre alle modifiche apportate, +anche l'autore e una descrizione. + +```bash +# Crea un nuovo commit con un messaggio +$ git commit -m "Aggiunta la funzione multiplyNumbers() in HelloWorld.c" + +# Aggiunge (git add) automaticamente i file modificati o eliminati (ESCLUSI +# i nuovi file) e quindi effettua il commit +$ git commit -a -m "Modificato foo.php e rimosso bar.php" + +# Modifica l'ultimo commit (il comando elimina il commit precedente e lo +# sostituisce con uno nuovo) +$ git commit --amend -m "Messaggio corretto" +``` + +### diff + +Mostra la differenza tra un file nel working tree e la sua versione nell'index, +in un branch o ad un commit specifico. + +```bash +# Mostra la differenza tra il working tree e l'index +$ git diff + +# Mostra la differenza tra l'index e il commit più recente +$ git diff --cached + +# Mostra la differenza tra il working tree e un commit specifico +$ git diff <commit> + +# Mostra la differenza tra due commit +$ git diff <commit1> <commit2> +``` + +### grep + +Consente di effettuare una ricerca veloce nel repository. + +```bash +# Cerca "variableName" nei file Java +$ git grep 'variableName' -- '*.java' + +# Cerca una riga contenente "arrayListName" E "add" oppure "remove" +$ git grep -e 'arrayListName' --and \( -e add -e remove \) +``` + +Impostazioni relative a `git grep`: + +```bash +# Mostra il numero delle righe +$ git config --global grep.lineNumber true + +# Rende i risultati più leggibili +$ git config --global alias.g "grep --break --heading --line-number" +``` + +### log + +Mostra la cronologia dei commit inviati al repository. + +```bash +# Mostra tutti i commit +$ git log + +# Mostra ogni commit su una sola riga +$ git log --oneline + +# Mostra solo i commit legati ai merge +$ git log --merges +``` + +### merge + +Effettua un "merge", ovvero unisce le modifiche di un branch in quello attuale. + +```bash +# Unisce il branch specificato a quello attuale +$ git merge nomeBranch + +# Genera un commit in ogni caso dopo aver eseguito il merge +$ git merge --no-ff nomeBranch +``` + +### mv + +Rinomina o sposta un file. + +```bash +# Rinomina un file +$ git mv HelloWorld.c HelloNewWorld.c + +# Sposta un file +$ git mv HelloWorld.c ./new/path/HelloWorld.c + +# Forza l'esecuzione del comando +# Se un file "nuovoNomeFile" esiste già nella directory, verrà sovrascritto +$ git mv -f nomeFile nuovoNomeFile +``` + +### pull + +Aggiorna il repository effettuando il merge delle nuove modifiche. + +```bash +# Aggiorna il branch attuale dal remote "origin" +$ git pull + +# Di default, git pull aggiorna il branch attuale effettuando il merge +# delle nuove modifiche presenti nel branch remote-tracking corrispondente +$ git pull + +# Aggiorna le modifiche dal branch remoto, quindi effettua il rebase dei commit +# nel branch locale +# Equivalente a: "git pull <remote> <branch>; git rebase <branch>" +$ git pull origin master --rebase +``` + +### push + +Invia ed effettua il merge delle modifiche da un branch locale ad uno remoto. + +```bash +# Invia ed effettua il merge delle modifiche dal branch "master" +# al remote "origin". +# git push <remote> <branch> +$ git push origin master + +# Di default, git push invia ed effettua il merge delle modifiche +# dal branch attuale al branch remote-tracking corrispondente +$ git push + +# Per collegare il branch attuale ad uno remoto, basta aggiungere l'opzione -u +$ git push -u origin master +``` + +### stash + +Salva lo stato attuale del working tree in una lista di modifiche non ancora +inviate al repository con un commit che possono essere applicate nuovamente +in seguito. + +Questo comando può essere utile se, ad esempio, mentre stai effettuando delle +modifiche non ancora completate, hai bisogno di aggiornare il repository locale +con `git pull`. Poichè non hai ancora effettuato il commit di tutte le modifiche, +non sarà possibile effettuare il pull. Tuttavia, puoi utilizzare `git stash` per +salvare temporaneamente le modifiche e applicarle in seguito. + +```bash +$ git stash +``` + +Ora puoi effettuare il pull: + +```bash +$ git pull +``` + +A questo punto, come già suggerito dall'output del comando `git stash`, puoi +applicare le modifiche: + +```bash +$ git stash apply +``` + +Infine puoi controllare che tutto sia andato bene: + +```bash +$ git status +``` + +Puoi visualizzare gli accantonamenti che hai effettuato finora utilizzando: + +```bash +$ git stash list +``` + +### rebase (attenzione) + +Applica le modifiche effettuate su un branch su un altro branch. +*Non effettuare il rebase di commit che hai già inviato a un repository pubblico!* + +```bash +# Effettua il rebase di experimentBranch in master +$ git rebase master experimentBranch +``` + +[Ulteriori informazioni](https://git-scm.com/book/it/v1/Diramazioni-in-Git-Rifondazione) + +### reset (attenzione) + +Effettua il reset del commit HEAD attuale ad uno stato specifico. +Questo comando consente di annullare `merge`, `pull`, `commit`, `add` e altro. +Tuttavia, può essere pericoloso se non si sa cosa si sta facendo. + +```bash +# Effettua il reset della staging area (annullando le aggiunte e le rimozioni +# di file dal repository, senza modificare il working tree) +$ git reset + +# Effettua il reset completo della staging area, ovvero annulla qualsiasi +# modifica al repository eliminando definitivamente anche tutte le modifiche +# ai file non inviate e ripristinando il working tree +$ git reset --hard + +# Effettua il reset del branch attuale al commit specificato (lasciando il +# working tree intatto) +$ git reset 31f2bb1 + +# Effettua il reset completo del branch attuale al commit specificato, +# eliminando qualsiasi modifica non inviata +$ git reset --hard 31f2bb1 +``` + +### rm + +Consente di rimuovere un file dal working tree e dal repository. +Per eliminare un file solo dal working tree ma non dal repository, è invece +necessario utilizzare `/bin/rm`. + +```bash +# Elimina un file nella directory attuale +$ git rm HelloWorld.c + +# Elimina un file da una sottocartella +$ git rm /pather/to/the/file/HelloWorld.c +``` diff --git a/kotlin.html.markdown b/kotlin.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ae0123a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/kotlin.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,321 @@ +--- +language: kotlin +contributors: + - ["S Webber", "https://github.com/s-webber"] +filename: LearnKotlin.kt +--- + +Kotlin is a Statically typed programming language for the JVM, Android and the +browser. It is 100% interoperable with Java. +[Read more here.](https://kotlinlang.org/) + +```kotlin +// Single-line comments start with // +/* +Multi-line comments look like this. +*/ + +// The "package" keyword works in the same way as in Java. +package com.learnxinyminutes.kotlin + +/* +The entry point to a Kotlin program is a function named "main". +The function is passed an array containing any command line arguments. +*/ +fun main(args: Array<String>) { + /* + Declaring values is done using either "var" or "val". + "val" declarations cannot be reassigned, whereas "vars" can. + */ + val fooVal = 10 // we cannot later reassign fooVal to something else + var fooVar = 10 + fooVar = 20 // fooVar can be reassigned + + /* + In most cases, Kotlin can determine what the type of a variable is, + so we don't have to explicitly specify it every time. + We can explicitly declare the type of a variable like so: + */ + val foo : Int = 7 + + /* + Strings can be represented in a similar way as in Java. + Escaping is done with a backslash. + */ + val fooString = "My String Is Here!"; + val barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!"; + val bazString = "Do you want to add a tab?\tNo Problem!"; + println(fooString); + println(barString); + println(bazString); + + /* + A raw string is delimited by a triple quote ("""). + Raw strings can contain newlines and any other characters. + */ + val fooRawString = """ +fun helloWorld(val name : String) { + println("Hello, world!") +} +""" + println(fooRawString) + + /* + Strings can contain template expressions. + A template expression starts with a dollar sign ($). + */ + val fooTemplateString = "$fooString has ${fooString.length} characters" + println(fooTemplateString) + + /* + For a variable to hold null it must be explicitly specified as nullable. + A variable can be specified as nullable by appending a ? to its type. + We can access a nullable variable by using the ?. operator. + We can use the ?: operator to specify an alternative value to use + if a variable is null + */ + var fooNullable: String? = "abc" + println(fooNullable?.length) // => 3 + println(fooNullable?.length ?: -1) // => 3 + fooNullable = null + println(fooNullable?.length) // => null + println(fooNullable?.length ?: -1) // => -1 + + /* + Functions can be declared using the "fun" keyword. + Function arguments are specified in brackets after the function name. + Function arguments can optionally have a default value. + The function return type, if required, is specified after the arguments. + */ + fun hello(name: String = "world") : String { + return "Hello, $name!" + } + println(hello("foo")) // => Hello, foo! + println(hello(name = "bar")) // => Hello, bar! + println(hello()) // => Hello, world! + + /* + A function parameter may be marked with the "vararg" keyword + to allow a variable number of arguments to be passed to the function. + */ + fun varargExample(vararg names: Int) { + println("Argument has ${names.size} elements") + } + varargExample() // => Argument has 0 elements + varargExample(1) // => Argument has 1 elements + varargExample(1, 2, 3) // => Argument has 3 elements + + /* + When a function consists of a single expression then the curly brackets can + be omitted. The body is specified after a = symbol. + */ + fun odd(x: Int): Boolean = x % 2 == 1 + println(odd(6)) // => false + println(odd(7)) // => true + + // If the return type can be inferred then we don't need to specify it. + fun even(x: Int) = x % 2 == 0 + println(even(6)) // => true + println(even(7)) // => false + + // Functions can take functions as arguments and return functions. + fun not(f: (Int) -> Boolean) : (Int) -> Boolean { + return {n -> !f.invoke(n)} + } + // Named functions can be specified as arguments using the :: operator. + val notOdd = not(::odd) + val notEven = not(::even) + // Anonymous functions can be specified as arguments. + val notZero = not {n -> n == 0} + /* + If an anonymous function has only one parameter + then its declaration can be omitted (along with the ->). + The name of the single parameter will be "it". + */ + val notPositive = not {it > 0} + for (i in (0..4)) { + println("${notOdd(i)} ${notEven(i)} ${notZero(i)} ${notPositive(i)}") + } + + //The "class" keyword is used to declare classes. + class ExampleClass(val x: Int) { + fun memberFunction(y: Int) : Int { + return x + y + } + + infix fun infixMemberFunction(y: Int) : Int { + return x * y + } + } + /* + To create a new instance we call the constructor. + Note that Kotlin does not have a "new" keyword. + */ + val fooExampleClass = ExampleClass(7) + // Member functions can be called using dot notation. + println(fooExampleClass.memberFunction(4)) // => 11 + /* + If a function has been marked with the "infix" keyword then it can be + called using infix notation. + */ + println(fooExampleClass infixMemberFunction 4) // => 28 + + /* + Data classes are a concise way to create classes that just hold data. + The "hashCode"/"equals" and "toString" methods are automatically generated. + */ + data class DataClassExample (val x: Int, val y: Int, val z: Int) + val fooData = DataClassExample(1, 2, 4) + println(fooData) // => DataClassExample(x=1, y=2, z=4) + + // Data classes have a "copy" function. + val fooCopy = fooData.copy(y = 100) + println(fooCopy) // => DataClassExample(x=1, y=100, z=4) + + // Objects can be destructured into multiple variables. + val (a, b, c) = fooCopy + println("$a $b $c") // => 1 100 4 + + // The "with" function is similar to the JavaScript "with" statement. + data class MutableDataClassExample (var x: Int, var y: Int, var z: Int) + val fooMutableDate = MutableDataClassExample(7, 4, 9) + with (fooMutableDate) { + x -= 2 + y += 2 + z-- + } + println(fooMutableDate) // => MutableDataClassExample(x=5, y=6, z=8) + + /* + We can create a list using the "listOf" function. + The list will be immutable - elements cannot be added or removed. + */ + val fooList = listOf("a", "b", "c") + println(fooList.size) // => 3 + println(fooList.first()) // => a + println(fooList.last()) // => c + // elements can be accessed by index + println(fooList[1]) // => b + + // A mutable list can be created using the "mutableListOf" function. + val fooMutableList = mutableListOf("a", "b", "c") + fooMutableList.add("d") + println(fooMutableList.last()) // => d + println(fooMutableList.size) // => 4 + + // We can create a set using the "setOf" function. + val fooSet = setOf("a", "b", "c") + println(fooSet.contains("a")) // => true + println(fooSet.contains("z")) // => false + + // We can create a map using the "mapOf" function. + val fooMap = mapOf("a" to 8, "b" to 7, "c" to 9) + // Map values can be accessed by their key. + println(fooMap["a"]) // => 8 + + // Kotlin provides higher-order functions for working with collections. + val x = (1..9).map {it * 3} + .filter {it < 20} + .groupBy {it % 2 == 0} + .mapKeys {if (it.key) "even" else "odd"} + println(x) // => {odd=[3, 9, 15], even=[6, 12, 18]} + + // A "for" loop can be used with anything that provides an iterator. + for (c in "hello") { + println(c) + } + + // "while" loops work in the same way as other languages. + var ctr = 0 + while (ctr < 5) { + println(ctr) + ctr++ + } + do { + println(ctr) + ctr++ + } while (ctr < 10) + + // "when" can be used as an alternative to "if-else if" chains. + val i = 10 + when { + i < 7 -> println("first block") + fooString.startsWith("hello") -> println("second block") + else -> println("else block") + } + + // "when" can be used with an argument. + when (i) { + 0, 21 -> println("0 or 21") + in 1..20 -> println("in the range 1 to 20") + else -> println("none of the above") + } + + // "when" can be used as a function that returns a value. + var result = when (i) { + 0, 21 -> "0 or 21" + in 1..20 -> "in the range 1 to 20" + else -> "none of the above" + } + println(result) + + /* + We can check if an object is a particular type by using the "is" operator. + If an object passes a type check then it can be used as that type without + explicitly casting it. + */ + fun smartCastExample(x: Any) : Boolean { + if (x is Boolean) { + // x is automatically cast to Boolean + return x + } else if (x is Int) { + // x is automatically cast to Int + return x > 0 + } else if (x is String) { + // x is automatically cast to String + return x.isNotEmpty() + } else { + return false + } + } + println(smartCastExample("Hello, world!")) // => true + println(smartCastExample("")) // => false + println(smartCastExample(5)) // => true + println(smartCastExample(0)) // => false + println(smartCastExample(true)) // => true + + /* + Extensions are a way to add new functionality to a class. + This is similar to C# extension methods. + */ + fun String.remove(c: Char): String { + return this.filter {it != c} + } + println("Hello, world!".remove('l')) // => Heo, word! + + println(EnumExample.A) // => A + println(ObjectExample.hello()) // => hello +} + +// Enum classes are similar to Java enum types. +enum class EnumExample { + A, B, C +} + +/* +The "object" keyword can be used to create singleton objects. +We cannot assign it to a variable, but we can refer to it by its name. +This is similar to Scala singleton objects. +*/ +object ObjectExample { + fun hello() : String { + return "hello" + } +} + +``` + +### Further Reading + +A web-based mini-IDE for Kotlin: +[http://try.kotlinlang.org/) diff --git a/ms-my/bash-my.html.markdown b/ms-my/bash-my.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e4e55b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/ms-my/bash-my.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +--- +category: tool +tool: bash +contributors: + - ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"] + - ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"] + - ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"] + - ["Denis Arh", "https://github.com/darh"] + - ["akirahirose", "https://twitter.com/akirahirose"] + - ["Anton Strömkvist", "http://lutic.org/"] + - ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"] + - ["Gregrory Kielian", "https://github.com/gskielian"] + - ["Etan Reisner", "https://github.com/deryni"] +filename: LearnBash-ms.sh +translators: + - ["hack1m", "https://github.com/hack1m"] +lang: ms-my +--- + +Bash adalah nama daripada unix shell, yang mana telah diagihkan sebagai shell untuk sistem operasi GNU dan sebagai shell lalai pada Linux dan Mac OS X. Hampir semua contoh di bawah boleh menjadi sebahagian daripada skrip shell atau dijalankan terus dalam shell. + +[Baca lebih lanjut di sini.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html) + +```bash +#!/bin/bash +# Baris pertama daripada skrip ialah shebang yang mana memberitahu sistem bagaimana untuk melaksana +# skrip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix) +# Seperti yang anda sudah gambarkan, komen bermula dengan #. Shebang juga ialah komen. + +# Contoh mudah hello world: +echo Hello world! + +# Setiap arahan bermula pada baris baru, atau selepas semikolon: +echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line' + +# Mengisytihar pembolehubah kelihatan seperti ini: +Variable="Some string" + +# Tetapi bukan seperti ini: +Variable = "Some string" +# Bash akan memutuskan yang pembolehubah adalah arahan ia mesti laksanakan dan memberi ralat +# kerana ia tidak boleh dijumpai. + +# Atau seperti ini: +Variable= 'Some string' +# Bash akan memutuskan yang ‘Beberapa rentetan’ adalah arahan ia mesti laksanakan dan memberi +# ralat kerana ia tidak dijumpai. (Dalam kes ini ‘Variable=' sebahagian dilihat +# sebagai penetapan pembolehubah sah hanya untuk skop ‘Beberapa rentetan’ +# arahan.) + +# Menggunakan pembolehubah: +echo $Variable +echo "$Variable" +echo '$Variable' +# Apabila anda guna pembolehubah itu sendiri - menetapkan, mengeksport, atau lain-lain - anda menulis +# nama ia tanpa $. Atau anda ingin menggunakan nilai pembolehubah, anda mesti guna $. +# Perlu diingatkan ‘(Petikan tunggal) tidak akan memperluaskan pembolehubah! + +# Penggantian rentetan dalam pembolehubah +echo ${Variable/Some/A} +# Ini akan menukarkan sebutan pertama bagi "Some" dengan "A" + +# Subrentetan daripada pembolehubah +Length=7 +echo ${Variable:0:Length} +# Ini akan kembalikan hanya 7 aksara pertama pada nilai + +# Nilai lalai untuk pembolehubah +echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} +# Ini berfungsi untuk null (Foo=) dan rentetan kosong (Foo=“”); sifar (Foo=0) kembali 0. +# Perlu diingatkan ia hanya kembalikan nilai lalai dan tidak mengubah nilai pembolehubah. + +# Pembolehubah terbina: +# Terdapat beberapa pembolehubah terbina berguna, seperti +echo "Last program's return value: $?" +echo "Script's PID: $$" +echo "Number of arguments passed to script: $#" +echo "All arguments passed to script: $@" +echo "Script's arguments separated into different variables: $1 $2..." + +# Membaca nilai dari input: +echo "What's your name?" +read Name # Perlu diingatkan kita tidak perlu isytihar pembolehubah baru +echo Hello, $Name! + +# Kita ada yang biasa jika struktur: +# guna 'man test' untuk maklumat lanjut tentang bersyarat +if [ $Name -ne $USER ] +then + echo "Your name isn't your username" +else + echo "Your name is your username" +fi + +# Terdapat juga pelaksanaan bersyarat +echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fails" +echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail" + +# Untuk guna && dan || bersama kenyataan ‘if’, anda perlu beberapa pasang daripada tanda kurung siku: +if [ $Name == "Steve" ] && [ $Age -eq 15 ] +then + echo "This will run if $Name is Steve AND $Age is 15." +fi + +if [ $Name == "Daniya" ] || [ $Name == "Zach" ] +then + echo "This will run if $Name is Daniya OR Zach." +fi + +# Eskspresi ia ditandai dengan format berikut: +echo $(( 10 + 5 )) + +# Tidak seperti bahasa pengaturcaraan lain, bash adalah shell jadi ia berfungsi dalam konteks +# daripada direktori semasa. Anda boleh menyenaraikan fail dan direktori dalam direktori +# semasa dengan arahan ini: +ls + +# Arahan ini mempunyai opsyen yang mengawal perlaksanaannya: +ls -l # Senarai setiap fail dan direktori pada baris yang berbeza + +# Keputusan arahan sebelum boleh diberikan kepada arahan selepas sebagai input. +# arahan grep menapis input dengan memberi paten. Ini bagaimana kita boleh senaraikan +# fail .txt di dalam direktori semasa: +ls -l | grep "\.txt" + +# Anda boleh mengubah hala arahan input dan output (stdin, stdout, dan stderr). +# Baca dari stdin sampai ^EOF$ dan menulis ganti hello.py dengan baris +# antara “EOF": +cat > hello.py << EOF +#!/usr/bin/env python +from __future__ import print_function +import sys +print("#stdout", file=sys.stdout) +print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr) +for line in sys.stdin: + print(line, file=sys.stdout) +EOF + +# Jalankan hello.py dengan pelbagai penghantaran semula stdin, stdout, dan stderr: +python hello.py < "input.in" +python hello.py > "output.out" +python hello.py 2> "error.err" +python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1 +python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1 +# Output ralat akan menulis ganti fail jika ia wujud, +# jika anda ingin menambah sebaliknya, guna ‘>>”: +python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err" + +# Menulis ganti output.out, menambah ke error.err, dan mengira baris: +info bash 'Basic Shell Features' 'Redirections' > output.out 2>> error.err +wc -l output.out error.err + +# Jalankan arahan dan cetak fail Deskriptor (e.g. /dev/fd/123) +# lihat: man fd +echo <(echo "#helloworld") + +# Menulis ganti output.out dengan “#helloworld": +cat > output.out <(echo "#helloworld") +echo "#helloworld" > output.out +echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out +echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null + +# Membersihkan fail semantara keseluruhan (tambah ‘-i’ untuk interaktif) +rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log + +# Arahan boleh digantikan dalam arahan lain menggunakan $(): +# Arahan berikut memaparkan jumlah fail dan direktori dalam +# direktori semasa. +echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here." + +# Perkara yang sama boleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan backticks `` tetapi ia tidak boleh bersarang - cara yang terbaik +# ialah menggunakan $( ). +echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here." + +# Bash menggunakan penyataan case yang berfungsi sama seperti ‘switch’ pada Java dan C++: +case "$Variable" in + # Senarai paten untuk syarat yang ada ingin ketemui + 0) echo "There is a zero.";; + 1) echo "There is a one.";; + *) echo "It is not null.";; +esac + +# ‘for loops iterate' untuk sebanyak mana argumen yang ditetapkan: +# Kandungan dari $Variable dicetakan sebanyak tiga kali. +for Variable in {1..3} +do + echo "$Variable" +done + +# Atau tulis ia cara "traditional for loop": +for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++)) +do + echo $a +done + +# Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk bertindak ke atas fail.. +# Ini akan menjalankan arahan 'cat' pada file1 dan file2 +for Variable in file1 file2 +do + cat "$Variable" +done + +# ..atau output daripada arahan +# Ini akan 'cat' output dari ls. +for Output in $(ls) +do + cat "$Output" +done + +# while loop: +while [ true ] +do + echo "loop body here..." + break +done + +# Anda juga boleh mendefinasikan fungsi +# Definasi: +function foo () +{ + echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@" + echo "And: $1 $2..." + echo "This is a function" + return 0 +} + +# atau lebih mudah +bar () +{ + echo "Another way to declare functions!" + return 0 +} + +# Memanggil fungsi +foo "My name is" $Name + +# Terdapat banyak arahan yang berguna yang perlu anda belajar: +# cetak 10 baris terakhir dalam file.txt +tail -n 10 file.txt +# cetak 10 baris pertama dalam file.txt +head -n 10 file.txt +# menyusun baris fail.txt +sort file.txt +# laporan atau meninggalkan garisan berulang, dengan -d ia melaporkan +uniq -d file.txt +# cetak hanya kolum pertama sebelum aksara ',' +cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt +# menggantikan setiap kewujudan 'okay' dengan 'great' dalam file.txt, (serasi regex) +sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt +# cetak ke stdoout semua baris dalam file.txt yang mana sepadan beberapa regex +# contoh cetak baris yang mana bermula dengan “foo” dan berakhir dengan “bar” +grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt +# beri opsyen “-c” untuk sebaliknya mencetak jumlah baris sepadan regex +grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt +# jika anda secara literal mahu untuk mencari rentetan, +# dan bukannya regex, guna fgrep (atau grep -F) +fgrep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt + + +# Baca dokumentasi Bash shell terbina dengan 'help' terbina: +help +help help +help for +help return +help source +help . + +# Baca dokumentasi Bash manpage dengan man +apropos bash +man 1 bash +man bash + +# Baca dokumentasi info dengan info (? for help) +apropos info | grep '^info.*(' +man info +info info +info 5 info + +# Baca dokumentasi bash info: +info bash +info bash 'Bash Features' +info bash 6 +info --apropos bash +``` diff --git a/ms-my/sass-my.html.markdown b/ms-my/sass-my.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..68ce4ab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/ms-my/sass-my.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +--- +language: sass +filename: learnsass-ms.scss +contributors: + - ["Laura Kyle", "https://github.com/LauraNK"] +translators: + - ["hack1m", "https://github.com/hack1m"] +lang: ms-my +--- + +Sass ialah bahasa sambungan CSS yang menambah ciri-ciri seperti pembolehubah, bersarang, mixins dan banyak lagi. +Sass (dan prapemproses lain, seperti [Less](http://lesscss.org/)) membantu pembangun untuk menulis kod mampu diselenggara dan DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself). + +Sass mempunyai dua perbezaan pilihan sintaks untuk dipilih. SCSS, yang mana mempunyai sintaks yang sama seperti CSS tetapi dengan ditambah ciri-ciri Sass. Atau Sass (sintaks asal), yang menggunakan indentasi bukannya tanda kurung dakap dan semikolon. +Tutorial ini ditulis menggunakan SCSS. + +```scss + +//Komen baris tunggal dikeluarkan apabila Sass dikompil ke CSS. + +/*Komen multi dikekalkan. */ + + + +/*Pembolehubah +==============================*/ + + + +/* Anda boleh menyimpan nilai CSS (seperti warna) dalam pembolehubah. +Guna simbol '$' untuk membuat pembolehubah. */ + +$primary-color: #A3A4FF; +$secondary-color: #51527F; +$body-font: 'Roboto', sans-serif; + +/* Anda boleh mengguna pembolehubah diseluruh lembaran gaya anda. +Kini jika anda ingin mengubah warna, anda hanya perlu membuat perubahan sekali.*/ + +body { + background-color: $primary-color; + color: $secondary-color; + font-family: $body-font; +} + +/* Ia akan dikompil kepada: */ +body { + background-color: #A3A4FF; + color: #51527F; + font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif; +} + + +/* Ini jauh lebih mampu diselenggara daripada perlu menukar warna +setiap yang ada diseluruh lembaran gaya anda. */ + + + +/*Mixins +==============================*/ + + + +/* Jika anda jumpa yang anda menulis kod yang sama pada lebih dari satu +elemen, anda mungkin ingin menyimpan kod itu di dalam mixin. + +Guna arahan '@mixin', tambah dengan nama untuk mixin anda.*/ + +@mixin center { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + left: 0; + right: 0; +} + +/* Anda boleh guna mixin bersama '@include' dan nama mixin. */ + +div { + @include center; + background-color: $primary-color; +} + +/*Ia akan dikompil kepada: */ +div { + display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + left: 0; + right: 0; + background-color: #A3A4FF; +} + + +/* Anda boleh guna mixins untuk membuat singkatan property. */ + +@mixin size($width, $height) { + width: $width; + height: $height; +} + +/*Yang mana anda boleh seru dengan memberi argumen lebar dan tinggi. */ + +.rectangle { + @include size(100px, 60px); +} + +.square { + @include size(40px, 40px); +} + +/* Ia dikompil kepada: */ +.rectangle { + width: 100px; + height: 60px; +} + +.square { + width: 40px; + height: 40px; +} + + + + +/*Extend (Inheritance) +==============================*/ + + + +/*Extend ialah jalan untuk berkongsi sifat dengan satu pemilih dengan yang lain. */ + +.display { + @include size(5em, 5em); + border: 5px solid $secondary-color; +} + +.display-success { + @extend .display; + border-color: #22df56; +} + +/* Dikompil kepada: */ +.display, .display-success { + width: 5em; + height: 5em; + border: 5px solid #51527F; +} + +.display-success { + border-color: #22df56; +} + + + + +/*Bersarang +==============================*/ + + + +/*Sass membenarkan anda untuk sarangkan pemilih dengan pemilih */ + +ul { + list-style-type: none; + margin-top: 2em; + + li { + background-color: #FF0000; + } +} + +/* '&' akan digantikan dengan pemilih induk. */ +/* Anda juga boleh sarangkan kelas-pseudo. */ +/* Perlu diingat terlebih bersarang akan membuat kod anda kurang mampu diselenggara. +Sebagai contoh: */ + +ul { + list-style-type: none; + margin-top: 2em; + + li { + background-color: red; + + &:hover { + background-color: blue; + } + + a { + color: white; + } + } +} + +/* Dikompil kepada: */ + +ul { + list-style-type: none; + margin-top: 2em; +} + +ul li { + background-color: red; +} + +ul li:hover { + background-color: blue; +} + +ul li a { + color: white; +} + + + + +``` + + + +## SASS atau Sass? +Adakah anda tertanya-tanya sama ada Sass adalah akronim atau tidak? Anda mungkin tidak perlu, tetapi saya akan memberitahu. Nama bahasa ini adalah perkataan, "Sass", dan tidak akronim. +Kerana orang sentiasa menulis ia sebagai "Sass", pencipta bahasa bergurau memanggilnya "Syntactically Awesome StyleSheets". + +## Berlatih Sass +Jika anda ingin bermain dengan Sass di pelayar anda, lihat [SassMeister](http://sassmeister.com/). +Anda boleh guna salah satu sintaks, hanya pergi ke tetapan dan pilih sama ada Sass atau SCSS. + + +## Bacaan lanjut +* [Dokumentasi Rasmi](http://sass-lang.com/documentation/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html) +* [The Sass Way](http://thesassway.com/) menyediakan tutorial (asas-lanjutan) dan artikel. diff --git a/ms-my/xml-my.html.markdown b/ms-my/xml-my.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a9d7509b --- /dev/null +++ b/ms-my/xml-my.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,130 @@ +--- +language: xml +filename: learnxml-ms.xml +contributors: + - ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"] +translators: + - ["hack1m", "https://github.com/hack1m"] +lang: ms-my +--- + +XML adalah bahasa markup direka untuk menyimpan dan mengangkutan data. + +Tidak seperti HTML, XML tidak menyatakan bagaimana paparan atau mengformat data, hanya membawanya. + +* Sintaks XML + +```xml +<!-- Komen di XML seperti ini --> + +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<bookstore> + <book category="COOKING"> + <title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title> + <author>Giada De Laurentiis</author> + <year>2005</year> + <price>30.00</price> + </book> + <book category="CHILDREN"> + <title lang="en">Harry Potter</title> + <author>J K. Rowling</author> + <year>2005</year> + <price>29.99</price> + </book> + <book category="WEB"> + <title lang="en">Learning XML</title> + <author>Erik T. Ray</author> + <year>2003</year> + <price>39.95</price> + </book> +</bookstore> + +<!-- Di atas adalah fail XML biasa. + Ia bermula dengan perisytiharan, memaklumkan beberapa metadata (pilihan). + + XML menggunakan struktur pokok, Di atas, nod akar ialah ‘bookstore’, yang mana mempunyai tiga nod anak, semua ‘books’. Nod itu mempunyai lebih nod anak (atau anak-anak), dan seterusnya… + + Nod dibuat menggunakan tag pembuka/penutup, dan anak-anak hanya nod antara + pembuka dan penutup tag.--> + + + <!-- XML membawa dua jenis data: + 1 - Atribut -> Iaitu metadata mengenai nod. + Biasanya, penghurai XML menggunakan informasi untuk menyimpan data dengan betul. + Ia mempunyai ciri-ciri yang dipaparkan bersama format name=“value” dalam tag + pembuka. + + 2 - Elemen -> Iaitu data tulen. + Iaitu apa penghurai akan menerima daripada fail XML. + Elemen memaparkan diantara pembuka dan penutup tag. —> + + +<!-- Di bawah, elemen dengan dua atribut --> +<file type="gif" id="4293">computer.gif</file> + + +``` + +* Dokumen Format sempurna x Pengesahan + +Satu dokumen XML adalah format sempurna jika ia adalah sintaksis yang betul. +Walau bagaimanapun, ia mungkin menyuntik lebih banyak kekangan dalam dokumen itu, +menggunakan definasi dokumen, seperti DTD dan Skema XML. + +Satu dokumen XML yang mana mengikut definasi dokumen dipanggil sah, +mengenai dokumen itu. + +Dengan alat ini, anda boleh menyemak data XML di luar logik aplikasi. + +```xml + +<!-- Dibawah, anda boleh melihat versi ringkas daripada dokumen bookstore, + dengan tambahan definisi DTD. --> + +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Bookstore.dtd"> +<bookstore> + <book category="COOKING"> + <title >Everyday Italian</title> + <price>30.00</price> + </book> +</bookstore> + +<!-- DTD boleh menjadi sesuatu seperti ini: --> + +<!DOCTYPE note +[ +<!ELEMENT bookstore (book+)> +<!ELEMENT book (title,price)> +<!ATTLIST book category CDATA "Literature"> +<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> +<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)> +]> + + +<!-- DTD bermula dengan pengisytiharan. + Berikut, nod akar diisytihar, memerlukan 1 atau lebih nod anak ‘book’. + Setiap ‘book’ harus mengandungi betul-betul satu ‘title’ dan ‘price’ dan atribut + dipanggil ‘category’, bersama “Literature" sebagai nilai lalai ia. + Nod ‘title’ dan ‘price’ mengandungi aksara data terhurai.-—> + +<!-- DTD boleh diisytiharkan di dalam fail XML itu sendiri. --> + +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + +<!DOCTYPE note +[ +<!ELEMENT bookstore (book+)> +<!ELEMENT book (title,price)> +<!ATTLIST book category CDATA "Literature"> +<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> +<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)> +]> + +<bookstore> + <book category="COOKING"> + <title >Everyday Italian</title> + <price>30.00</price> + </book> +</bookstore> +``` diff --git a/nl-nl/coffeescript-nl.html.markdown b/nl-nl/coffeescript-nl.html.markdown index dc0b1e19..390e6572 100644 --- a/nl-nl/coffeescript-nl.html.markdown +++ b/nl-nl/coffeescript-nl.html.markdown @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ contributors: translators: - ["Jelle Besseling", "https://github.com/Jell-E"] - ["D.A.W. de Waal", "http://github.com/diodewaal"] + - ["Sam van Kampen", "http://tehsvk.net"] filename: coffeescript-nl.coffee lang: nl-nl --- @@ -13,10 +14,10 @@ lang: nl-nl CoffeeScript is een kleine programmeertaal die direct compileert naar JavaScript en er is geen interpretatie tijdens het uitvoeren. CoffeeScript probeert om leesbare, goed geformatteerde en goed draaiende -JavaScript code te genereren, die in elke JavaScript runtime werkt, als een +JavaScript code te genereren, die in elke JavaScript-runtime werkt, als een opvolger van JavaScript. -Op [de CoffeeScript website](http://coffeescript.org/), staat een +Op [de CoffeeScript-website](http://coffeescript.org/), staat een volledigere tutorial voor CoffeeScript. ``` coffeescript @@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ volledigere tutorial voor CoffeeScript. ### Blokken commentaar maak je zo, ze vertalen naar JavaScripts */ en /* -in de uitvoer van de CoffeeScript compiler. +in de uitvoer van de CoffeeScript-compiler. Het is belangrijk dat je ongeveer snapt hoe JavaScript werkt voordat je verder gaat. @@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ getal = -42 if tegengestelde #=> if(tegengestelde) { getal = -42; } kwadraat = (x) -> x * x #=> var kwadraat = function(x) { return x * x; } vul = (houder, vloeistof = "koffie") -> - "Nu de #{houder} met #{koffie} aan het vullen..." + "Nu de #{houder} met #{vloeistof} aan het vullen..." #=>var vul; # #vul = function(houder, vloeistof) { @@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ wedstrijd = (winnaar, lopers...) -> alert "Ik wist het!" if elvis? #=> if(typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) { alert("I knew it!"); } -# Lijst abstractie: +# Lijstabstracties: derdemachten = (wiskunde.derdemacht num for num in lijst) #=>derdemachten = (function() { # var _i, _len, _results; diff --git a/nl-nl/json-nl.html.markdown b/nl-nl/json-nl.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..906112ff --- /dev/null +++ b/nl-nl/json-nl.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +--- +language: json +filename: learnjson-nl.json +contributors: + - ["Anna Harren", "https://github.com/iirelu"] + - ["Marco Scannadinari", "https://github.com/marcoms"] + - ["himanshu", "https://github.com/himanshu81494"] +translators: + - ["Niels van Velzen", "https://nielsvanvelzen.me"] +lang: nl-nl +--- + +Gezien JSON een zeer eenvouding formaat heeft zal dit een van de simpelste +Learn X in Y Minutes ooit zijn. + +JSON heeft volgens de specificaties geen commentaar, ondanks dat hebben de +meeste parsers support voor C-stijl (`//`, `/* */`) commentaar. +Sommige parsers staan zelfs trailing komma's toe. +(Een komma na het laatste element in een array of ahter de laatste eigenshap van een object). +Het is wel beter om dit soort dingen te vermijden omdat het niet overal zal werken. + +In het voorbeeld zal alleen 100% geldige JSON gebruikt worden. + +Data types gesupport door JSON zijn: nummers, strings, booleans, arrays, objecten en null. +Gesupporte browsers zijn: Firefox(Mozilla) 3.5, Internet Explorer 8, Chrome, Opera 10, Safari 4. +De extensie voor JSON bestanden is ".json". De MIME type is "application/json" +Enkele nadelen van JSON zijn het gebrek een type definities en een manier van DTD. + +```json +{ + "sleutel": "waarde", + + "sleutels": "zijn altijd in quotes geplaatst", + "nummers": 0, + "strings": "Hallø, wereld. Alle unicode karakters zijn toegestaan, samen met \"escaping\".", + "boolean": true, + "niks": null, + + "groot nummer": 1.2e+100, + + "objecten": { + "commentaar": "In JSON gebruik je vooral objecten voor je strutuur", + + "array": [0, 1, 2, 3, "Arrays kunnen alles in zich hebben.", 5], + + "nog een object": { + "commentaar": "Objecten kunnen genest worden, erg handig." + } + }, + + "dwaasheid": [ + { + "bronnen van kalium": ["bananen"] + }, + [ + [1, 0, 0, 0], + [0, 1, 0, 0], + [0, 0, 1, "neo"], + [0, 0, 0, 1] + ] + ], + + "alternatieve stijl": { + "commentaar": "Kijk dit!" + , "De komma positie": "maakt niet uit zolang het er maar is" + , "nog meer commentaar": "wat leuk" + }, + + "dat was kort": "En nu ben je klaar, dit was alles wat je moet weten over JSON." +} +``` diff --git a/nl-nl/typescript-nl.html.markdown b/nl-nl/typescript-nl.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..dcea2a4d --- /dev/null +++ b/nl-nl/typescript-nl.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +--- +language: TypeScript +contributors: + - ["Philippe Vlérick", "https://github.com/pvlerick"] +filename: learntypescript-nl.ts +translators: + - ["Niels van Velzen", "https://nielsvanvelzen.me"] +lang: nl-nl +--- + +TypeScript is een taal gericht op het versoepelen van de ontwikkeling van +grote applicaties gemaakt in JavaScript. +TypeScript voegt veelgebruikte technieken zoals klassen, modules, interfaces, +generieken en statische typen toe aan JavaScript. +TypeScript is een superset van JavaScript: alle JavaScript code is geldige +TypeScript code waardoor de overgang van JavaScript naar TypeScript wordt versoepeld. + +Dit artikel focust zich alleen op de extra's van TypeScript tegenover [JavaScript] (../javascript-nl/). + +Om de compiler van TypeScript te kunnen proberen kun je naar de [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) gaan. +Hier kun je automatisch aangevulde code typen in TypeScript en de JavaScript variant bekijken. + +```js +// Er zijn 3 basis typen in TypeScript +var isKlaar: boolean = false; +var lijnen: number = 42; +var naam: string = "Peter"; + +// Wanneer het type onbekend is gebruik je "Any" +var nietZeker: any = 4; +nietZeker = "misschien een string"; +nietZeker = false; // Toch een boolean + +// Voor collecties zijn er "typed arrays" +var lijst: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; +// of generieke arrays +var lijst: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]; + +// Voor enumeraties: +enum Kleur {Rood, Groen, Blauw}; +var c: Kleur = Kleur.Groen; + +// Als laatst, "void" wordt gebruikt voor als een functie geen resultaat geeft +function groteVerschrikkelijkeMelding(): void { + alert("Ik ben een vervelende melding!"); +} + +// Functies zijn eersteklas ?, supporten de lambda "fat arrow" syntax en +// gebruiken gebruiken "type inference" + +// Het volgende is allemaal hetzelfde +var f1 = function(i: number): number { return i * i; } +var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; } +var f3 = (i: number): number => { return i * i; } +var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; } +// Omdat we maar 1 lijn gebruiken hoeft het return keyword niet gebruikt te worden +var f5 = (i: number) => i * i; + +// Interfaces zijn structureel, elk object wat de eigenschappen heeft +// is een gebruiker van de interface +interface Persoon { + naam: string; + // Optionele eigenschappen worden gemarkeerd met "?" + leeftijd?: number; + // En natuurlijk functies + verplaats(): void; +} + +// Object die gebruikt maakt van de "Persoon" interface +// Kan gezien worden als persoon sinds het de naam en verplaats eigenschappen bevat +var p: Persoon = { naam: "Bobby", verplaats: () => {} }; +// Object met de optionele leeftijd eigenschap +var geldigPersoon: Persoon = { naam: "Bobby", leeftijd: 42, verplaats: () => {} }; +// Ongeldig persoon vanwege de leeftijds type +var ongeldigPersoon: Persoon = { naam: "Bobby", leeftijd: true }; + +// Interfaces kunnen ook een functie ype beschrijven +interface ZoekFunc { + (bron: string, subString: string): boolean; +} +// Alleen de parameters types zijn belangrijk, namen maken niet uit. +var mySearch: ZoekFunc; +mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) { + return src.search(sub) != -1; +} + +// Classes - leden zijn standaard publiek +class Punt { + // Eigenschappen + x: number; + + // Constructor - de publieke / prive trefwoorden in deze context zullen + // eigenschappen in de klasse kunnen aanmaken zonder ze te defineren. + // In dit voorbeeld zal "y" net als "x" gedefineerd worden met minder code. + // Standaard waardes zijn ook gesupport + + constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) { + this.x = x; + } + + // Functies + dist(): number { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); } + + // Statische leden + static origin = new Punt(0, 0); +} + +var p1 = new Punt(10 ,20); +var p2 = new Punt(25); // y zal de waarde 0 krijgen + +// Overnemen +class Punt3D extends Punt { + constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) { + super(x, y); // Constructor van ouder aanroepen (Punt) + } + + // Overschrijven + dist(): number { + var d = super.dist(); + return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z); + } +} + +// Modules werken ongeveer hetzelfde als namespaces +// met "." kan je submodules defineren +module Geometrie { + export class Vierkant { + constructor(public zijLengte: number = 0) { + } + + oppervlakte() { + return Math.pow(this.zijLengte, 2); + } + } +} + +var s1 = new Geometrie.Vierkant(5); + +// Local alias for referencing a module +import G = Geometrie; + +var s2 = new G.Vierkant(10); + +// Generieken +// Classes +class Tupel<T1, T2> { + constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) { + } +} + +// Interfaces +interface Paar<T> { + item1: T; + item2: T; +} + +// En functies +var paarNaarTupel = function<T>(p: Paar<T>) { + return new Tupel(p.item1, p.item2); +}; + +var tupel = paarNaarTupel({ item1: "hallo", item2: "wereld" }); + +// Refferentie naar een definitie bestand: +/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" /> + +``` + +## Verder lezen (engels) + * [TypeScript Official website] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/) + * [TypeScript language specifications (pdf)] (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238) + * [Anders Hejlsberg - Introducing TypeScript on Channel 9] (http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript) + * [Source Code on GitHub] (https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript) + * [Definitely Typed - repository for type definitions] (http://definitelytyped.org/) diff --git a/pt-br/java-pt.html.markdown b/pt-br/java-pt.html.markdown index 3c9512aa..db087a5f 100644 --- a/pt-br/java-pt.html.markdown +++ b/pt-br/java-pt.html.markdown @@ -214,42 +214,42 @@ public class LearnJava { //Iteração feita 10 vezes, fooFor 0->9 } System.out.println("Valor do fooFor: " + fooFor); - - // O Loop For Each + + // O Loop For Each // Itera automaticamente por um array ou lista de objetos. int[] fooList = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}; //estrutura do loop for each => for(<objeto> : <array_de_objeto>) //lê-se: para cada objeto no array //nota: o tipo do objeto deve ser o mesmo do array. - + for( int bar : fooList ){ //System.out.println(bar); //Itera 9 vezes e imprime 1-9 em novas linhas } - + // Switch // Um switch funciona com os tipos de dados: byte, short, char e int // Ele também funciona com tipos enumerados (vistos em tipos Enum) // como também a classe String e algumas outras classes especiais // tipos primitivos: Character, Byte, Short e Integer - int mes = 3; - String mesString; - switch (mes){ + int mes = 3; + String mesString; + switch (mes){ case 1: - mesString = "Janeiro"; + mesString = "Janeiro"; break; case 2: - mesString = "Fevereiro"; + mesString = "Fevereiro"; break; case 3: - mesString = "Março"; + mesString = "Março"; break; default: - mesString = "Algum outro mês"; + mesString = "Algum outro mês"; break; } System.out.println("Resultado do Switch: " + mesString); - + // Condição de forma abreviada. // Você pode usar o operador '?' para atribuições rápidas ou decisões lógicas. // Lê-se "Se (declaração) é verdadeira, use <primeiro valor> @@ -287,9 +287,9 @@ public class LearnJava { // Classes e Métodos /////////////////////////////////////// - System.out.println("\n->Classes e Métodos"); + System.out.println("\n->Classes e Métodos"); - // (segue a definição da classe Bicicleta) + // (segue a definição da classe Bicicleta) // Use o new para instanciar uma classe Bicicleta caloi = new Bicicleta(); // Objeto caloi criado. @@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ class Bicicleta { // Atributos/Variáveis da classe Bicicleta. public int ritmo; // Public: Pode ser acessada em qualquer lugar. - private int velocidade; // Private: Apenas acessível a classe. + private int velocidade; // Private: Apenas acessível a classe. protected int catraca; // Protected: Acessível a classe e suas subclasses. - String nome; // default: Apenas acessível ao pacote. + String nome; // default: Apenas acessível ao pacote. // Construtores são uma forma de criação de classes // Este é o construtor padrão. @@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class Bicicleta { // Velocipede é uma subclasse de bicicleta. class Velocipede extends Bicicleta { // (Velocípedes são bicicletas com rodas dianteiras grandes - // Elas não possuem catraca.) + // Elas não possuem catraca.) public Velocipede(int ritmoInicial, int velocidadeInicial){ // Chame o construtor do pai (construtor de Bicicleta) com o comando super. @@ -626,11 +626,11 @@ Os links fornecidos aqui abaixo são apenas para ter uma compreensão do tema, u Outros tópicos para pesquisar: -* [Tutorial Java para Sun Trail / Oracle](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html) +* [Tutorial Java para Sun Trail / Oracle](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html) * [Modificadores de acesso do Java](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html) -* [Coceitos de Programação Orientada à Objetos](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html): +* [Coceitos de Programação Orientada à Objetos](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html): * [Herança](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html) * [Polimorfismo](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html) * [Abstração](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html) @@ -646,3 +646,9 @@ Outros tópicos para pesquisar: Livros: * [Use a cabeça, Java] (http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/) + +Apostila: + +* [Java e Orientação a Objetos] (http://www.caelum.com.br/apostila-java-orientacao-objetos/) + +* [Java para Desenvolvimento Web] (https://www.caelum.com.br/apostila-java-web/) diff --git a/pt-br/paren-pt.html.markdown b/pt-br/paren-pt.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..464a69d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/pt-br/paren-pt.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ +--- +language: Paren +filename: learnparen-pt.paren +contributors: + - ["KIM Taegyoon", "https://github.com/kimtg"] +translators: + - ["Claudson Martins", "https://github.com/claudsonm"] +lang: pt-br +--- + +[Paren](https://bitbucket.org/ktg/paren) é um dialeto do Lisp. É projetado para ser uma linguagem embutida. + +Alguns exemplos foram retirados de <http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/racket/>. + +```scheme +;;; Comentários +# Comentários + +;; Comentários de única linha começam com um ponto e vírgula ou cerquilha + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 1. Tipos de Dados Primitivos e Operadores +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;;; Números +123 ; inteiro +3.14 ; double +6.02e+23 ; double +(int 3.14) ; => 3 : inteiro +(double 123) ; => 123 : double + +;; O uso de funções é feito da seguinte maneira (f x y z ...) +;; onde f é uma função e x, y, z, ... são os operandos +;; Se você quiser criar uma lista literal de dados, use (quote) para impedir +;; que sejam interpretados +(quote (+ 1 2)) ; => (+ 1 2) +;; Agora, algumas operações aritméticas +(+ 1 1) ; => 2 +(- 8 1) ; => 7 +(* 10 2) ; => 20 +(^ 2 3) ; => 8 +(/ 5 2) ; => 2 +(% 5 2) ; => 1 +(/ 5.0 2) ; => 2.5 + +;;; Booleanos +true ; para verdadeiro +false ; para falso +(! true) ; => falso +(&& true false (prn "não chega aqui")) ; => falso +(|| false true (prn "não chega aqui")) ; => verdadeiro + +;;; Caracteres são inteiros. +(char-at "A" 0) ; => 65 +(chr 65) ; => "A" + +;;; Strings são arrays de caracteres de tamanho fixo. +"Olá, mundo!" +"Sebastião \"Tim\" Maia" ; Contra-barra é um caractere de escape +"Foo\tbar\r\n" ; Inclui os escapes da linguagem C: \t \r \n + +;; Strings podem ser concatenadas também! +(strcat "Olá " "mundo!") ; => "Olá mundo!" + +;; Uma string pode ser tratada como uma lista de caracteres +(char-at "Abacaxi" 0) ; => 65 + +;; A impressão é muito fácil +(pr "Isso é" "Paren. ") (prn "Prazer em conhecê-lo!") + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 2. Variáveis +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; Você pode criar ou definir uma variável usando (set) +;; o nome de uma variável pode conter qualquer caracter, exceto: ();#" +(set alguma-variavel 5) ; => 5 +alguma-variavel ; => 5 + +;; Acessar uma variável ainda não atribuída gera uma exceção +; x ; => Unknown variable: x : nil + +;; Ligações locais: Utiliza cálculo lambda! +;; 'a' e 'b' estão ligados a '1' e '2' apenas dentro de (fn ...) +((fn (a b) (+ a b)) 1 2) ; => 3 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 3. Coleções +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;;; Listas + +;; Listas são estruturas de dados semelhantes a vetores. (A classe de comportamento é O(1).) +(cons 1 (cons 2 (cons 3 (list)))) ; => (1 2 3) +;; 'list' é uma variação conveniente para construir listas +(list 1 2 3) ; => (1 2 3) +;; Um quote também pode ser usado para uma lista de valores literais +(quote (+ 1 2)) ; => (+ 1 2) + +;; Você ainda pode utilizar 'cons' para adicionar um item ao início da lista +(cons 0 (list 1 2 3)) ; => (0 1 2 3) + +;; Listas são um tipo muito básico, portanto existe *enorme* funcionalidade +;; para elas, veja alguns exemplos: +(map inc (list 1 2 3)) ; => (2 3 4) +(filter (fn (x) (== 0 (% x 2))) (list 1 2 3 4)) ; => (2 4) +(length (list 1 2 3 4)) ; => 4 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 3. Funções +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;; Use 'fn' para criar funções. +;; Uma função sempre retorna o valor de sua última expressão +(fn () "Olá Mundo") ; => (fn () Olá Mundo) : fn + +;; Use parênteses para chamar todas as funções, incluindo uma expressão lambda +((fn () "Olá Mundo")) ; => "Olá Mundo" + +;; Atribuir uma função a uma variável +(set ola-mundo (fn () "Olá Mundo")) +(ola-mundo) ; => "Olá Mundo" + +;; Você pode encurtar isso utilizando a definição de função açúcar sintático: +(defn ola-mundo2 () "Olá Mundo") + +;; Os () acima é a lista de argumentos para a função +(set ola + (fn (nome) + (strcat "Olá " nome))) +(ola "Steve") ; => "Olá Steve" + +;; ... ou equivalente, usando a definição açucarada: +(defn ola2 (nome) + (strcat "Olá " name)) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 4. Igualdade +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;; Para números utilize '==' +(== 3 3.0) ; => verdadeiro +(== 2 1) ; => falso + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 5. Controle de Fluxo +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;;; Condicionais + +(if true ; Testa a expressão + "isso é verdade" ; Então expressão + "isso é falso") ; Senão expressão +; => "isso é verdade" + +;;; Laços de Repetição + +;; O laço for é para número +;; (for SÍMBOLO INÍCIO FIM SALTO EXPRESSÃO ..) +(for i 0 10 2 (pr i "")) ; => Imprime 0 2 4 6 8 10 +(for i 0.0 10 2.5 (pr i "")) ; => Imprime 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 + +;; Laço while +((fn (i) + (while (< i 10) + (pr i) + (++ i))) 0) ; => Imprime 0123456789 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 6. Mutação +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;; Use 'set' para atribuir um novo valor a uma variável ou local +(set n 5) ; => 5 +(set n (inc n)) ; => 6 +n ; => 6 +(set a (list 1 2)) ; => (1 2) +(set (nth 0 a) 3) ; => 3 +a ; => (3 2) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; 7. Macros +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; + +;; Macros lhe permitem estender a sintaxe da linguagem. +;; Os macros no Paren são fáceis. +;; Na verdade, (defn) é um macro. +(defmacro setfn (nome ...) (set nome (fn ...))) +(defmacro defn (nome ...) (def nome (fn ...))) + +;; Vamos adicionar uma notação infixa +(defmacro infix (a op ...) (op a ...)) +(infix 1 + 2 (infix 3 * 4)) ; => 15 + +;; Macros não são higiênicos, você pode sobrescrever as variáveis já existentes! +;; Eles são transformações de códigos. +``` diff --git a/ro-ro/coffeescript-ro.html.markdown b/ro-ro/coffeescript-ro.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..695274d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/ro-ro/coffeescript-ro.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +--- +language: coffeescript +contributors: + - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"] + - ["Xavier Yao", "http://github.com/xavieryao"] +translators: + - ["Bogdan Lazar", "http://twitter.com/tricinel"] +filename: coffeescript-ro.coffee +lang: ro-ro +--- + +CoffeeScript este un limbaj de programare care este compilat in Javascript. Nu exista un interpretator la runtime-ul aplicatiei. Fiind unul din successorii Javascript, CoffeeScript incearca sa compileze Javascript usor de citit si performant. + +Mai cititi si [website-ul CoffeeScript](http://coffeescript.org/), care contine un tutorial complet Coffeescript. + +```coffeescript +# CoffeeScript este un limbaj de hipster. +# Se foloseste de trendurile multor limbaje moderne de programare. +# Comentarii sunt ca in Ruby sau Python. + +### +Comentariile in bloc sunt create cu `###`, iar acestea sunt transformate in `/*` si `*/` pentru Javascript + +Ar trebuie sa intelegeti Javascript pentru a continua cu acest ghid. +### + +# Atribuirea valorilor: +numar = 42 #=> var numar = 42; +opus = true #=> var opus = true; + +# Conditii: +numar = -42 if opus #=> if(opus) { numar = -42; } + +# Functii: +laPatrat = (x) -> x * x #=> var laPatrat = function(x) { return x * x; } + +plin = (recipient, lichid = "cafea") -> + "Umplem #{recipient} cu #{cafea}..." +#=>var plin; +# +#plin = function(recipient, lichid) { +# if (lichid == null) { +# lichid = "cafea"; +# } +# return "Umplem " + recipient + " cu " + lichid + "..."; +#}; + +# Liste: +lista = [1..5] #=> var lista = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + +# Obiecte: +matematica = + radacina: Math.sqrt + laPatrat: laPatrat + cub: (x) -> x * square x +#=> var matematica = { +# "radacina": Math.sqrt, +# "laPatrat": laPatrat, +# "cub": function(x) { return x * square(x); } +# }; + +# Splats: +cursa = (castigator, alergatori...) -> + print castigator, alergatori +#=>cursa = function() { +# var alergatori, castigator; +# castigator = arguments[0], alergatori = 2 <= arguments.length ? __slice.call(arguments, 1) : []; +# return print(castigator, alergatori); +# }; + +# Verificarea existentei: +alert "Stiam eu!" if elvis? +#=> if(typeof elvis !== "undefined" && elvis !== null) { alert("Stiam eu!"); } + +# Operatiuni cu matrice: +cuburi = (math.cube num for num in list) +#=>cuburi = (function() { +# var _i, _len, _results; +# _results = []; +# for (_i = 0, _len = list.length; _i < _len; _i++) { +# num = list[_i]; +# _results.push(math.cube(num)); +# } +# return _results; +# })(); + +alimente = ['broccoli', 'spanac', 'ciocolata'] +mananca aliment for aliment in alimente when aliment isnt 'ciocolata' +#=>alimente = ['broccoli', 'spanac', 'ciocolata']; +# +#for (_k = 0, _len2 = alimente.length; _k < _len2; _k++) { +# aliment = alimente[_k]; +# if (aliment !== 'ciocolata') { +# eat(aliment); +# } +#} +``` + +## Resurse aditionale + +- [Smooth CoffeeScript](http://autotelicum.github.io/Smooth-CoffeeScript/) +- [CoffeeScript Ristretto](https://leanpub.com/coffeescript-ristretto/read) diff --git a/zh-cn/swift-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/swift-cn.html.markdown index 3efe4941..017a7812 100644 --- a/zh-cn/swift-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/swift-cn.html.markdown @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import UIKit // Swift2.0 println() 及 print() 已经整合成 print()。 print("Hello, world") // 这是原本的 println()，会自动进入下一行 -print("Hello, world", appendNewLine: false) // 如果不要自动进入下一行，需设定进入下一行为 false +print("Hello, world", terminator: "") // 如果不要自动进入下一行，需设定结束符为空串 // 变量 (var) 的值设置后可以随意改变 // 常量 (let) 的值设置后不能改变 @@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ while i < 1000 { i *= 2 } -// do-while 循环 -do { +// repeat-while 循环 +repeat { print("hello") } while 1 == 2 @@ -212,11 +212,11 @@ default: // 在 Swift 里，switch 语句的 case 必须处理所有可能的情 func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String { return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } -greet("Bob", "Tuesday") +greet("Bob", day: "Tuesday") -// 函数参数前带 `#` 表示外部参数名和内部参数名使用同一个名称。 +// 第一个参数表示外部参数名和内部参数名使用同一个名称。 // 第二个参数表示外部参数名使用 `externalParamName` ，内部参数名使用 `localParamName` -func greet2(#requiredName: String, externalParamName localParamName: String) -> String { +func greet2(requiredName requiredName: String, externalParamName localParamName: String) -> String { return "Hello \(requiredName), the day is \(localParamName)" } greet2(requiredName:"John", externalParamName: "Sunday") // 调用时，使用命名参数来指定参数的值 @@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ print("Gas price: \(price)") // 可变参数 func setup(numbers: Int...) { // 可变参数是个数组 - let number = numbers[0] - let argCount = numbers.count + let _ = numbers[0] + let _ = numbers.count } // 函数变量以及函数作为返回值返回 @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func swapTwoInts(inout a: Int, inout b: Int) { } var someIntA = 7 var someIntB = 3 -swapTwoInts(&someIntA, &someIntB) +swapTwoInts(&someIntA, b: &someIntB) print(someIntB) // 7 @@ -286,17 +286,10 @@ numbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number }) print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18] // 简洁的闭包 -numbers = sorted(numbers) { $0 > $1 } -// 函数的最后一个参数可以放在括号之外，上面的语句是这个语句的简写形式 -// numbers = sorted(numbers, { $0 > $1 }) +numbers = numbers.sort { $0 > $1 } print(numbers) // [18, 6, 3] -// 超级简洁的闭包，因为 `<` 是个操作符函数 -numbers = sorted(numbers, < ) - -print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18] - // // MARK: 结构体 @@ -305,7 +298,7 @@ print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18] // 结构体和类非常类似，可以有属性和方法 struct NamesTable { - let names = [String]() + let names: [String] // 自定义下标运算符 subscript(index: Int) -> String { @@ -516,7 +509,7 @@ protocol ShapeGenerator { // 一个类实现一个带 optional 方法的协议时，可以实现或不实现这个方法 // optional 方法可以使用 optional 规则来调用 @objc protocol TransformShape { - optional func reshaped() + optional func reshape() optional func canReshape() -> Bool } @@ -528,9 +521,9 @@ class MyShape: Rect { // 在 optional 属性，方法或下标运算符后面加一个问号，可以优雅地忽略 nil 值，返回 nil。 // 这样就不会引起运行时错误 (runtime error) - if let allow = self.delegate?.canReshape?() { + if let reshape = self.delegate?.canReshape?() where reshape { // 注意语句中的问号 - self.delegate?.reshaped?() + self.delegate?.reshape?() } } } @@ -542,8 +535,8 @@ class MyShape: Rect { // 扩展: 给一个已经存在的数据类型添加功能 -// 给 Square 类添加 `Printable` 协议的实现，现在其支持 `Printable` 协议 -extension Square: Printable { +// 给 Square 类添加 `CustomStringConvertible` 协议的实现，现在其支持 `CustomStringConvertible` 协议 +extension Square: CustomStringConvertible { var description: String { return "Area: \(self.getArea()) - ID: \(self.identifier)" } @@ -567,8 +560,8 @@ print(14.multiplyBy(3)) // 42 // 泛型: 和 Java 及 C# 的泛型类似，使用 `where` 关键字来限制类型。 // 如果只有一个类型限制，可以省略 `where` 关键字 -func findIndex<T: Equatable>(array: [T], valueToFind: T) -> Int? { - for (index, value) in enumerate(array) { +func findIndex<T: Equatable>(array: [T], _ valueToFind: T) -> Int? { + for (index, value) in array.enumerate() { if value == valueToFind { return index } |