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diff --git a/angularjs.html.markdown b/angularjs.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..737b99c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/angularjs.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,708 @@ +--- +category: tool +tool: AngularJS +contributors: + - ["Walter Cordero", "http://waltercordero.com"] +filename: learnangular.html +--- + +## AngularJS Tutorial. + +AngularJS version 1.0 was released in 2012. +Miško Hevery, a Google employee, started to work with AngularJS in 2009. +The idea turned out very well, and the project is now officially supported by Google. + +AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It can be added to an HTML page with a "script" tag. +AngularJS extends HTML attributes with Directives, and binds data to HTML with Expressions. + +##What You Should Already Know + +Before you study AngularJS, you should have a basic understanding of: + +- HTML +- CSS +- JavaScript + +```html +// AngularJS is a JavaScript framework. It is a library written in JavaScript. +// AngularJS is distributed as a JavaScript file, and can be added to a web page with a script tag: +// <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Extends HTML + +//AngularJS extends HTML with ng-directives. +//The ng-app directive defines an AngularJS application. +//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data. +//The ng-bind directive binds application data to the HTML view. +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + <body> + <div ng-app=""> + <p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> + <p ng-bind="name"></p> + </div> + </body> +</html> + +/* + * Example explained: + * AngularJS starts automatically when the web page has loaded. + * The ng-app directive tells AngularJS that the <div> element is the "owner" of an AngularJS application. + * The ng-model directive binds the value of the input field to the application variable name. + * The ng-bind directive binds the innerHTML of the <p> element to the application variable name. +*/ +<tag> Here are content to be interpreted </tag> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Expressions + +// AngularJS expressions are written inside double braces: {{ expression }}. +// AngularJS expressions binds data to HTML the same way as the ng-bind directive. +// AngularJS will "output" data exactly where the expression is written. +// AngularJS expressions are much like JavaScript expressions: They can contain literals, operators, and variables. +// Example {{ 5 + 5 }} or {{ firstName + " " + lastName }} +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + <body> + <div ng-app=""> + <p>My first expression: {{ 5 + 5 }}</p> + </div> + </body> +</html> + +//If you remove the ng-app directive, HTML will display the expression as it is, without solving it: +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + <body> + <div> + <p>My first expression: {{ 5 + 5 }}</p> + </div> + </body> +</html> + +// AngularJS expressions bind AngularJS data to HTML the same way as the ng-bind directive. +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + <body> + <div ng-app=""> + <p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p> + <p>{{name}}</p> + </div> + </body> +</html> + +// AngularJS numbers are like JavaScript numbers: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="quantity=1;cost=5"> + <p>Total in dollar: {{ quantity * cost }}</p> +</div> + +//AngularJS strings are like JavaScript strings: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="firstName='John';lastName='Doe'"> + <p>The name is <span ng-bind="firstName + ' ' + lastName"></span></p> +</div> + +//AngularJS objects are like JavaScript objects: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="person={firstName:'John',lastName:'Doe'}"> + <p>The name is {{ person.lastName }}</p> +</div> + +//AngularJS arrays are like JavaScript arrays: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="points=[1,15,19,2,40]"> + <p>The third result is {{ points[2] }}</p> +</div> + +// Like JavaScript expressions, AngularJS expressions can contain literals, operators, and variables. +// Unlike JavaScript expressions, AngularJS expressions can be written inside HTML. +// AngularJS expressions do not support conditionals, loops, and exceptions, while JavaScript expressions do. +// AngularJS expressions support filters, while JavaScript expressions do not. + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Directives + + +//AngularJS directives are extended HTML attributes with the prefix ng-. +//The ng-app directive initializes an AngularJS application. +//The ng-init directive initializes application data. +//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data. +<div ng-app="" ng-init="firstName='John'"> + <p>Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"></p> + <p>You wrote: {{ firstName }}</p> +</div> + +//Using ng-init is not very common. You will learn how to initialize data in the chapter about controllers. + +//The ng-repeat directive repeats an HTML element: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="names=['Jani','Hege','Kai']"> + <ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names"> + {{ x }} + </li> + </ul> +</div> + +//The ng-repeat directive used on an array of objects: +<div ng-app="" ng-init="names=[ +{name:'Jani',country:'Norway'}, +{name:'Hege',country:'Sweden'}, +{name:'Kai',country:'Denmark'}]"> + <ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names"> + {{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }} + </li> + </ul> +</div> + +// AngularJS is perfect for database CRUD (Create Read Update Delete) applications. +// Just imagine if these objects were records from a database. + +// The ng-app directive defines the root element of an AngularJS application. +// The ng-app directive will auto-bootstrap (automatically initialize) the application when a web page is loaded. +// Later you will learn how ng-app can have a value (like ng-app="myModule"), to connect code modules. + +// The ng-init directive defines initial values for an AngularJS application. +// Normally, you will not use ng-init. You will use a controller or module instead. +// You will learn more about controllers and modules later. + +//The ng-model directive binds the value of HTML controls (input, select, textarea) to application data. +//The ng-model directive can also: +//Provide type validation for application data (number, email, required). +//Provide status for application data (invalid, dirty, touched, error). +//Provide CSS classes for HTML elements. +//Bind HTML elements to HTML forms. + +//The ng-repeat directive clones HTML elements once for each item in a collection (in an array). + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Controllers + +// AngularJS controllers control the data of AngularJS applications. +// AngularJS controllers are regular JavaScript Objects. + +// AngularJS applications are controlled by controllers. +// The ng-controller directive defines the application controller. +// A controller is a JavaScript Object, created by a standard JavaScript object constructor. + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> + +First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> +Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> +<br> +Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}} + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John"; + $scope.lastName = "Doe"; +}); +</script> + +//Application explained: + +//The AngularJS application is defined by ng-app="myApp". The application runs inside the <div>. +//The ng-controller="myCtrl" attribute is an AngularJS directive. It defines a controller. +//The myCtrl function is a JavaScript function. +//AngularJS will invoke the controller with a $scope object. +//In AngularJS, $scope is the application object (the owner of application variables and functions). +//The controller creates two properties (variables) in the scope (firstName and lastName). +//The ng-model directives bind the input fields to the controller properties (firstName and lastName). + +//The example above demonstrated a controller object with two properties: lastName and firstName. +//A controller can also have methods (variables as functions): +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> +Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> +<br> +Full Name: {{fullName()}} + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John"; + $scope.lastName = "Doe"; + $scope.fullName = function() { + return $scope.firstName + " " + $scope.lastName; + } +}); +</script> + +//In larger applications, it is common to store controllers in external files. +//Just copy the code between the <script> </script> tags into an external file named personController.js: + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> +Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> +<br> +Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}} + +</div> + +<script src="personController.js"></script> + +// For the next example we will create a new controller file: +angular.module('myApp', []).controller('namesCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.names = [ + {name:'Jani',country:'Norway'}, + {name:'Hege',country:'Sweden'}, + {name:'Kai',country:'Denmark'} + ]; +}); + +//Save the file as namesController.js: +//And then use the controller file in an application: + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl"> + +<ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names"> + {{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }} + </li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<script src="namesController.js"></script> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Filters + +// Filters can be added to expressions and directives using a pipe character. +// AngularJS filters can be used to transform data: + +- **currency**: Format a number to a currency format. +- **filter**: Select a subset of items from an array. +- **lowercase**: Format a string to lower case. +- **orderBy**: Orders an array by an expression. +- **uppercase**: Format a string to upper case. + +//A filter can be added to an expression with a pipe character (|) and a filter. +//(For the next two examples we will use the person controller from the previous chapter) +//The uppercase filter format strings to upper case: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +<p>The name is {{ lastName | uppercase }}</p> + +</div> + +//The lowercase filter format strings to lower case: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +<p>The name is {{ lastName | lowercase }}</p> + +</div> + +//The currency filter formats a number as currency: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="costCtrl"> + +<input type="number" ng-model="quantity"> +<input type="number" ng-model="price"> + +<p>Total = {{ (quantity * price) | currency }}</p> + +</div> + +//A filter can be added to a directive with a pipe character (|) and a filter. +//The orderBy filter orders an array by an expression: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl"> + +<ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names | orderBy:'country'"> + {{ x.name + ', ' + x.country }} + </li> +</ul> + +<div> + +//An input filter can be added to a directive with a pipe character (|) +//and filter followed by a colon and a model name. +//The filter selects a subset of an array: + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="namesCtrl"> + +<p><input type="text" ng-model="test"></p> + +<ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names | filter:test | orderBy:'country'"> + {{ (x.name | uppercase) + ', ' + x.country }} + </li> +</ul> + +</div> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS AJAX - $http + +//$http is an AngularJS service for reading data from remote servers. + +// The following data can be provided by a web server: +// http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php +// **Check the URL to see the data format** + +// AngularJS $http is a core service for reading data from web servers. +// $http.get(url) is the function to use for reading server data. +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="customersCtrl"> + +<ul> + <li ng-repeat="x in names"> + {{ x.Name + ', ' + x.Country }} + </li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('customersCtrl', function($scope, $http) { + $http.get("http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php") + .success(function(response) {$scope.names = response.records;}); +}); +</script> + +Application explained: + +// The AngularJS application is defined by ng-app. The application runs inside a <div>. +// The ng-controller directive names the controller object. +// The customersCtrl function is a standard JavaScript object constructor. +// AngularJS will invoke customersCtrl with a $scope and $http object. +// $scope is the application object (the owner of application variables and functions). +// $http is an XMLHttpRequest object for requesting external data. +// $http.get() reads JSON data from http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php. +// If success, the controller creates a property (names) in the scope, with JSON data from the server. + + +// Requests for data from a different server (than the requesting page), are called cross-site HTTP requests. +// Cross-site requests are common on the web. Many pages load CSS, images, and scripts from different servers. +// In modern browsers, cross-site HTTP requests from scripts are restricted to same site for security reasons. +// The following line, in our PHP examples, has been added to allow cross-site access. +header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *"); + + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Tables + +// Displaying tables with angular is very simple: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="customersCtrl"> + +<table> + <tr ng-repeat="x in names"> + <td>{{ x.Name }}</td> + <td>{{ x.Country }}</td> + </tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('customersCtrl', function($scope, $http) { + $http.get("http://www.w3schools.com/angular/customers.php") + .success(function (response) {$scope.names = response.records;}); +}); +</script> + +// To sort the table, add an orderBy filter: +<table> + <tr ng-repeat="x in names | orderBy : 'Country'"> + <td>{{ x.Name }}</td> + <td>{{ x.Country }}</td> + </tr> +</table> + +// To display the table index, add a <td> with $index: +<table> + <tr ng-repeat="x in names"> + <td>{{ $index + 1 }}</td> + <td>{{ x.Name }}</td> + <td>{{ x.Country }}</td> + </tr> +</table> + +// Using $even and $odd +<table> + <tr ng-repeat="x in names"> + <td ng-if="$odd" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">{{ x.Name }}</td> + <td ng-if="$even">{{ x.Name }}</td> + <td ng-if="$odd" style="background-color:#f1f1f1">{{ x.Country }}</td> + <td ng-if="$even">{{ x.Country }}</td> + </tr> +</table> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS HTML DOM + +//AngularJS has directives for binding application data to the attributes of HTML DOM elements. + +// The ng-disabled directive binds AngularJS application data to the disabled attribute of HTML elements. + +<div ng-app="" ng-init="mySwitch=true"> + +<p> +<button ng-disabled="mySwitch">Click Me!</button> +</p> + +<p> +<input type="checkbox" ng-model="mySwitch">Button +</p> + +</div> + +//Application explained: + +// The ng-disabled directive binds the application data mySwitch to the HTML button's disabled attribute. +// The ng-model directive binds the value of the HTML checkbox element to the value of mySwitch. +// If the value of mySwitch evaluates to true, the button will be disabled: +<p> +<button disabled>Click Me!</button> +</p> + +// If the value of mySwitch evaluates to false, the button will not be disabled: +<p> + <button>Click Me!</button> +</p> + +// The ng-show directive shows or hides an HTML element. + +<div ng-app=""> + +<p ng-show="true">I am visible.</p> + +<p ng-show="false">I am not visible.</p> + +</div> + +// The ng-show directive shows (or hides) an HTML element based on the value of ng-show. +// You can use any expression that evaluates to true or false: +<div ng-app=""> +<p ng-show="hour > 12">I am visible.</p> +</div> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Events + +// AngularJS has its own HTML events directives. + +// The ng-click directive defines an AngularJS click event. +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> + +<button ng-click="count = count + 1">Click me!</button> + +<p>{{ count }}</p> + +</div> +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.count = 0; +}); +</script> + +// The ng-hide directive can be used to set the visibility of a part of an application. +// The value ng-hide="true" makes an HTML element invisible. +// The value ng-hide="false" makes the element visible. +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +<button ng-click="toggle()">Toggle</button> + +<p ng-hide="myVar"> +First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> +Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> +<br> +Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}} +</p> + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John", + $scope.lastName = "Doe" + $scope.myVar = false; + $scope.toggle = function() { + $scope.myVar = !$scope.myVar; + }; +}); +</script> + +//Application explained: + +// The first part of the personController is the same as in the chapter about controllers. +// The application has a default property (a variable): $scope.myVar = false; +// The ng-hide directive sets the visibility, of a <p> element with two input fields, +// according to the value (true or false) of myVar. +// The function toggle() toggles myVar between true and false. +// The value ng-hide="true" makes the element invisible. + + +// The ng-show directive can also be used to set the visibility of a part of an application. +// The value ng-show="false" makes an HTML element invisible. +// The value ng-show="true" makes the element visible. +// Here is the same example as above, using ng-show instead of ng-hide: +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="personCtrl"> + +<button ng-click="toggle()">Toggle</button> + +<p ng-show="myVar"> +First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> +Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> +<br> +Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}} +</p> + +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); +app.controller('personCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John", + $scope.lastName = "Doe" + $scope.myVar = true; + $scope.toggle = function() { + $scope.myVar = !$scope.myVar; + } +}); +</script> + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Modules + +// An AngularJS module defines an application. +// The module is a container for the different parts of an application. +// The module is a container for the application controllers. +// Controllers always belong to a module. + +// This application ("myApp") has one controller ("myCtrl"): + +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> +<body> + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> +{{ firstName + " " + lastName }} +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module("myApp", []); +app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John"; + $scope.lastName = "Doe"; +}); +</script> + +</body> +</html> + +// It is common in AngularJS applications to put the module and the controllers in JavaScript files. +// In this example, "myApp.js" contains an application module definition, while "myCtrl.js" contains the controller: + +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> +<body> + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> +{{ firstName + " " + lastName }} +</div> + +<script src="myApp.js"></script> +<script src="myCtrl.js"></script> + +</body> +</html> + +//myApp.js +var app = angular.module("myApp", []); + +// The [] parameter in the module definition can be used to define dependent modules. + +// myCtrl.js +app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John"; + $scope.lastName= "Doe"; +}); + +// Global functions should be avoided in JavaScript. They can easily be overwritten +// or destroyed by other scripts. + +// AngularJS modules reduces this problem, by keeping all functions local to the module. + +// While it is common in HTML applications to place scripts at the end of the +// <body> element, it is recommended that you load the AngularJS library either +// in the <head> or at the start of the <body>. + +// This is because calls to angular.module can only be compiled after the library has been loaded. + +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<body> +<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.14/angular.min.js"></script> + +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> +{{ firstName + " " + lastName }} +</div> + +<script> +var app = angular.module("myApp", []); +app.controller("myCtrl", function($scope) { + $scope.firstName = "John"; + $scope.lastName = "Doe"; +}); +</script> + +</body> +</html> + + +/////////////////////////////////// +// AngularJS Applications + +// AngularJS modules define AngularJS applications. +// AngularJS controllers control AngularJS applications. +// The ng-app directive defines the application, the ng-controller directive defines the controller. +<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="myCtrl"> + First Name: <input type="text" ng-model="firstName"><br> + Last Name: <input type="text" ng-model="lastName"><br> + <br> + Full Name: {{firstName + " " + lastName}} +</div> +<script> + var app = angular.module('myApp', []); + app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName= "John"; + $scope.lastName= "Doe"; + }); +</script> + +// AngularJS modules define applications: +var app = angular.module('myApp', []); + +// AngularJS controllers control applications: +app.controller('myCtrl', function($scope) { + $scope.firstName= "John"; + $scope.lastName= "Doe"; +}); +``` + +## Source & References + +**Examples** + +- http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_examples.asp + +**References** + +- http://www.w3schools.com/angular/angular_ref_directives.asp +- http://www.w3schools.com/angular/default.asp +- https://teamtreehouse.com/library/angular-basics/ |