diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'c++.html.markdown')
| -rw-r--r-- | c++.html.markdown | 62 |
1 files changed, 35 insertions, 27 deletions
diff --git a/c++.html.markdown b/c++.html.markdown index f3dc8e20..499eb669 100644 --- a/c++.html.markdown +++ b/c++.html.markdown @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ --- -language: c++ +language: C++ filename: learncpp.cpp contributors: - - ["Steven Basart", "http://github.com/xksteven"] + - ["Steven Basart", "https://github.com/xksteven"] - ["Matt Kline", "https://github.com/mrkline"] - ["Geoff Liu", "http://geoffliu.me"] - - ["Connor Waters", "http://github.com/connorwaters"] - - ["Ankush Goyal", "http://github.com/ankushg07"] + - ["Connor Waters", "https://github.com/connorwaters"] + - ["Ankush Goyal", "https://github.com/ankushg07"] - ["Jatin Dhankhar", "https://github.com/jatindhankhar"] --- C++ is a systems programming language that, -[according to its inventor Bjarne Stroustrup](http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Lang-NEXT/Lang-NEXT-2014/Keynote), +[according to its inventor Bjarne Stroustrup](https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Lang-NEXT/Lang-NEXT-2014/Keynote), was designed to - be a "better C" @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ one of the most widely-used programming languages. // Just like in C, your program's entry point is a function called // main with an integer return type. // This value serves as the program's exit status. -// See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_status for more information. +// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_status for more information. int main(int argc, char** argv) { // Command line arguments are passed in by argc and argv in the same way @@ -158,6 +158,10 @@ namespace Second { { printf("This is Second::foo\n"); } + void bar() + { + printf("This is Second::bar\n"); + } } void foo() @@ -168,10 +172,12 @@ void foo() int main() { // Includes all symbols from namespace Second into the current scope. Note - // that simply foo() no longer works, since it is now ambiguous whether - // we're calling the foo in namespace Second or the top level. + // that while bar() works, simply using foo() no longer works, since it is + // now ambiguous whether we're calling the foo in namespace Second or the + // top level. using namespace Second; + bar(); // prints "This is Second::bar" Second::foo(); // prints "This is Second::foo" First::Nested::foo(); // prints "This is First::Nested::foo" ::foo(); // prints "This is global foo" @@ -199,10 +205,10 @@ int main() cin >> myInt; // cout can also be formatted - cout << "Your favorite number is " << myInt << "\n"; + cout << "Your favorite number is " << myInt << '\n'; // prints "Your favorite number is <myInt>" - cerr << "Used for error messages"; + cerr << "Used for error messages"; } ////////// @@ -461,7 +467,7 @@ void Dog::print() const Dog::~Dog() { - std::cout << "Goodbye " << name << "\n"; + std::cout << "Goodbye " << name << '\n'; } int main() { @@ -483,7 +489,7 @@ public: void setOwner(const std::string& dogsOwner); // Override the behavior of the print function for all OwnedDogs. See - // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)#Subtyping + // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)#Subtyping // for a more general introduction if you are unfamiliar with // subtype polymorphism. // The override keyword is optional but makes sure you are actually @@ -504,7 +510,7 @@ void OwnedDog::setOwner(const std::string& dogsOwner) void OwnedDog::print() const { Dog::print(); // Call the print function in the base Dog class - std::cout << "Dog is owned by " << owner << "\n"; + std::cout << "Dog is owned by " << owner << '\n'; // Prints "Dog is <name> and weights <weight>" // "Dog is owned by <owner>" } @@ -616,7 +622,7 @@ boxOfBox.insert(intBox); // template<typename T> // instead. The 'class' keyword and 'typename' keywords are _mostly_ // interchangeable in this case. For the full explanation, see -// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typename +// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typename // (yes, that keyword has its own Wikipedia page). // Similarly, a template function: @@ -660,7 +666,7 @@ printMessage<10>(); // Prints "Learn C++ faster in only 10 minutes!" ///////////////////// // The standard library provides a few exception types -// (see http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception) +// (see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception) // but any type can be thrown as an exception #include <exception> #include <stdexcept> @@ -915,7 +921,7 @@ ST.erase(20); // Will erase element with value 20 // Set ST: 10 30 // To iterate through Set we use iterators set<int>::iterator it; -for(it=ST.begin();it<ST.end();it++) { +for(it=ST.begin();it!=ST.end();it++) { cout << *it << endl; } // Output: @@ -946,7 +952,7 @@ mymap.insert(pair<char,int>('Z',26)); // To iterate map<char,int>::iterator it; for (it=mymap.begin(); it!=mymap.end(); ++it) - std::cout << it->first << "->" << it->second << '\n'; + std::cout << it->first << "->" << it->second << std::endl; // Output: // A->1 // Z->26 @@ -1030,7 +1036,7 @@ sort(dog_ids.begin(), dog_ids.end(), [&weight](const int &lhs, const int &rhs) { return weight[lhs] < weight[rhs]; }); // Note we captured "weight" by reference in the above example. -// More on Lambdas in C++ : http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7627098/what-is-a-lambda-expression-in-c11 +// More on Lambdas in C++ : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7627098/what-is-a-lambda-expression-in-c11 /////////////////////////////// // Range For (C++11 and above) @@ -1106,7 +1112,8 @@ f1 = f2; #include<tuple> -// Conceptually, Tuples are similar to old data structures (C-like structs) but instead of having named data members, +// Conceptually, Tuples are similar to old data structures (C-like structs) +// but instead of having named data members, // its elements are accessed by their order in the tuple. // We start with constructing a tuple. @@ -1117,33 +1124,33 @@ const int maxL = 15; auto second = make_tuple(maxN, maxL); // Printing elements of 'first' tuple -cout << get<0>(first) << " " << get<1>(first) << "\n"; //prints : 10 A +cout << get<0>(first) << " " << get<1>(first) << '\n'; //prints : 10 A // Printing elements of 'second' tuple -cout << get<0>(second) << " " << get<1>(second) << "\n"; // prints: 1000000000 15 +cout << get<0>(second) << " " << get<1>(second) << '\n'; // prints: 1000000000 15 // Unpacking tuple into variables int first_int; char first_char; tie(first_int, first_char) = first; -cout << first_int << " " << first_char << "\n"; // prints : 10 A +cout << first_int << " " << first_char << '\n'; // prints : 10 A // We can also create tuple like this. tuple<int, char, double> third(11, 'A', 3.14141); // tuple_size returns number of elements in a tuple (as a constexpr) -cout << tuple_size<decltype(third)>::value << "\n"; // prints: 3 +cout << tuple_size<decltype(third)>::value << '\n'; // prints: 3 // tuple_cat concatenates the elements of all the tuples in the same order. auto concatenated_tuple = tuple_cat(first, second, third); // concatenated_tuple becomes = (10, 'A', 1e9, 15, 11, 'A', 3.14141) -cout << get<0>(concatenated_tuple) << "\n"; // prints: 10 -cout << get<3>(concatenated_tuple) << "\n"; // prints: 15 -cout << get<5>(concatenated_tuple) << "\n"; // prints: 'A' +cout << get<0>(concatenated_tuple) << '\n'; // prints: 10 +cout << get<3>(concatenated_tuple) << '\n'; // prints: 15 +cout << get<5>(concatenated_tuple) << '\n'; // prints: 'A' /////////////////////////////////// @@ -1195,5 +1202,6 @@ compl 4 // Performs a bitwise not Further Reading: * An up-to-date language reference can be found at [CPP Reference](http://cppreference.com/w/cpp). -* Additional resources may be found at [CPlusPlus](http://cplusplus.com). +* A tutorial for beginners or experts, covering many modern features and good practices: [LearnCpp.com](https://www.learncpp.com/) * A tutorial covering basics of language and setting up coding environment is available at [TheChernoProject - C++](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlrATfBNZ98dudnM48yfGUldqGD0S4FFb). +* Additional resources may be found at [CPlusPlus](http://cplusplus.com). |