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-rw-r--r--java.html.markdown352
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diff --git a/java.html.markdown b/java.html.markdown
index 74140120..a27a68ca 100644
--- a/java.html.markdown
+++ b/java.html.markdown
@@ -1,28 +1,42 @@
---
language: java
contributors:
- - ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"]
- - ["Jakukyo Friel", "http://weakish.github.io"]
- - ["Madison Dickson", "http://github.com/mix3d"]
- - ["Simon Morgan", "http://sjm.io/"]
- - ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
- - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "http://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
+ - ["Jake Prather", "https://github.com/JakeHP"]
+ - ["Jakukyo Friel", "https://weakish.github.io"]
+ - ["Madison Dickson", "https://github.com/mix3d"]
+ - ["Simon Morgan", "https://sjm.io/"]
+ - ["Zachary Ferguson", "https://github.com/zfergus2"]
+ - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "https://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
- ["Rachel Stiyer", "https://github.com/rstiyer"]
+ - ["Michael Dähnert", "https://github.com/JaXt0r"]
+ - ["Rob Rose", "https://github.com/RobRoseKnows"]
+ - ["Sean Nam", "https://github.com/seannam"]
filename: LearnJava.java
---
Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer
programming language.
-[Read more here.](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
+[Read more here.](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
```java
// Single-line comments start with //
+
/*
Multi-line comments look like this.
*/
+
/**
-JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
-attributes of a Class.
+ * JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
+ * attributes of a Class.
+ * Main attributes:
+ *
+ * @author Name (and contact information such as email) of author(s).
+ * @version Current version of the program.
+ * @since When this part of the program was first added.
+ * @param For describing the different parameters for a method.
+ * @return For describing what the method returns.
+ * @deprecated For showing the code is outdated or shouldn't be used.
+ * @see Links to another part of documentation.
*/
// Import ArrayList class inside of the java.util package
@@ -30,12 +44,21 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
// Import all classes inside of java.security package
import java.security.*;
-// Each .java file contains one outer-level public class, with the same name as
-// the file.
+// Each .java file contains one outer-level public class, with the same name
+// as the file.
public class LearnJava {
- // In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry point.
- public static void main (String[] args) {
+ // In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry
+ // point.
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+ // Input/Output
+ ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+ /*
+ * Ouput
+ */
// Use System.out.println() to print lines.
System.out.println("Hello World!");
@@ -51,6 +74,32 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Use System.out.printf() for easy formatted printing.
System.out.printf("pi = %.5f", Math.PI); // => pi = 3.14159
+ /*
+ * Input
+ */
+
+ // use Scanner to read input
+ // must import java.util.Scanner;
+ Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+
+ // read string input
+ String name = scanner.next();
+
+ // read byte input
+ byte numByte = scanner.nextByte();
+
+ // read int input
+ int numInt = scanner.nextInt();
+
+ // read long input
+ float numFloat = scanner.nextFloat();
+
+ // read double input
+ double numDouble = scanner.nextDouble();
+
+ // read boolean input
+ boolean bool = scanner.nextBoolean();
+
///////////////////////////////////////
// Variables
///////////////////////////////////////
@@ -60,7 +109,8 @@ public class LearnJava {
*/
// Declare a variable using <type> <name>
int fooInt;
- // Declare multiple variables of the same type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
+ // Declare multiple variables of the same
+ // type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
/*
@@ -68,10 +118,12 @@ public class LearnJava {
*/
// Initialize a variable using <type> <name> = <val>
- int fooInt = 1;
- // Initialize multiple variables of same type with same value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3> = <val>
- int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
- fooInt1 = fooInt2 = fooInt3 = 1;
+ int barInt = 1;
+ // Initialize multiple variables of same type with same
+ // value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
+ // <name1> = <name2> = <name3> = <val>
+ int barInt1, barInt2, barInt3;
+ barInt1 = barInt2 = barInt3 = 1;
/*
* Variable types
@@ -80,13 +132,19 @@ public class LearnJava {
// (-128 <= byte <= 127)
byte fooByte = 100;
+ // If you would like to interpret a byte as an unsigned integer
+ // then this simple operation can help
+ int unsignedIntLessThan256 = 0xff & fooByte;
+ // this contrasts a cast which can be negative.
+ int signedInt = (int) fooByte;
+
// Short - 16-bit signed two's complement integer
// (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
short fooShort = 10000;
// Integer - 32-bit signed two's complement integer
// (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
- int fooInt = 1;
+ int bazInt = 1;
// Long - 64-bit signed two's complement integer
// (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
@@ -94,7 +152,9 @@ public class LearnJava {
// L is used to denote that this variable value is of type Long;
// anything without is treated as integer by default.
- // Note: Java has no unsigned types.
+ // Note: byte, short, int and long are signed. They can have positive and negative values.
+ // There are no unsigned variants.
+ // char, however, is 16-bit unsigned.
// Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
// 2^-149 <= float <= (2-2^-23) * 2^127
@@ -119,7 +179,6 @@ public class LearnJava {
final double E;
E = 2.71828;
-
// BigInteger - Immutable arbitrary-precision integers
//
// BigInteger is a data type that allows programmers to manipulate
@@ -127,13 +186,11 @@ public class LearnJava {
// of bytes and are manipulated using functions built into BigInteger
//
// BigInteger can be initialized using an array of bytes or a string.
-
BigInteger fooBigInteger = new BigInteger(fooByteArray);
-
// BigDecimal - Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal number
//
- // A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer
+ // A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer
// unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale
//
// BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
@@ -142,16 +199,13 @@ public class LearnJava {
//
// BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
// or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
-
BigDecimal fooBigDecimal = new BigDecimal(fooBigInteger, fooInt);
-
+
// Be wary of the constructor that takes a float or double as
// the inaccuracy of the float/double will be copied in BigDecimal.
// Prefer the String constructor when you need an exact value.
-
BigDecimal tenCents = new BigDecimal("0.1");
-
// Strings
String fooString = "My String Is Here!";
@@ -163,6 +217,42 @@ public class LearnJava {
System.out.println(barString);
System.out.println(bazString);
+ // String Building
+ // #1 - with plus operator
+ // That's the basic way to do it (optimized under the hood)
+ String plusConcatenated = "Strings can " + "be concatenated " + "via + operator.";
+ System.out.println(plusConcatenated);
+ // Output: Strings can be concatenated via + operator.
+
+ // #2 - with StringBuilder
+ // This way doesn't create any intermediate strings. It just stores the string pieces, and ties them together
+ // when toString() is called.
+ // Hint: This class is not thread safe. A thread-safe alternative (with some impact on performance) is StringBuffer.
+ StringBuilder builderConcatenated = new StringBuilder();
+ builderConcatenated.append("You ");
+ builderConcatenated.append("can use ");
+ builderConcatenated.append("the StringBuilder class.");
+ System.out.println(builderConcatenated.toString()); // only now is the string built
+ // Output: You can use the StringBuilder class.
+
+ // StringBuilder is efficient when the fully constructed String is not required until the end of some processing.
+ StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+ String inefficientString = "";
+ for (int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++) {
+ stringBuilder.append(i).append(" ");
+ inefficientString += i + " ";
+ }
+ System.out.println(inefficientString);
+ System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
+ // inefficientString requires a lot more work to produce, as it generates a String on every loop iteration.
+ // Simple concatenation with + is compiled to a StringBuilder and toString()
+ // Avoid string concatenation in loops.
+
+ // #3 - with String formatter
+ // Another alternative way to create strings. Fast and readable.
+ String.format("%s may prefer %s.", "Or you", "String.format()");
+ // Output: Or you may prefer String.format().
+
// Arrays
// The array size must be decided upon instantiation
// The following formats work for declaring an array
@@ -175,7 +265,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Another way to declare & initialize an array
int[] y = {9000, 1000, 1337};
String names[] = {"Bob", "John", "Fred", "Juan Pedro"};
- boolean bools[] = new boolean[] {true, false, false};
+ boolean bools[] = {true, false, false};
// Indexing an array - Accessing an element
System.out.println("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
@@ -184,7 +274,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
intArray[1] = 1;
System.out.println("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
- // Others to check out
+ // Other data types worth checking out
// ArrayLists - Like arrays except more functionality is offered, and
// the size is mutable.
// LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
@@ -200,6 +290,9 @@ public class LearnJava {
// interface. This allows the execution time of basic
// operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
// constant even for large sets.
+ // TreeMap - This class is a sorted tree structure. It implements a red
+ // black tree and sorts the entries based on the key value or
+ // the comparator provided while creating the object
///////////////////////////////////////
// Operators
@@ -212,7 +305,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
System.out.println("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
System.out.println("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
System.out.println("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
- System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (int/int returns an int)
+ System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (int/int returns int)
System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / (double)i2)); // => 0.5
// Modulo
@@ -242,7 +335,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
| Bitwise inclusive OR
*/
- // Incrementations
+ // Increment operators
int i = 0;
System.out.println("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
// The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 respectively.
@@ -295,7 +388,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
}
System.out.println("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
-
+
// Nested For Loop Exit with Label
outer:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
@@ -306,7 +399,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
}
}
}
-
+
// For Each Loop
// The for loop is also able to iterate over arrays as well as objects
// that implement the Iterable interface.
@@ -314,7 +407,6 @@ public class LearnJava {
// for each loop structure => for (<object> : <iterable>)
// reads as: for each element in the iterable
// note: the object type must match the element type of the iterable.
-
for (int bar : fooList) {
System.out.println(bar);
//Iterates 9 times and prints 1-9 on new lines
@@ -325,6 +417,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the
// String class, and a few special classes that wrap primitive types:
// Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
+ // Starting in Java 7 and above, we can also use the String type.
int month = 3;
String monthString;
switch (month) {
@@ -338,23 +431,31 @@ public class LearnJava {
break;
}
System.out.println("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
-
- // Starting in Java 7 and above, switching Strings works like this:
- String myAnswer = "maybe";
- switch(myAnswer) {
- case "yes":
- System.out.println("You answered yes.");
- break;
- case "no":
- System.out.println("You answered no.");
- break;
- case "maybe":
- System.out.println("You answered maybe.");
- break;
- default:
- System.out.println("You answered " + myAnswer);
- break;
+
+
+ // Try-with-resources (Java 7+)
+ // Try-catch-finally statements work as expected in Java but in Java 7+
+ // the try-with-resources statement is also available. Try-with-resources
+ // simplifies try-catch-finally statements by closing resources
+ // automatically.
+
+ // In order to use a try-with-resources, include an instance of a class
+ // in the try statement. The class must implement java.lang.AutoCloseable.
+ try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("foo.txt"))) {
+ // You can attempt to do something that could throw an exception.
+ System.out.println(br.readLine());
+ // In Java 7, the resource will always be closed, even if it throws
+ // an Exception.
+ } catch (Exception ex) {
+ //The resource will be closed before the catch statement executes.
+ System.out.println("readLine() failed.");
}
+ // No need for a finally statement in this case, the BufferedReader is
+ // already closed. This can be used to avoid certain edge cases where
+ // a finally statement might not be called.
+ // To learn more:
+ // https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/tryResourceClose.html
+
// Conditional Shorthand
// You can use the '?' operator for quick assignments or logic forks.
@@ -362,11 +463,14 @@ public class LearnJava {
// <second value>"
int foo = 5;
String bar = (foo < 10) ? "A" : "B";
- System.out.println(bar); // Prints A, because the statement is true
-
+ System.out.println("bar : " + bar); // Prints "bar : A", because the
+ // statement is true.
+ // Or simply
+ System.out.println("bar : " + (foo < 10 ? "A" : "B"));
+
////////////////////////////////////////
- // Converting Data Types And Typecasting
+ // Converting Data Types
////////////////////////////////////////
// Converting data
@@ -382,12 +486,6 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Long
// String
- // Typecasting
- // You can also cast Java objects, there's a lot of details and deals
- // with some more intermediate concepts. Feel free to check it out here:
- // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
-
-
///////////////////////////////////////
// Classes And Functions
///////////////////////////////////////
@@ -409,18 +507,16 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Double Brace Initialization
// The Java Language has no syntax for how to create static Collections
// in an easy way. Usually you end up in the following way:
-
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>();
static {
- validCodes.add("DENMARK");
- validCodes.add("SWEDEN");
- validCodes.add("FINLAND");
+ COUNTRIES.add("DENMARK");
+ COUNTRIES.add("SWEDEN");
+ COUNTRIES.add("FINLAND");
}
// But there's a nifty way to achieve the same thing in an
// easier way, by using something that is called Double Brace
// Initialization.
-
private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>() {{
add("DENMARK");
add("SWEDEN");
@@ -436,10 +532,8 @@ public class LearnJava {
} // End main method
} // End LearnJava class
-
// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
-// but it is good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
-
+// but it is not good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
// Class Declaration Syntax:
// <public/private/protected> class <class name> {
@@ -454,13 +548,12 @@ class Bicycle {
private int speed; // Private: Only accessible from within the class
protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
-
static String className; // Static class variable
- // Static block
+ // Static block
// Java has no implementation of static constructors, but
- // has a static block that can be used to initialize class variables
- // (static variables).
+ // has a static block that can be used to initialize class variables
+ // (static variables).
// This block will be called when the class is loaded.
static {
className = "Bicycle";
@@ -476,7 +569,6 @@ class Bicycle {
speed = 5;
name = "Bontrager";
}
-
// This is a constructor that takes arguments
public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
String name) {
@@ -501,23 +593,18 @@ class Bicycle {
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}
-
public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
-
public void speedUp(int increment) {
speed += increment;
}
-
public void slowDown(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}
-
public void setName(String newName) {
name = newName;
}
-
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@@ -545,10 +632,18 @@ class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
// out: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/
@Override
public void setGear(int gear) {
- gear = 0;
+ this.gear = 0;
}
}
+// Object casting
+// Since the PennyFarthing class is extending the Bicycle class, we can say
+// a PennyFarthing is a Bicycle and write :
+// Bicycle bicycle = new PennyFarthing();
+// This is called object casting where an object is taken for another one. There
+// are lots of details and deals with some more intermediate concepts here:
+// https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
+
// Interfaces
// Interface declaration syntax
// <access-level> interface <interface-name> extends <super-interfaces> {
@@ -564,12 +659,14 @@ public interface Edible {
public interface Digestible {
public void digest();
+ // Since Java 8, interfaces can have default method.
+ public void defaultMethod() {
+ System.out.println("Hi from default method ...");
+ }
}
-
// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.
public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
-
@Override
public void eat() {
// ...
@@ -585,7 +682,6 @@ public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
// interfaces. For example:
public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
InterfaceTwo {
-
@Override
public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
}
@@ -599,19 +695,19 @@ public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
// Abstract Classes
// Abstract Class declaration syntax
-// <access-level> abstract <abstract-class-name> extends <super-abstract-classes> {
+// <access-level> abstract class <abstract-class-name> extends
+// <super-abstract-classes> {
// // Constants and variables
// // Method declarations
// }
-// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains abstract methods that must
-// be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes cannot
-// be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract methods
-// defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a mixture of
-// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
-// unless the method is static, and variables are final by default, unlike an
-// abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
-
+// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains at least one abstract
+// method that must be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract
+// classes cannot be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract
+// methods defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a
+// mixture of concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot
+// have a body, unless the method is static, and variables are final by default,
+// unlike an abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
public abstract class Animal
{
public abstract void makeSound();
@@ -619,7 +715,7 @@ public abstract class Animal
// Method can have a body
public void eat()
{
- System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");
+ System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");
// Note: We can access private variable here.
age = 30;
}
@@ -627,11 +723,11 @@ public abstract class Animal
// No need to initialize, however in an interface
// a variable is implicitly final and hence has
// to be initialized.
- protected int age;
+ private int age;
public void printAge()
{
- System.out.println(age);
+ System.out.println(age);
}
// Abstract classes can have main function.
@@ -649,14 +745,14 @@ class Dog extends Animal
public void makeSound()
{
System.out.println("Bark");
- // age = 30; ==> ERROR! age is private to Animal
+ // age = 30; ==> ERROR! age is private to Animal
}
// NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
// @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
// overriding of static methods.
// What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
- // Check out this awesome SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
+ // Check out this SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Dog pluto = new Dog();
@@ -695,61 +791,54 @@ public abstract class Mammal()
// Final Method Syntax:
// <access modifier> final <return type> <function name>(<args>)
- // Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child class,
- // and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
+ // Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child
+ // class, and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
public final boolean isWarmBlooded()
{
return true;
}
}
-
// Enum Type
//
// An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to be a set
-// of predefined constants. The variable must be equal to one of the values that
-// have been predefined for it. Because they are constants, the names of an enum
-// type's fields are in uppercase letters. In the Java programming language, you
-// define an enum type by using the enum keyword. For example, you would specify
-// a days-of-the-week enum type as:
-
+// of predefined constants. The variable must be equal to one of the values
+// that have been predefined for it. Because they are constants, the names of
+// an enum type's fields are in uppercase letters. In the Java programming
+// language, you define an enum type by using the enum keyword. For example,
+// you would specify a days-of-the-week enum type as:
public enum Day {
SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
- THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
+ THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}
// We can use our enum Day like that:
-
public class EnumTest {
-
// Variable Enum
Day day;
-
+
public EnumTest(Day day) {
this.day = day;
}
-
+
public void tellItLikeItIs() {
switch (day) {
case MONDAY:
System.out.println("Mondays are bad.");
break;
-
case FRIDAY:
System.out.println("Fridays are better.");
break;
-
- case SATURDAY:
+ case SATURDAY:
case SUNDAY:
System.out.println("Weekends are best.");
break;
-
default:
System.out.println("Midweek days are so-so.");
break;
}
}
-
+
public static void main(String[] args) {
EnumTest firstDay = new EnumTest(Day.MONDAY);
firstDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Mondays are bad.
@@ -758,9 +847,9 @@ public class EnumTest {
}
}
-// Enum types are much more powerful than we show above.
+// Enum types are much more powerful than we show above.
// The enum body can include methods and other fields.
-// You can se more at https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/enum.html
+// You can see more at https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/enum.html
```
@@ -770,22 +859,26 @@ The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, fee
**Official Oracle Guides**:
-* [Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)
+* [Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)
-* [Java Access level modifiers](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)
+* [Java Access level modifiers](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)
-* [Object-Oriented Programming Concepts](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):
- * [Inheritance](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
- * [Polymorphism](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
- * [Abstraction](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)
+* [Object-Oriented Programming Concepts](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):
+ * [Inheritance](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
+ * [Polymorphism](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
+ * [Abstraction](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)
-* [Exceptions](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
+* [Exceptions](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
-* [Interfaces](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)
+* [Interfaces](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)
-* [Generics](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
+* [Generics](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
-* [Java Code Conventions](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)
+* [Java Code Conventions](https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)
+
+* New features in Java 8:
+ * [Lambda expressions (functional programming)](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/lambdaexpressions.html)
+ * [Date and time API (java.time package)](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html)
**Online Practice and Tutorials**
@@ -793,13 +886,12 @@ The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, fee
* [Codingbat.com](http://codingbat.com/java)
-
**Books**:
* [Head First Java](http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/)
* [Thinking in Java](http://www.mindview.net/Books/TIJ/)
-* [Objects First with Java](http://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-Introduction/dp/0132492660)
+* [Objects First with Java](https://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-Introduction/dp/0132492660)
-* [Java The Complete Reference](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)
+* [Java The Complete Reference](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)