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Diffstat (limited to 'latex.html.markdown')
| -rw-r--r-- | latex.html.markdown | 178 |
1 files changed, 109 insertions, 69 deletions
diff --git a/latex.html.markdown b/latex.html.markdown index a3866892..29a9f638 100644 --- a/latex.html.markdown +++ b/latex.html.markdown @@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ language: latex contributors: - ["Chaitanya Krishna Ande", "http://icymist.github.io"] - - ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"] + - ["Colton Kohnke", "https://github.com/voltnor"] - ["Sricharan Chiruvolu", "http://sricharan.xyz"] - ["Ramanan Balakrishnan", "https://github.com/ramananbalakrishnan"] - ["Svetlana Golubeva", "https://attillax.github.io/"] + - ["Oliver Kopp", "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-4290"] filename: learn-latex.tex --- @@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ filename: learn-latex.tex % Next we define the packages the document uses. % If you want to include graphics, colored text, or -% source code from another language file into your document, -% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages. +% source code from another language file into your document, +% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages. % I'm going to include the float and caption packages for figures % and hyperref package for hyperlinks \usepackage{caption} @@ -38,18 +39,18 @@ filename: learn-latex.tex \author{Chaitanya Krishna Ande, Colton Kohnke, Sricharan Chiruvolu \& \\ Svetlana Golubeva} \date{\today} -\title{Learn \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} in Y Minutes!} +\title{Learn \LaTeX{} in Y Minutes!} % Now we're ready to begin the document % Everything before this line is called "The Preamble" -\begin{document} -% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX +\begin{document} +% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX % create a title page for us. \maketitle % If we have sections, we can create table of contents. We have to compile our % document twice to make it appear in right order. -% It is a good practice to separate the table of contents form the body of the +% It is a good practice to separate the table of contents form the body of the % document. To do so we use \newpage command \newpage \tableofcontents @@ -58,14 +59,14 @@ Svetlana Golubeva} % Most research papers have abstract, you can use the predefined commands for this. % This should appear in its logical order, therefore, after the top matter, -% but before the main sections of the body. +% but before the main sections of the body. % This command is available in the document classes article and report. \begin{abstract} - \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} documentation written as \LaTeX! How novel and totally not + \LaTeX{} documentation written as \LaTeX! How novel and totally not my idea! \end{abstract} -% Section commands are intuitive. +% Section commands are intuitive. % All the titles of the sections are added automatically to the table of contents. \section{Introduction} Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore \LaTeX! @@ -74,23 +75,28 @@ Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore \LaTeX! This is the text for another section. I think it needs a subsection. \subsection{This is a subsection} % Subsections are also intuitive. -I think we need another one +I think we need another one. \subsubsection{Pythagoras} Much better now. \label{subsec:pythagoras} % By using the asterisk we can suppress LaTeX's inbuilt numbering. -% This works for other LaTeX commands as well. -\section*{This is an unnumbered section} +% This works for other LaTeX commands as well. +\section*{This is an unnumbered section} However not all sections have to be numbered! \section{Some Text notes} %\section{Spacing} % Need to add more information about space intervals -\LaTeX \hspace{1pt} is generally pretty good about placing text where it should -go. If -a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash -\hspace{1pt} to the source code. \\ +\LaTeX{} is generally pretty good about placing text where it should +go. If +a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash{} +to the source code. + +Separate paragraphs by empty lines. + +You need to add a backslash after abbreviations (if not followed by a comma), because otherwise the spacing after the dot is too large: +E.g., i.e., etc.\ are are such abbreviations. \section{Lists} Lists are one of the easiest things to create in \LaTeX! I need to go shopping @@ -109,18 +115,18 @@ tomorrow, so let's make a grocery list. \section{Math} -One of the primary uses for \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} is to produce academic articles -or technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such, -we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper! \\ +One of the primary uses for \LaTeX{} is to produce academic articles +or technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such, +we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper! Math has many symbols, far beyond what you can find on a keyboard; -Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few.\\ +Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few. Sets and relations play a vital role in many mathematical research papers. -Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall$ x $\in$ X. \\ -% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is -% because when writing, we are in text-mode. -% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode. +Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall x \in X$. +% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is +% because when writing, we are in text-mode. +% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode. % We can enter math-mode from text mode with the $ signs. % The opposite also holds true. Variable can also be rendered in math-mode. % We can also enter math mode with \[\] @@ -128,16 +134,16 @@ Here's how you state all x that belong to X, $\forall$ x $\in$ X. \\ \[a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \] My favorite Greek letter is $\xi$. I also like $\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\sigma$. -I haven't found a Greek letter yet that \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} doesn't know -about! \\ +I haven't found a Greek letter yet that \LaTeX{} doesn't know +about! -Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document: -trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$), -logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$), -limits ($\lim$), etc. -have per-defined LaTeX commands. -Let's write an equation to see how it's done: -$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$ \\ +Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document: +trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$), +logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$), +limits ($\lim$), etc.\ +have pre-defined LaTeX commands. +Let's write an equation to see how it's done: +$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$ Fractions (Numerator-denominators) can be written in these forms: @@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ $$ ^{10}/_{7} $$ % Relatively complex fractions can be written as % \frac{numerator}{denominator} -$$ \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} $$ \\ +$$ \frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!} $$ We can also insert equations in an ``equation environment''. @@ -156,31 +162,33 @@ We can also insert equations in an ``equation environment''. \label{eq:pythagoras} % for referencing \end{equation} % all \begin statements must have an end statement -We can then reference our new equation! +We can then reference our new equation! Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras} is also known as the Pythagoras Theorem which is also -the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled: +the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled: figures, equations, sections, etc. Summations and Integrals are written with sum and int commands: % Some LaTeX compilers will complain if there are blank lines % In an equation environment. -\begin{equation} +\begin{equation} \sum_{i=0}^{5} f_{i} -\end{equation} -\begin{equation} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} \int_{0}^{\infty} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{d}x -\end{equation} +\end{equation} \section{Figures} -Let's insert a Figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky. +Let's insert a figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky. +Basic options are [t] for top, [b] for bottom, [h] for here (approximately). I definitely have to lookup the placement options each time. +% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions for more details -\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option. +\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option. \centering % centers the figure on the page % Inserts a figure scaled to 0.8 the width of the page. - %\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png} + %\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png} % Commented out for compilation purposes. Please use your imagination. \caption{Right triangle with sides $a$, $b$, $c$} \label{fig:right-triangle} @@ -192,51 +200,62 @@ We can also insert Tables in the same way as figures. \begin{table}[H] \caption{Caption for the Table.} % the {} arguments below describe how each row of the table is drawn. - % Again, I have to look these up. Each. And. Every. Time. - \begin{tabular}{c|cc} + % The basic is simple: one letter for each column, to control alignment: + % basic options are: c, l, r and p for centered, left, right and paragraph + % optionnally, you can add a | for a vertical line + % See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables for more details + \begin{tabular}{c|cc} % here it means "centered | vertical line, centered centered" Number & Last Name & First Name \\ % Column rows are separated by & \hline % a horizontal line 1 & Biggus & Dickus \\ 2 & Monty & Python \end{tabular} + % it will approximately be displayed like this + % Number | Last Name First Name + % -------|--------------------------- % because of \hline + % 1 | Biggus Dickus + % 2 | Monty Python \end{table} -\section{Getting \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} to not compile something (i.e. Source Code)} -Let's say we want to include some code into our \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} document, -we would then need \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} to not try and interpret that text and -instead just print it to the document. We do this with a verbatim -environment. +\section{Getting \LaTeX{} to not compile something (i.e.\ Source Code)} +Let's say we want to include some code into our \LaTeX{} document, +we would then need \LaTeX{} to not try and interpret that text and +instead just print it to the document. We do this with a verbatim +environment. % There are other packages that exist (i.e. minty, lstlisting, etc.) % but verbatim is the bare-bones basic one. -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{verbatim} print("Hello World!") - a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim. - random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll + a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim. + random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll, https://www.xkcd.com/221/ + See https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/221:_Random_Number \end{verbatim} -\section{Compiling} +\section{Compiling} + +By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document +and look at the glorious glory that is a \LaTeX{} pdf. +(yes, this document actually does compile). -By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document -and look at the glorious glory that is a \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} pdf. -(yes, this document actually does compile). \\ -Getting to the final document using \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} consists of the following +Getting to the final document using \LaTeX{} consists of the following steps: \begin{enumerate} \item Write the document in plain text (the ``source code''). - \item Compile source code to produce a pdf. + \item Compile source code to produce a pdf. The compilation step looks like this (in Linux): \\ - \begin{verbatim} + \begin{verbatim} > pdflatex learn-latex.tex \end{verbatim} \end{enumerate} -A number of \LaTeX \hspace{1pt}editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the +A number of \LaTeX{} editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the same piece of software. So, you get to see Step 1, but not Step 2 completely. Step 2 is still happening behind the scenes\footnote{In cases, where you use references (like Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras}), you may need to run Step 2 multiple times, to generate an intermediary *.aux file.}. % Also, this is how you add footnotes to your document! +% with a simple \footnote{...} command. They are numbered ¹, ², ... by default. You write all your formatting information in plain text in Step 1. The compilation part in Step 2 takes care of producing the document in the @@ -245,19 +264,40 @@ format you defined in Step 1. \section{Hyperlinks} We can also insert hyperlinks in our document. To do so we need to include the package hyperref into preamble with the command: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{verbatim} \usepackage{hyperref} \end{verbatim} There exists two main types of links: visible URL \\ -\url{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}, or +\url{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}, or \href{https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/latex/}{shadowed by text} -% You can not add extra-spaces or special symbols into shadowing text since it +% You can not add extra-spaces or special symbols into shadowing text since it % will cause mistakes during the compilation -This package also produces list of tumbnails in the output pdf document and +This package also produces list of thumbnails in the output pdf document and active links in the table of contents. +\section{Writing in ASCII or other encodings} + +By default, historically LaTeX accepts inputs which are pure ASCII (128), +not even extened ASCII, meaning without accents (à, è etc.) and non-Latin symbols. + +It is easy to insert accents and basic Latin symbols, with backslash shortcuts +Like \,c, \'e, \`A, \ae and \oe etc. % for ç, é, À, etc +% See https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Special_Characters#Escaped_codes for more + +To write directly in UTF-8, when compiling with pdflatex, use +\begin{verbatim} + \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\end{verbatim} +The selected font has to support the glyphs used for your document, you have to add +\begin{verbatim} + \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\end{verbatim} + +Not that there also exists LuaTeX and XeLaTeX that were designed to have builtin +support for UTF-8 and case ease your life if you don't write in a latin alphabet. + \section{End} That's all for now! @@ -267,9 +307,8 @@ That's all for now! \begin{thebibliography}{1} % similar to other lists, the \bibitem command can be used to list items % each entry can then be cited directly in the body of the text - \bibitem{latexwiki} The amazing \LaTeX \hspace{1pt} wikibook: {\em -https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX} - \bibitem{latextutorial} An actual tutorial: {\em http://www.latex-tutorial.com} + \bibitem{latexwiki} The amazing \LaTeX{} wikibook: \emph{https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX} + \bibitem{latextutorial} An actual tutorial: \emph{http://www.latex-tutorial.com} \end{thebibliography} % end the document @@ -280,3 +319,4 @@ https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX} * The amazing LaTeX wikibook: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX) * An actual tutorial: [http://www.latex-tutorial.com/](http://www.latex-tutorial.com/) +* A quick guide for learning LaTeX: [Learn LaTeX in 30 minutes](https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes) |