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diff --git a/perl6.html.markdown b/perl6.html.markdown index 5082a433..44960347 100644 --- a/perl6.html.markdown +++ b/perl6.html.markdown @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ --- category: language language: perl6 -filename: learnperl6.pl +filename: learnperl6.p6 contributors: - ["vendethiel", "http://github.com/vendethiel"] + - ["Samantha McVey", "https://cry.nu"] --- Perl 6 is a highly capable, feature-rich programming language made for at @@ -17,36 +18,47 @@ double paragraphs, and single notes. `#=>` represents the output of a command. -```perl +```perl6 # Single line comment start with a pound #`( Multiline comments use #` and a quoting construct. (), [], {}, 「」, etc, will work. ) +``` -### Variables +## Variables +```perl6 # In Perl 6, you declare a lexical variable using `my` my $variable; # Perl 6 has 4 kinds of variables: +``` + +### Scalars -## * Scalars. They represent a single value. They start with a `$` +```perl6 +# Scalars represent a single value. They start with a `$` my $str = 'String'; # double quotes allow for interpolation (which we'll see later): my $str2 = "String"; -# variable names can contain but not end with simple quotes and dashes, -# and can contain (and end with) underscores : +# Variable names can contain but not end with simple quotes and dashes, +# and can contain (and end with) underscores : # my $weird'variable-name_ = 5; # works ! -my $bool = True; # `True` and `False` are Perl 6's boolean +my $bool = True; # `True` and `False` are Perl 6's boolean values. my $inverse = !$bool; # You can invert a bool with the prefix `!` operator my $forced-bool = so $str; # And you can use the prefix `so` operator # which turns its operand into a Bool +``` + +### Arrays and Lists -## * Lists. They represent multiple values. Their name start with `@`. +```perl6 +# Arrays represent multiple values. Their name start with `@`. +# Lists are similar but are an immutable type my @array = 'a', 'b', 'c'; # equivalent to : @@ -56,52 +68,89 @@ my @array = 1, 2, 3; say @array[2]; # Array indices start at 0 -- This is the third element -say "Interpolate an array using [] : @array[]"; -#=> Interpolate an array using [] : 1 2 3 +say "Interpolate all elements of an array using [] : @array[]"; +#=> Interpolate all elements of an array using [] : 1 2 3 @array[0] = -1; # Assign a new value to an array index @array[0, 1] = 5, 6; # Assign multiple values my @keys = 0, 2; -@array[@keys] = @letters; # Assign using an array +@array[@keys] = @letters; # Assignment using an array containing index values say @array; #=> a 6 b +``` + +### Hashes, or key-value Pairs. -## * Hashes, or key-value Pairs. -# Hashes are actually arrays of Pairs -# (you can construct a Pair object using the syntax `Key => Value`), -# except they get "flattened" (hash context), removing duplicated keys. +```perl6 +# Hashes are pairs of keys and values. +# You can construct a Pair object using the syntax `Key => Value`. +# Hash tables are very fast for lookup, and are stored unordered. +# Keep in mind that keys get "flattened" in hash context, and any duplicated +# keys are deduplicated. my %hash = 1 => 2, 3 => 4; my %hash = foo => "bar", # keys get auto-quoted "some other" => "value", # trailing commas are okay ; -my %hash = <key1 value1 key2 value2>; # you can also create a hash - # from an even-numbered array -my %hash = key1 => 'value1', key2 => 'value2'; # same as this +# Even though hashes are internally stored differently than arrays, +# Perl 6 allows you to easily create a hash from an even numbered array: +my %hash = <key1 value1 key2 value2>; + +my %hash = key1 => 'value1', key2 => 'value2'; # same result as above # You can also use the "colon pair" syntax: # (especially handy for named parameters that you'll see later) -my %hash = :w(1), # equivalent to `w => 1` - # this is useful for the `True` shortcut: - :truey, # equivalent to `:truey(True)`, or `truey => True` - # and for the `False` one: +my %hash = :w(1), # equivalent to `w => 1` + # this is useful for the `True` shortcut: + :truey, # equivalent to `:truey(True)`, or `truey => True` + # and for the `False` one: :!falsey, # equivalent to `:falsey(False)`, or `falsey => False` ; say %hash{'key1'}; # You can use {} to get the value from a key say %hash<key2>; # If it's a string, you can actually use <> # (`{key1}` doesn't work, as Perl6 doesn't have barewords) +``` -## * Subs (subroutines, or functions in most other languages). -sub say-hello { say "Hello, world" } +## Subs -sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { # You can provide the type of an argument - # and it'll be checked at compile-time. +```perl6 +# subroutines or functions as most other languages call them are +# created with the `sub` keyword. +sub say-hello { say "Hello, world" } +# You can provide (typed) arguments. +# If specified, the type will be checked at compile-time if possible, +# otherwise at runtime. +sub say-hello-to(Str $name) { say "Hello, $name !"; } -## It can also have optional arguments: +# A sub returns the last value of the block. +sub return-value { + 5; +} +say return-value; # prints 5 +sub return-empty { +} +say return-empty; # prints Nil + +# Some control flow structures produce a value, like if: +sub return-if { + if True { + "Truthy"; + } +} +say return-if; # prints Truthy + +# Some don't, like for: +sub return-for { + for 1, 2, 3 { } +} +say return-for; # prints Nil + + +## A sub can have optional arguments: sub with-optional($arg?) { # the "?" marks the argument optional say "I might return `(Any)` (Perl's 'null'-like value) if I don't have an argument passed, or I'll return my argument"; @@ -119,8 +168,8 @@ hello-to; #=> Hello, World ! hello-to(); #=> Hello, World ! hello-to('You'); #=> Hello, You ! -## You can also, by using a syntax akin to the one of hashes (yay unified syntax !), -## pass *named* arguments to a `sub`. +## You can also, by using a syntax akin to the one of hashes +## (yay unified syntax !), pass *named* arguments to a `sub`. # They're optional, and will default to "Any". sub with-named($normal-arg, :$named) { say $normal-arg + $named; @@ -139,8 +188,8 @@ sub with-mandatory-named(:$str!) { say "$str !"; } with-mandatory-named(str => "My String"); #=> My String ! -with-mandatory-named; # run time error: "Required named parameter not passed" -with-mandatory-named(3); # run time error: "Too many positional parameters passed" +with-mandatory-named; # run time error: "Required named parameter not passed" +with-mandatory-named(3);# run time error:"Too many positional parameters passed" ## If a sub takes a named boolean argument ... sub takes-a-bool($name, :$bool) { @@ -163,9 +212,9 @@ my &s = &say-hello; my &other-s = sub { say "Anonymous function !" } # A sub can have a "slurpy" parameter, or "doesn't-matter-how-many" -sub as-many($head, *@rest) { # `*@` (slurpy) will basically "take everything else". - # Note: you can have parameters *before* (like here) - # a slurpy one, but not *after*. +sub as-many($head, *@rest) { #`*@` (slurpy) will "take everything else" +# Note: you can have parameters *before* a slurpy one (like here), +# but not *after*. say @rest.join(' / ') ~ " !"; } say as-many('Happy', 'Happy', 'Birthday'); #=> Happy / Birthday ! @@ -180,8 +229,11 @@ sub concat3($a, $b, $c) { } concat3(|@array); #=> a, b, c # `@array` got "flattened" as a part of the argument list +``` + +## Containers -### Containers +```perl6 # In Perl 6, values are actually stored in "containers". # The assignment operator asks the container on the left to store the value on # its right. When passed around, containers are marked as immutable. @@ -193,6 +245,15 @@ sub mutate($n is rw) { say "\$n is now $n !"; } +my $m = 42; +mutate $m; # $n is now 43 ! + +# This works because we are passing the container $m to mutate. If we try +# to just pass a number instead of passing a variable it won't work because +# there is no container being passed and integers are immutable by themselves: + +mutate 42; # Parameter '$n' expected a writable container, but got Int value + # If what you want a copy instead, use `is copy`. # A sub itself returns a container, which means it can be marked as rw: @@ -201,16 +262,17 @@ sub x-store() is rw { $x } x-store() = 52; # in this case, the parentheses are mandatory # (else Perl 6 thinks `x-store` is an identifier) say $x; #=> 52 +``` +## Control Flow Structures +### Conditionals -### Control Flow Structures -## Conditionals - +```perl6 # - `if` # Before talking about `if`, we need to know which values are "Truthy" -# (represent True), and which are "Falsey" (or "Falsy") -- represent False. -# Only these values are Falsey: 0, (), {}, "", Nil, A type (like `Str` or `Int`), -# and of course False itself. +# (represent True), and which are "Falsey" (or "Falsy") -- represent False. +# Only these values are Falsey: 0, (), {}, "", Nil, A type (like `Str` or `Int`) +# and of course False itself. # Every other value is Truthy. if True { say "It's true !"; @@ -228,10 +290,19 @@ unless False { say "Quite truthy" if True; # - Ternary conditional, "?? !!" (like `x ? y : z` in some other languages) -my $a = $condition ?? $value-if-true !! $value-if-false; +# returns $value-if-true if the condition is true and $value-if-false +# if it is false. +# my $result = $value condition ?? $value-if-true !! $value-if-false; + +my $age = 30; +say $age > 18 ?? "You are an adult" !! "You are under 18"; +``` + +### given/when, or switch -# - `given`-`when` looks like other languages' `switch`, but much more -# powerful thanks to smart matching and thanks to Perl 6's "topic variable", $_. +```perl6 +# - `given`-`when` looks like other languages' `switch`, but is much more +# powerful thanks to smart matching and Perl 6's "topic variable", $_. # # This variable contains the default argument of a block, # a loop's current iteration (unless explicitly named), etc. @@ -242,15 +313,17 @@ my $a = $condition ?? $value-if-true !! $value-if-false; # Since other Perl 6 constructs use this variable (as said before, like `for`, # blocks, etc), this means the powerful `when` is not only applicable along with # a `given`, but instead anywhere a `$_` exists. + given "foo bar" { say $_; #=> foo bar - when /foo/ { # Don't worry about smart matching yet – just know `when` uses it. + when /foo/ { # Don't worry about smart matching yet – just know `when` uses it # This is equivalent to `if $_ ~~ /foo/`. say "Yay !"; } - when $_.chars > 50 { # smart matching anything with True (`$a ~~ True`) is True, + when $_.chars > 50 { # smart matching anything with True is True, + # i.e. (`$a ~~ True`) # so you can also put "normal" conditionals. - # This when is equivalent to this `if`: + # This `when` is equivalent to this `if`: # if $_ ~~ ($_.chars > 50) {...} # Which means: # if $_.chars > 50 {...} @@ -260,14 +333,17 @@ given "foo bar" { say "Something else" } } +``` -## Looping constructs +### Looping constructs +```perl6 # - `loop` is an infinite loop if you don't pass it arguments, # but can also be a C-style `for` loop: loop { say "This is an infinite loop !"; - last; # last breaks out of the loop, like the `break` keyword in other languages + last; # last breaks out of the loop, like the `break` keyword in other + # languages } loop (my $i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) { @@ -304,9 +380,11 @@ for @array { if long-computation() -> $result { say "The result is $result"; } +``` -### Operators +## Operators +```perl6 ## Since Perl languages are very much operator-based languages, ## Perl 6 operators are actually just funny-looking subroutines, in syntactic ## categories, like infix:<+> (addition) or prefix:<!> (bool not). @@ -336,16 +414,37 @@ if long-computation() -> $result { # - `eqv` is canonical equivalence (or "deep equality") (1, 2) eqv (1, 3); -# - `~~` is smart matching +# - Smart Match Operator: `~~` +# Aliases the left hand side to $_ and then evaluates the right hand side. +# Here are some common comparison semantics: + +# String or Numeric Equality + +'Foo' ~~ 'Foo'; # True if strings are equal. +12.5 ~~ 12.50; # True if numbers are equal. + +# Regex - For matching a regular expression against the left side. +# Returns a (Match) object, which evaluates as True if regexp matches. + +my $obj = 'abc' ~~ /a/; +say $obj; # ｢a｣ +say $obj.WHAT; # (Match) + +# Hashes +'key' ~~ %hash; # True if key exists in hash + +# Type - Checks if left side "has type" (can check superclasses and roles) + +1 ~~ Int; # True + +# Smart-matching against a boolean always returns that boolean (and will warn). + +1 ~~ True; # True +False ~~ True; # True + +# # General syntax is $arg ~~ &bool-returning-function; # For a complete list of combinations, use this table: # http://perlcabal.org/syn/S03.html#Smart_matching -'a' ~~ /a/; # true if matches regexp -'key' ~~ %hash; # true if key exists in hash -$arg ~~ &bool-returning-function; # `True` if the function, passed `$arg` - # as an argument, returns `True`. -1 ~~ Int; # "has type" (check superclasses and roles) -1 ~~ True; # smart-matching against a boolean always returns that boolean - # (and will warn). # You also, of course, have `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`. # Their string equivalent are also avaiable : `lt`, `le`, `gt`, `ge`. @@ -367,6 +466,7 @@ say @array[^10]; # you can pass arrays as subscripts and it'll return # Note : when reading an infinite list, Perl 6 will "reify" the elements # it needs, then keep them in memory. They won't be calculated more than once. # It also will never calculate more elements that are needed. +# Trying # An array subscript can also be a closure. # It'll be called with the length as the argument @@ -386,41 +486,51 @@ my @seq = 3, 9 ... * > 95; # 3 9 15 21 27 [...] 81 87 93 99; say @numbers; #=> 0 1 2 3 4 3 9 15 21 [...] 81 87 # (only 20 values) -## * And, Or +## * And &&, Or || 3 && 4; # 4, which is Truthy. Calls `.Bool` on `4` and gets `True`. 0 || False; # False. Calls `.Bool` on `0` ## * Short-circuit (and tight) versions of the above -$a && $b && $c; # Returns the first argument that evaluates to False, - # or the last argument. -$a || $b; +# Returns the first argument that evaluates to False, or the last argument. + +my ( $a, $b, $c ) = 1, 0, 2; +$a && $b && $c; # Returns 0, the first False value + +# || Returns the first argument that evaluates to True +$b || $a; # 1 # And because you're going to want them, # you also have compound assignment operators: -$a *= 2; # multiply and assignment +$a *= 2; # multiply and assignment. Equivalent to $a = $a * 2; $b %%= 5; # divisible by and assignment @array .= sort; # calls the `sort` method and assigns the result back +``` -### More on subs ! +## More on subs ! + +```perl6 # As we said before, Perl 6 has *really* powerful subs. We're going to see # a few more key concepts that make them better than in any other language :-). +``` -## Unpacking ! +### Unpacking ! + +```perl6 # It's the ability to "extract" arrays and keys (AKA "destructuring"). # It'll work in `my`s and in parameter lists. -my ($a, $b) = 1, 2; -say $a; #=> 1 -my ($, $, $c) = 1, 2, 3; # keep the non-interesting anonymous -say $c; #=> 3 +my ($f, $g) = 1, 2; +say $f; #=> 1 +my ($, $, $h) = 1, 2, 3; # keep the non-interesting anonymous +say $h; #=> 3 my ($head, *@tail) = 1, 2, 3; # Yes, it's the same as with "slurpy subs" my (*@small) = 1; -sub foo(@array [$fst, $snd]) { +sub unpack_array(@array [$fst, $snd]) { say "My first is $fst, my second is $snd ! All in all, I'm @array[]."; # (^ remember the `[]` to interpolate the array) } -foo(@tail); #=> My first is 2, my second is 3 ! All in all, I'm 2 3 +unpack_array(@tail); #=> My first is 2, my second is 3 ! All in all, I'm 2 3 # If you're not using the array itself, you can also keep it anonymous, @@ -473,7 +583,11 @@ sub list-of($n) { } } my @list3 = list-of(3); #=> (0, 1, 2) +``` +### lambdas + +```perl6 ## You can create a lambda with `-> {}` ("pointy block") or `{}` ("block") my &lambda = -> $argument { "The argument passed to this lambda is $argument" } # `-> {}` and `{}` are pretty much the same thing, except that the former can @@ -516,8 +630,11 @@ map(sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }, @array); # (here with `sub`) # Note : those are sorted lexicographically. # `{ $^b / $^a }` is like `-> $a, $b { $b / $a }` +``` -## About types... +### About types... + +```perl6 # Perl6 is gradually typed. This means you can specify the type # of your variables/arguments/return types, or you can omit them # and they'll default to "Any". @@ -531,8 +648,11 @@ map(sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }, @array); # (here with `sub`) # You can specify the type you're subtyping (by default, Any), # and add additional checks with the "where" keyword: subset VeryBigInteger of Int where * > 500; +``` -## Multiple Dispatch +### Multiple Dispatch + +```perl6 # Perl 6 can decide which variant of a `sub` to call based on the type of the # arguments, or on arbitrary preconditions, like with a type or a `where`: @@ -576,69 +696,104 @@ multi with-or-without-you { # sub trait_mod:<is>(Routine $r, :$rw!) {} # # (commented because running this would be a terrible idea !) +``` +## Scoping -### Scoping -# In Perl 6, contrarily to many scripting languages (like Python, Ruby, PHP), -# you are to declare your variables before using them. You know `my`. -# (there are other declarators, `our`, `state`, ..., which we'll see later). +```perl6 +# In Perl 6, unlike many scripting languages, (such as Python, Ruby, PHP), +# you must declare your variables before using them. The `my` declarator +# you have learned uses "lexical scoping". There are a few other declarators, +# (`our`, `state`, ..., ) which we'll see later. # This is called "lexical scoping", where in inner blocks, # you can access variables from outer blocks. -my $foo = 'Foo'; -sub foo { - my $bar = 'Bar'; - sub bar { - say "$foo $bar"; +my $file_scoped = 'Foo'; +sub outer { + my $outer_scoped = 'Bar'; + sub inner { + say "$file_scoped $outer_scoped"; } - &bar; # return the function + &inner; # return the function } -foo()(); #=> 'Foo Bar' +outer()(); #=> 'Foo Bar' -# As you can see, `$foo` and `$bar` were captured. +# As you can see, `$file_scoped` and `$outer_scoped` were captured. # But if we were to try and use `$bar` outside of `foo`, # the variable would be undefined (and you'd get a compile time error). +``` + +## Twigils -# Perl 6 has another kind of scope : dynamic scope. -# They use the twigil (composed sigil) `*` to mark dynamically-scoped variables: -my $*a = 1; -# Dyamically-scoped variables depend on the current call stack, -# instead of the current block depth. -sub foo { - my $*foo = 1; - bar(); # call `bar` in-place +```perl6 +# There are many special `twigils` (composed sigil's) in Perl 6. +# Twigils define the variables' scope. +# The * and ? twigils work on standard variables: +# * Dynamic variable +# ? Compile-time variable +# The ! and the . twigils are used with Perl 6's objects: +# ! Attribute (class member) +# . Method (not really a variable) + +# `*` Twigil: Dynamic Scope +# These variables use the`*` twigil to mark dynamically-scoped variables. +# Dynamically-scoped variables are looked up through the caller, not through +# the outer scope + +my $*dyn_scoped_1 = 1; +my $*dyn_scoped_2 = 10; + +sub say_dyn { + say "$*dyn_scoped_1 $*dyn_scoped_2"; } -sub bar { - say $*foo; # `$*foo` will be looked in the call stack, and find `foo`'s, - # even though the blocks aren't nested (they're call-nested). - #=> 1 + +sub call_say_dyn { + my $*dyn_scoped_1 = 25; # Defines $*dyn_scoped_1 only for this sub. + $*dyn_scoped_2 = 100; # Will change the value of the file scoped variable. + say_dyn(); #=> 25 100 $*dyn_scoped 1 and 2 will be looked for in the call. + # It uses he value of $*dyn_scoped_1 from inside this sub's lexical + # scope even though the blocks aren't nested (they're call-nested). } +say_dyn(); #=> 1 10 +call_say_dyn(); #=> 25 100 + # Uses $*dyn_scoped_1 as defined in call_say_dyn even though + # we are calling it from outside. +say_dyn(); #=> 1 100 We changed the value of $*dyn_scoped_2 in call_say_dyn + # so now its value has changed. +``` -### Object Model +## Object Model -# You declare a class with the keyword `class`, fields with `has`, -# methods with `method`. Every attribute that is private is named `$!attr`. -# Immutable public attributes are named `$.attr` +```perl6 +# To call a method on an object, add a dot followed by the method name: +# => $object.method +# Classes are declared with the `class` keyword. Attributes are declared +# with the `has` keyword, and methods declared with `method`. +# Every attribute that is private uses the ! twigil for example: `$!attr`. +# Immutable public attributes use the `.` twigil. # (you can make them mutable with `is rw`) +# The easiest way to remember the `$.` twigil is comparing it to how methods +# are called. # Perl 6's object model ("SixModel") is very flexible, # and allows you to dynamically add methods, change semantics, etc ... -# (this will not be covered here, and you should refer to the Synopsis). +# (these will not all be covered here, and you should refer to: +# https://docs.perl6.org/language/objects.html. -class A { - has $.field; # `$.field` is immutable. - # From inside the class, use `$!field` to modify it. - has $.other-field is rw; # You can mark a public attribute `rw`. - has Int $!private-field = 10; +class Attrib-Class { + has $.attrib; # `$.attrib` is immutable. + # From inside the class, use `$!attrib` to modify it. + has $.other-attrib is rw; # You can mark a public attribute `rw`. + has Int $!private-attrib = 10; method get-value { - $.field + $!private-field; + $.attrib + $!private-attrib; } - method set-value($n) { - # $.field = $n; # As stated before, you can't use the `$.` immutable version. - $!field = $n; # This works, because `$!` is always mutable. + method set-value($param) { # Methods can take parameters + $!attrib = $param; # This works, because `$!` is always mutable. + # $.attrib = $param; # Wrong: You can't use the `$.` immutable version. - $.other-field = 5; # This works, because `$.other-field` is `rw`. + $.other-attrib = 5; # This works, because `$.other-attrib` is `rw`. } method !private-method { @@ -646,33 +801,47 @@ class A { } }; -# Create a new instance of A with $.field set to 5 : -# Note: you can't set private-field from here (more later on). -my $a = A.new(field => 5); -$a.get-value; #=> 15 -#$a.field = 5; # This fails, because the `has $.field` is immutable -$a.other-field = 10; # This, however, works, because the public field - # is mutable (`rw`). - -## Perl 6 also has inheritance (along with multiple inheritance) - -class A { - has $.val; +# Create a new instance of Attrib-Class with $.attrib set to 5 : +# Note: you can't set private-attribute from here (more later on). +my $class-obj = Attrib-Class.new(attrib => 5); +say $class-obj.get-value; #=> 15 +#$class-obj.attrib = 5; # This fails, because the `has $.attrib` is immutable +$class-obj.other-attrib = 10; # This, however, works, because the public + # attribute is mutable (`rw`). +``` - submethod not-inherited { - say "This method won't be available on B."; - say "This is most useful for BUILD, which we'll see later"; +### Object Inheritance + +```perl6 +# Perl 6 also has inheritance (along with multiple inheritance) +# While `method`'s are inherited, `submethod`'s are not. +# Submethods are useful for object construction and destruction tasks, +# such as BUILD, or methods that must be overriden by subtypes. +# We will learn about BUILD later on. + +class Parent { + has $.age; + has $.name; + # This submethod won't be inherited by Child. + submethod favorite-color { + say "My favorite color is Blue"; } - - method bar { $.val * 5 } + # This method is inherited + method talk { say "Hi, my name is $!name" } } -class B is A { # inheritance uses `is` - method foo { - say $.val; - } - - method bar { $.val * 10 } # this shadows A's `bar` +# Inheritance uses the `is` keyword +class Child is Parent { + method talk { say "Goo goo ga ga" } + # This shadows Parent's `talk` method, This child hasn't learned to speak yet! } +my Parent $Richard .= new(age => 40, name => 'Richard'); +$Richard.favorite-color; #=> "My favorite color is Blue" +$Richard.talk; #=> "Hi, my name is Richard" +# # $Richard is able to access the submethod, he knows how to say his name. + +my Child $Madison .= new(age => 1, name => 'Madison'); +$Madison.talk; # prints "Goo goo ga ga" due to the overrided method. +# $Madison.favorite-color does not work since it is not inherited # When you use `my T $var`, `$var` starts off with `T` itself in it, # so you can call `new` on it. @@ -680,13 +849,12 @@ class B is A { # inheritance uses `is` # `$a .= b` is the same as `$a = $a.b`) # Also note that `BUILD` (the method called inside `new`) # will set parent properties too, so you can pass `val => 5`. -my B $b .= new(val => 5); +``` -# $b.not-inherited; # This won't work, for reasons explained above -$b.foo; # prints 5 -$b.bar; #=> 50, since it calls B's `bar` +### Roles, or Mixins -## Roles are supported too (also called Mixins in other languages) +```perl6 +# Roles are supported too (also called Mixins in other languages) role PrintableVal { has $!counter = 0; method print { @@ -699,8 +867,8 @@ class Item does PrintableVal { has $.val; # When `does`-ed, a `role` literally "mixes in" the class: - # the methods and fields are put together, which means a class can access - # the private fields/methods of its roles (but not the inverse !): + # the methods and attributes are put together, which means a class can access + # the private attributes/methods of its roles (but not the inverse !): method access { say $!counter++; } @@ -714,37 +882,85 @@ class Item does PrintableVal { # NOTE: You can use a role as a class (with `is ROLE`). In this case, methods # will be shadowed, since the compiler will consider `ROLE` to be a class. } +``` + +## Exceptions -### Exceptions +```perl6 # Exceptions are built on top of classes, in the package `X` (like `X::IO`). -# Unlike many other languages, in Perl 6, you put the `CATCH` block *within* the -# block to `try`. By default, a `try` has a `CATCH` block that catches -# any exception (`CATCH { default {} }`). +# In Perl6 exceptions are automatically 'thrown' +open 'foo'; #> Failed to open file foo: no such file or directory +# It will also print out what line the error was thrown at and other error info + +# You can throw an exception using `die`: +die 'Error!'; #=> Error! +# Or more explicitly: +die X::AdHoc.new(payload => 'Error!'); + +# In Perl 6, `orelse` is similar to the `or` operator, except it only matches +# undefined variables instead of anything evaluating as false. +# Undefined values include: `Nil`, `Mu` and `Failure` as well as `Int`, `Str` +# and other types that have not been initialized to any value yet. +# You can check if something is defined or not using the defined method: +my $uninitialized; +say $uninitiazilzed.defined; #> False +# When using `orelse` it will disarm the exception and alias $_ to that failure +# This will avoid it being automatically handled and printing lots of scary +# error messages to the screen. +# We can use the exception method on $_ to access the exception +open 'foo' orelse say "Something happened {.exception}"; +# This also works: +open 'foo' orelse say "Something happened $_"; #> Something happened + #> Failed to open file foo: no such file or directory +# Both of those above work but in case we get an object from the left side that +# is not a failure we will probably get a warning. We see below how we can use +# `try` and `CATCH` to be more specific with the exceptions we catch. +``` + +### Using `try` and `CATCH` + +```perl6 +# By using `try` and `CATCH` you can contain and handle exceptions without +# disrupting the rest of the program. `try` will set the last exception to +# the special variable `$!` Note: This has no relation to $!variables. +try open 'foo'; +say "Well, I tried! $!" if defined $!; #> Well, I tried! Failed to open file + #foo: no such file or directory +# Now, what if we want more control over handling the exception? +# Unlike many other languages, in Perl 6, you put the `CATCH` block *within* +# the block to `try`. Similar to how $_ was set when we 'disarmed' the +# exception with orelse, we also use $_ in the CATCH block. +# Note: ($! is only set *after* the `try` block) +# By default, a `try` has a `CATCH` block that catches +# any exception (`CATCH { default {} }`). + +try { my $a = (0 %% 0); CATCH { say "Something happened: $_" } } + #=> Something happened: Attempt to divide by zero using infix:<%%> + # You can redefine it using `when`s (and `default`) -# to handle the exceptions you want: +# to handle the exceptions you want: try { open 'foo'; - CATCH { - when X::AdHoc { say "unable to open file !" } + CATCH { # In the `CATCH` block, the exception is set to $_ + when X::AdHoc { say "Error: $_" } + #=>Error: Failed to open file /dir/foo: no such file or directory + # Any other exception will be re-raised, since we don't have a `default` - # Basically, if a `when` matches (or there's a `default`) marks the exception as - # "handled" so that it doesn't get re-thrown from the `CATCH`. + # Basically, if a `when` matches (or there's a `default`) marks the + # exception as + # "handled" so that it doesn't get re-thrown from the `CATCH`. # You still can re-throw the exception (see below) by hand. } } -# You can throw an exception using `die`: -die X::AdHoc.new(payload => 'Error !'); - -# You can access the last exception with `$!` (use `$_` in a `CATCH` block) - -# There are also some subtelties to exceptions. Some Perl 6 subs return a `Failure`, -# which is a kind of "unthrown exception". They're not thrown until you tried to look -# at their content, unless you call `.Bool`/`.defined` on them - then they're handled. -# (the `.handled` method is `rw`, so you can mark it as `False` back yourself) +# There are also some subtleties to exceptions. Some Perl 6 subs return a +# `Failure`, which is a kind of "unthrown exception". They're not thrown until +# you tried to look at their content, unless you call `.Bool`/`.defined` on +# them - then they're handled. +# (the `.handled` method is `rw`, so you can mark it as `False` back yourself) # -# You can throw a `Failure` using `fail`. Note that if the pragma `use fatal` is on, -# `fail` will throw an exception (like `die`). +# You can throw a `Failure` using `fail`. Note that if the pragma `use fatal` +# is on, `fail` will throw an exception (like `die`). fail "foo"; # We're not trying to access the value, so no problem. try { fail "foo"; @@ -757,58 +973,75 @@ try { # Those are "good" exceptions, which happen when you change your program's flow, # using operators like `return`, `next` or `last`. # You can "catch" those with `CONTROL` (not 100% working in Rakudo yet). +``` + +## Packages -### Packages +```perl6 # Packages are a way to reuse code. Packages are like "namespaces", and any # element of the six model (`module`, `role`, `class`, `grammar`, `subset` # and `enum`) are actually packages. (Packages are the lowest common denominator) # Packages are important - especially as Perl is well-known for CPAN, # the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. -# You're not supposed to use the package keyword, usually: -# you use `class Package::Name::Here;` to declare a class, -# or if you only want to export variables/subs, you can use `module`: + +# You can use a module (bring its declarations into scope) with `use` +use JSON::Tiny; # if you installed Rakudo* or Panda, you'll have this module +say from-json('[1]').perl; #=> [1] + +# You should not declare packages using the `package` keyword (unlike Perl 5). +# Instead, use `class Package::Name::Here;` to declare a class, or if you only want to +# export variables/subs, you can use `module`. + module Hello::World { # Bracketed form # If `Hello` doesn't exist yet, it'll just be a "stub", # that can be redeclared as something else later. # ... declarations here ... } unit module Parse::Text; # file-scoped form -grammar Parse::Text::Grammar { # A grammar is a package, which you could `use` -} -# You can use a module (bring its declarations into scope) with `use` -use JSON::Tiny; # if you installed Rakudo* or Panda, you'll have this module -say from-json('[1]').perl; #=> [1] +grammar Parse::Text::Grammar { # A grammar is a package, which you could `use` +} # You will learn more about grammars in the regex section # As said before, any part of the six model is also a package. # Since `JSON::Tiny` uses (its own) `JSON::Tiny::Actions` class, you can use it: my $actions = JSON::Tiny::Actions.new; # We'll see how to export variables and subs in the next part: +``` + +## Declarators -### Declarators +```perl6 # In Perl 6, you get different behaviors based on how you declare a variable. # You've already seen `my` and `has`, we'll now explore the others. -## * `our` (happens at `INIT` time -- see "Phasers" below) +## * `our` declarations happen at `INIT` time -- (see "Phasers" below) # It's like `my`, but it also creates a package variable. # (All packagish things (`class`, `role`, etc) are `our` by default) -module Foo::Bar { - our $n = 1; # note: you can't put a type constraint on an `our` variable - our sub inc { +module Var::Increment { + our $our-var = 1; # Note: you can't put a type constraint like Int on an + my $my-var = 22; # `our` variable. + our sub Inc { + our sub available { # If you try to make inner `sub`s `our`... # Better know what you're doing (Don't !). - say "Don't do that. Seriously. You'd get burned."; + say "Don't do that. Seriously. You'll get burned."; } + my sub unavailable { # `my sub` is the default - say "Can't access me from outside, I'm my !"; + say "Can't access me from outside, I'm 'my'!"; } - say ++$n; # increment the package variable and output its value + say ++$our-var; # Increment the package variable and output its value } + } -say $Foo::Bar::n; #=> 1 -Foo::Bar::inc; #=> 2 -Foo::Bar::inc; #=> 3 +say $Var::Increment::our-var; #=> 1 This works +say $Var::Increment::my-var; #=> (Any) This will not work. + +Var::Increment::Inc; #=> 2 +Var::Increment::Inc; #=> 3 # Notice how the value of $our-var was + # retained. +Var::Increment::unavailable; #> Could not find symbol '&unavailable' ## * `constant` (happens at `BEGIN` time) # You can use the `constant` keyword to declare a compile-time variable/symbol: @@ -824,7 +1057,7 @@ say why-not[^5]; #=> 5 15 25 35 45 # (they exist in other langages such as C as `static`) sub fixed-rand { state $val = rand; - say $rand; + say $val; } fixed-rand for ^10; # will print the same number 10 times @@ -840,15 +1073,17 @@ for ^5 -> $a { # Next iteration will re-run `rand`. } } +``` +## Phasers - -### Phasers +```perl6 # Phasers in Perl 6 are blocks that happen at determined points of time in your -# program. When the program is compiled, when a for loop runs, when you leave a -# block, when an exception gets thrown ... (`CATCH` is actually a phaser !) +# program. They are called phasers because they mark a change in the phase +# of a program. For example, when the program is compiled, a for loop runs, +# you leave a block, or an exception gets thrown. (`CATCH` is actually a phaser !) # Some of them can be used for their return values, some of them can't -# (those that can have a "[*]" in the beginning of their explanation text). +# (those that can have a "[*]" in the beginning of their explanation text). # Let's have a look ! ## * Compile-time phasers @@ -864,15 +1099,23 @@ ENTER { say "[*] Runs everytime you enter a block, repeats on loop blocks" } LEAVE { say "Runs everytime you leave a block, even when an exception happened. Repeats on loop blocks." } -PRE { say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry, - before ENTER (especially useful for loops)" } +PRE { + say "Asserts a precondition at every block entry, + before ENTER (especially useful for loops)"; + say "If this block doesn't return a truthy value, + an exception of type X::Phaser::PrePost is thrown."; +} # exemple: for 0..2 { PRE { $_ > 1 } # This is going to blow up with "Precondition failed" } -POST { say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit, - after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)" } +POST { + say "Asserts a postcondition at every block exit, + after LEAVE (especially useful for loops)"; + say "If this block doesn't return a truthy value, + an exception of type X::Phaser::PrePost is thrown, like PRE."; +} for 0..2 { POST { $_ < 2 } # This is going to blow up with "Postcondition failed" } @@ -902,8 +1145,11 @@ sub do-db-stuff { KEEP $db.commit; # commit the transaction if all went well UNDO $db.rollback; # or rollback if all hell broke loose } +``` -### Statement prefixes +## Statement prefixes + +```perl6 # Those act a bit like phasers: they affect the behavior of the following code. # Though, they run in-line with the executable code, so they're in lowercase. # (`try` and `start` are theoretically in that list, but explained somewhere else) @@ -946,26 +1192,41 @@ say join ',', gather if False { constant thrice = gather for ^3 { say take $_ }; # Doesn't print anything # versus: constant thrice = eager gather for ^3 { say take $_ }; #=> 0 1 2 +``` -# - `lazy` - Defer actual evaluation until value is fetched (forces lazy context) -# Not yet implemented !! +## Iterables + +```perl6 +# Iterables are objects that can be iterated similar to the `for` construct +# `flat`, flattens iterables: +say (1, 10, (20, 10) ); #> (1 10 (20 10)) Notice how grouping is maintained +say (1, 10, (20, 10) ).flat; #> (1 10 20 10) Now the iterable is flat +# - `lazy` - Defer actual evaluation until value is fetched (forces lazy context) +my @lazy-array = (1..100).lazy; +say @lazy-array.is-lazy; #> True # Check for lazyness with the `is-lazy` method. +say @lazy-array; #> [...] List has not been iterated on! +my @lazy-array { .print }; # This works and will only do as much work as is +# needed. +[//]: # ( TODO explain that gather/take and map are all lazy) # - `sink` - An `eager` that discards the results (forces sink context) constant nilthingie = sink for ^3 { .say } #=> 0 1 2 say nilthingie.perl; #=> Nil -# - `quietly` - Supresses warnings -# Not yet implemented ! +# - `quietly` blocks will suppress warnings: +quietly { warn 'This is a warning!' }; #=> No output # - `contend` - Attempts side effects under STM # Not yet implemented ! +``` -### More operators thingies ! +## More operators thingies ! +```perl6 ## Everybody loves operators ! Let's get more of them # The precedence list can be found here: -# http://perlcabal.org/syn/S03.html#Operator_precedence +# https://docs.perl6.org/language/operators#Operator_Precedence # But first, we need a little explanation about associativity: # * Binary operators: @@ -979,8 +1240,11 @@ $a ! $b ! $c; # with a list-associative `!`, this is `infix:<>` !$a! # with left-associative `!`, this is `(!$a)!` !$a! # with right-associative `!`, this is `!($a!)` !$a! # with non-associative `!`, this is illegal +``` -## Create your own operators ! +### Create your own operators ! + +```perl6 # Okay, you've been reading all of that, so I guess I should try # to show you something exciting. # I'll tell you a little secret (or not-so-secret): @@ -1044,8 +1308,11 @@ postcircumfix:<{ }>(%h, $key, :delete); # (you can call operators like that) # (you are, obviously, recommended against making an operator out of # *everything* -- with great power comes great responsibility) +``` -## Meta operators ! +### Meta operators ! + +```perl6 # Oh boy, get ready. Get ready, because we're delving deep # into the rabbit's hole, and you probably won't want to go # back to other languages after reading that. @@ -1088,10 +1355,11 @@ sub add($a, $b) { $a + $b } say [[&add]] 1, 2, 3; #=> 6 ## * Zip meta-operator -# This one is an infix meta-operator than also can be used as a "normal" operator. -# It takes an optional binary function (by default, it just creates a pair), -# and will pop one value off of each array and call its binary function on these -# until it runs out of elements. It returns an array with all of these new elements. +# This one is an infix meta-operator than also can be used as a "normal" +# operator. It takes an optional binary function (by default, it just creates +# a pair), and will pop one value off of each array and call its binary function +# on these until it runs out of elements. It returns an array with all of these +# new elements. (1, 2) Z (3, 4); # ((1, 3), (2, 4)), since by default, the function makes an array 1..3 Z+ 4..6; # (5, 7, 9), using the custom infix:<+> function @@ -1131,8 +1399,11 @@ say @fib[^10]; #=> 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 # Note : as for ranges, once reified, elements aren't re-calculated. # That's why `@primes[^100]` will take a long time the first time you print # it, then be instant. +``` -### Regular Expressions +## Regular Expressions + +```perl6 # I'm sure a lot of you have been waiting for this one. # Well, now that you know a good deal of Perl 6 already, we can get started. # First off, you'll have to forget about "PCRE regexps" (perl-compatible regexps). @@ -1158,14 +1429,15 @@ say @fib[^10]; #=> 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 # (grammars are actually classes) # - Earliest declaration wins say so 'a' ~~ /a/; #=> True -say so 'a' ~~ / a /; # More readable with some spaces! +say so 'a' ~~ / a /; #=> True # More readable with some spaces! # In all our examples, we're going to use the smart-matching operator against # a regexp. We're converting the result using `so`, but in fact, it's # returning a `Match` object. They know how to respond to list indexing, # hash indexing, and return the matched string. # The results of the match are available as `$/` (implicitly lexically-scoped). -# You can also use the capture variables (`$0`, `$1`, ... starting at 0, not 1 !). +# You can also use the capture variables which start at 0: +# `$0`, `$1', `$2`... # # You can also note that `~~` does not perform start/end checking # (meaning the regexp can be matched with just one char of the string), @@ -1173,50 +1445,63 @@ say so 'a' ~~ / a /; # More readable with some spaces! # In Perl 6, you can have any alphanumeric as a literal, # everything else has to be escaped, using a backslash or quotes. -say so 'a|b' ~~ / a '|' b /; # `True`. Wouln't mean the same if `|` wasn't escaped +say so 'a|b' ~~ / a '|' b /; # `True`. Wouldn't mean the same if `|` wasn't escaped say so 'a|b' ~~ / a \| b /; # `True`. Another way to escape it. # The whitespace in a regexp is actually not significant, -# unless you use the `:s` (`:sigspace`, significant space) modifier. -say so 'a b c' ~~ / a b c /; # `False`. Space is not significant here -say so 'a b c' ~~ /:s a b c /; # `True`. We added the modifier `:s` here. - +# unless you use the `:s` (`:sigspace`, significant space) adverb. +say so 'a b c' ~~ / a b c /; #> `False`. Space is not significant here +say so 'a b c' ~~ /:s a b c /; #> `True`. We added the modifier `:s` here. +# If we use only one space between strings in a regex, Perl 6 will warn us: +say so 'a b c' ~~ / a b c /; #> 'False' #> Space is not significant here; please +# use quotes or :s (:sigspace) modifier (or, to suppress this warning, omit the +# space, or otherwise change the spacing) +# To fix this and make the spaces less ambiguous, either use at least two +# spaces between strings or use the `:s` adverb. + +# As we saw before, we can embed the `:s` inside the slash delimiters, but we can +# also put it outside of them if we specify `m` for 'match': +say so 'a b c' ~~ m:s/a b c/; #> `True` +# By using `m` to specify 'match' we can also use delimiters other than slashes: +say so 'abc' ~~ m{a b c}; #> `True` +# Use the :i adverb to specify case insensitivity: +say so 'ABC' ~~ m:i{a b c}; #> `True` # It is, however, important as for how modifiers (that you're gonna see just below) # are applied ... ## Quantifying - `?`, `+`, `*` and `**`. # - `?` - 0 or 1 -so 'ac' ~~ / a b c /; # `False` -so 'ac' ~~ / a b? c /; # `True`, the "b" matched 0 times. -so 'abc' ~~ / a b? c /; # `True`, the "b" matched 1 time. +so 'ac' ~~ / a b c /; # `False` +so 'ac' ~~ / a b? c /; # `True`, the "b" matched 0 times. +so 'abc' ~~ / a b? c /; # `True`, the "b" matched 1 time. # ... As you read just before, whitespace is important because it determines # which part of the regexp is the target of the modifier: -so 'def' ~~ / a b c? /; # `False`. Only the `c` is optional -so 'def' ~~ / ab?c /; # `False`. Whitespace is not significant +so 'def' ~~ / a b c? /; # `False`. Only the `c` is optional +so 'def' ~~ / a b? c /; # `False`. Whitespace is not significant so 'def' ~~ / 'abc'? /; # `True`. The whole "abc" group is optional. # Here (and below) the quantifier applies only to the `b` # - `+` - 1 or more -so 'ac' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `False`; `+` wants at least one matching -so 'abc' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `True`; one is enough -so 'abbbbc' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `True`, matched 4 "b"s +so 'ac' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `False`; `+` wants at least one matching +so 'abc' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `True`; one is enough +so 'abbbbc' ~~ / a b+ c /; # `True`, matched 4 "b"s # - `*` - 0 or more -so 'ac' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True`, they're all optional. -so 'abc' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True` -so 'abbbbc' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True` -so 'aec' ~~ / a b* c /; # `False`. "b"(s) are optional, not replaceable. +so 'ac' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True`, they're all optional. +so 'abc' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True` +so 'abbbbc' ~~ / a b* c /; # `True` +so 'aec' ~~ / a b* c /; # `False`. "b"(s) are optional, not replaceable. # - `**` - (Unbound) Quantifier # If you squint hard enough, you might understand # why exponentation is used for quantity. -so 'abc' ~~ / a b ** 1 c /; # `True` (exactly one time) -so 'abc' ~~ / a b ** 1..3 c /; # `True` (one to three times) -so 'abbbc' ~~ / a b ** 1..3 c /; # `True` -so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b ** 1..3 c /; # `False` (too much) -so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b ** 3..* c /; # `True` (infinite ranges are okay) +so 'abc' ~~ / a b**1 c /; # `True` (exactly one time) +so 'abc' ~~ / a b**1..3 c /; # `True` (one to three times) +so 'abbbc' ~~ / a b**1..3 c /; # `True` +so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b**1..3 c /; # `False` (too much) +so 'abbbbbbc' ~~ / a b**3..* c /; # `True` (infinite ranges are okay) # - `<[]>` - Character classes # Character classes are the equivalent of PCRE's `[]` classes, but @@ -1238,8 +1523,11 @@ so 'foo' ~~ / <-[ f o ]> + /; # False so 'foo' ~~ / <[ a..z ] - [ f o ]> + /; # False (any letter except f and o) so 'foo' ~~ / <-[ a..z ] + [ f o ]> + /; # True (no letter except f and o) so 'foo!' ~~ / <-[ a..z ] + [ f o ]> + /; # True (the + doesn't replace the left part) +``` + +### Grouping and capturing -## Grouping and capturing +```perl6 # Group: you can group parts of your regexp with `[]`. # These groups are *not* captured (like PCRE's `(?:)`). so 'abc' ~~ / a [ b ] c /; # `True`. The grouping does pretty much nothing @@ -1268,14 +1556,17 @@ say $0; # The same as above. # IFF it can have more than one element # (so, with `*`, `+` and `**` (whatever the operands), but not with `?`). # Let's use examples to see that: -so 'fooABCbar' ~~ / foo ( A B C )? bar /; # `True` + +# Note: We quoted A B C to demonstrate that the whitespace between them isn't significant. +# If we want the whitespace to *be* significant there, we can use the :sigspace modifier. +so 'fooABCbar' ~~ / foo ( "A" "B" "C" )? bar /; # `True` say $/[0]; #=> ｢ABC｣ say $0.WHAT; #=> (Match) - # It can't be more than one, so it's only a single match object. -so 'foobar' ~~ / foo ( A B C )? bar /; #=> True + # There can't be more than one, so it's only a single match object. +so 'foobar' ~~ / foo ( "A" "B" "C" )? bar /; #=> True say $0.WHAT; #=> (Any) # This capture did not match, so it's empty -so 'foobar' ~~ / foo ( A B C ) ** 0..1 bar /; # `True` +so 'foobar' ~~ / foo ( "A" "B" "C" ) ** 0..1 bar /; # `True` say $0.WHAT; #=> (Array) # A specific quantifier will always capture an Array, # may it be a range or a specific value (even 1). @@ -1314,7 +1605,7 @@ so 'ayc' ~~ / a [ b | y ] c /; # `True`. Obviously enough ... # and other things that can't traditionnaly be represented by normal regexps. # # Then, all the alternatives are tried at once, and the longest wins. -# Exemples: +# Examples: # DECLARATIVE | PROCEDURAL / 'foo' \d+ [ <subrule1> || <subrule2> ] /; # DECLARATIVE (nested groups are not a problem) @@ -1325,11 +1616,11 @@ so 'ayc' ~~ / a [ b | y ] c /; # `True`. Obviously enough ... # Note: the first-matching `or` still exists, but is now spelled `||` 'foo' ~~ / fo || foo /; # `fo` now. +``` +## Extra: the MAIN subroutine - - -### Extra: the MAIN subroutine +```perl6 # The `MAIN` subroutine is called when you run a Perl 6 file directly. # It's very powerful, because Perl 6 actually parses the arguments # and pass them as such to the sub. It also handles named argument (`--foo`) @@ -1357,13 +1648,12 @@ multi MAIN('import', File, Str :$as) { ... } # omitting parameter name # As you can see, this is *very* powerful. # It even went as far as to show inline the constants. # (the type is only displayed if the argument is `$`/is named) +``` -### -### APPENDIX A: -### +## APPENDIX A: ### List of things -### +```perl6 # It's considered by now you know the Perl6 basics. # This section is just here to list some common operations, # but which are not in the "main part" of the tutorial to bloat it up @@ -1460,7 +1750,18 @@ for <a b c> { If you want to go further, you can: - - Read the [Perl 6 Advent Calendar](http://perl6advent.wordpress.com/). This is probably the greatest source of Perl 6 information, snippets and such. + - Read the [Perl 6 Docs](https://docs.perl6.org/). This is a great + resource on Perl6. If you are looking for something, use the search bar. + This will give you a dropdown menu of all the pages referencing your search + term (Much better than using Google to find Perl 6 documents!) + - Read the [Perl 6 Advent Calendar](http://perl6advent.wordpress.com/). This + is a great source of Perl 6 snippets and explainations. If the docs don't + describe something well enough, you may find more detailed information here. + This information may be a bit older but there are many great examples and + explainations. Posts stopped at the end of 2015 when the language was declared + stable and Perl 6.c was released. - Come along on `#perl6` at `irc.freenode.net`. The folks here are always helpful. - Check the [source of Perl 6's functions and classes](https://github.com/rakudo/rakudo/tree/nom/src/core). Rakudo is mainly written in Perl 6 (with a lot of NQP, "Not Quite Perl", a Perl 6 subset easier to implement and optimize). - Read [the language design documents](http://design.perl6.org). They explain P6 from an implementor point-of-view, but it's still very interesting. + + [//]: # ( vim: set filetype=perl softtabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 expandtab cc=80 : ) |