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diff --git a/whip.html.markdown b/whip.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3faee98a --- /dev/null +++ b/whip.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +--- +language: whip +contributors: + - ["Tenor Biel", "http://github.com/L8D"] +author: Tenor Biel +author_url: http://github.com/L8D +filename: whip.lisp +--- + +Whip is a LISP-dialect made for scripting and simplified concepts. +It has also borrowed a lot of functions and syntax from Haskell(a non-related language). + +These docs were written by the creator of the language himself. So is this line. + +```scheme +; Comments are like LISP. Semi-colons... + +; Majority of first-level statements are inside "forms" +; which are just things inside parens separated by whitespace +not_in_form +(in_form) + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +; 1. Numbers, Strings, and Operators + +; Whip has one number type (which is a 64-bit IEEE 754 double, from JavaScript). +3 ; => 3 +1.5 ; => 1.5 + +; Functions are called if they are the first element in a form +(called_function args) + +; Majority of operations are done with functions +; All the basic arithmetic is pretty straight forward +(+ 1 1) ; => 2 +(- 2 1) ; => 1 +(* 1 2) ; => 2 +(/ 2 1) ; => 2 +; even modulo +(% 9 4) ; => 1 +; JavaScript-style uneven division. +(/ 5 2) ; => 2.5 + +; Nesting forms works as you expect. +(* 2 (+ 1 3)) ; => 8 + +; There's a boolean type. +true +false + +; Strings are created with ". +"Hello, world" + +; Single chars are created with '. +'a' + +; Negation uses the 'not' function. +(not true) ; => false +(not false) ; => true + +; But the majority of non-haskell functions have shortcuts +; not's shortcut is a '!'. +(! (! true)) ; => true + +; Equality is `equal` or `=`. +(= 1 1) ; => true +(equal 2 1) ; => false + +; For example, inequality would be combining the not and equal functions. +(! (= 2 1)) ; => true + +; More comparisons +(< 1 10) ; => true +(> 1 10) ; => false +; and their word counterpart. +(lesser 1 10) ; => true +(greater 1 10) ; => false + +; Strings can be concatenated with +. +(+ "Hello " "world!") ; => "Hello world!" + +; You can use JavaScript's comparative abilities. +(< 'a' 'b') ; => true +; ...and type coercion +(= '5' 5) + +; The `at` or @ function will access characters in strings, starting at 0. +(at 0 'a') ; => 'a' +(@ 3 "foobar") ; => 'b' + +; There is also the `null` and `undefined` variables. +null ; used to indicate a deliberate non-value +undefined ; user to indicate a value that hasn't been set + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +; 2. Vairbles, Lists, and Dicts + +; Variables are declared with the `def` or `let` functions. +; Variables that haven't been set will be `undefined`. +(def some_var 5) +; `def` will keep the variable in the global context. +; `let` will only have the variable inside its context, and has a wierder syntax. +(let ((a_var 5)) (+ a_var 5)) ; => 10 +(+ a_var 5) ; = undefined + 5 => undefined + +; Lists are arrays of values of any type. +; They basically are just forms without functions at the beginning. +(1 2 3) ; => [1, 2, 3] (JavaScript syntax) + +; Dictionaries are Whip's equivalent to JavaScript 'objects' or Python 'dicts' +; or Ruby 'hashes': an unordered collection of key-value pairs. +{"key1" "value1" "key2" 2 3 3} + +; Keys are just values, either identifier, number, or string. +(def my_dict {my_key "my_value" "my other key" 4}) +; But in Whip, dictionaries get parsed like: value, whitespace, value; +; with more whitespace between each. So that means +{"key" "value" +"another key" +1234 +} +; is evaluated to the same as +{"key" "value" "another key" 1234} + +; Dictionary definitions can be accessed used the `at` function +; (like strings and lists.) +(@ "my other key" my_dict) ; => 4 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +; 3. Logic and Control sequences + +; The `if` function is pretty simple, though different than most imperative langs. +(if true "returned if first arg is true" "returned if first arg is false") +; => "returned if first arg is true" + +; And for the sake of ternary operator legacy +; `?` is if's unused shortcut. +(? false true false) ; => false + +; `both` is a logical 'and' statement, and `either` is a logical 'or'. +(both true true) ; => true +(both true false) ; => false +(either true false) ; => true +(either false false) ; => false +; And their shortcuts are +; & => both +; ^ => either +(& true true) ; => true +(^ false true) ; => true + +;;;;;;;;; +; Lambdas + +; Lambdas in Whip are declared with the `lambda` or `->` function. +; And functions are really just lambdas with names. +(def my_function (-> (x y) (+ (+ x y) 10))) +; | | | | +; | | | returned value(with scope containing argument vars) +; | | arguments +; | lambda declaration function +; | +; name of the to-be-declared lambda + +(my_function 10 10) ; = (+ (+ 10 10) 10) => 30 + +; Obiously, all lambdas by definition are anonymous and +; technically always used anonymously. Redundancy. +((lambda (x) x) 10) ; => 10 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +; Comprehensions + +; `range` or `..` generates a list of numbers for +; each number between it's two args. +(range 1 5) ; => (1 2 3 4 5) +(.. 0 2) ; => (0 1 2) + +; `map` applies it's first arg(which should be a lambda/function) +; to each item in the following arg(which should be a list) +(map (-> (x) (+ x 1)) (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3 4) + +; Reduce +(reduce + (.. 1 5)) +; equivalent to +((+ (+ (+ 1 2) 3) 4) 5) + +; Note: map and reduce don't have shortcuts + +; `slice` or `\` is just like JavaScript's .slice() +; But do note, it takes the list as the first argument, not the last. +(slice (.. 1 5) 2) ; => (3 4 5) +(\ (.. 0 100) -5) ; => (96 97 98 99 100) + +; `append` or `<<` is self expanatory +(append 4 (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2 3 4) +(<< "bar" ("foo")) ; => ("foo" "bar") + +; Length is self explanatory. +(length (1 2 3)) ; => 3 +(_ "foobar") ; => 6 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +; Haskell fluff + +; First item in list +(head (1 2 3)) ; => 1 +; List from second to last elements in list +(tail (1 2 3)) ; => (2 3) +; Last item in list +(last (1 2 3)) ; => 3 +; Reverse of `tail` +(init (1 2 3)) ; => (1 2) +; List from first to specified elements in list +(take 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (1 2) +; Reverse of `take` +(drop 1 (1 2 3 4)) ; (3 4) +; Lowest value in list +(min (1 2 3 4)) ; 1 +; Highest value in list +(max (1 2 3 4)) ; 4 +; If value is in list or object +(elem 1 (1 2 3)) ; true +(elem "foo" {"foo" "bar"}) ; true +(elem "bar" {"foo" "bar"}) ; false +; Reverse list order +(reverse (1 2 3 4)) ; => (4 3 2 1) +; If value is even or odd +(even 1) ; => false +(odd 1) ; => true +; Split string into list of strings by whitespace +(words "foobar nachos cheese") ; => ("foobar" "nachos" "cheese") +; Join list of strings together. +(unwords ("foo" "bar")) ; => "foobar" +(pred 21) ; => 20 +(succ 20) ; => 21 +``` + +For more info, check out the [repo](http://github.com/L8D/whip) |