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+---
+language: Nim
+filename: learnNim-cn.nim
+contributors:
+ - ["Jason J. Ayala P.", "http://JasonAyala.com"]
+ - ["Dennis Felsing", "http://felsin9.de/nnis/"]
+translators:
+ - ["lzw-723", "https://github.com/lzw-723"]
+lang: zh-cn
+---
+
+Nim(原名Nimrod)是一种静态类型的命令式编程语言，
+它能在不影响运行时效率的情况下为程序员提供强大的功能。
+
+Nim语言高效、有表现力、优雅。
+
+```nim
+# 单行注释以一个#开头
+
+#[
+ 这是多行注释
+ 在Nim语言中，多行注释可以嵌套，以#[开头，以]#结尾
+]#
+
+discard """
+这也可以作为多行注释使用。
+或者用于无法解析、损坏的代码
+"""
+
+var # 声明(和赋值)变量
+ letter: char = 'n' # 带或不带类型批注
+ lang = "N" & "im"
+ nLength: int = len(lang)
+ boat: float
+ truth: bool = false
+
+ let # 使用let*一次性*声明和绑定变量。
+ legs = 400 # legs是不可改变的。
+ arms = 2_000 # _会被忽略，对long类型非常有用。
+ aboutPi = 3.15
+
+const # 常量在编译时计算。这确保了
+ debug = true # 性能，在编译时表达式中很有用。
+ compileBadCode = false
+
+when compileBadCode: # `when`是编译时的`if`
+ legs = legs + 1 # 这个错误永远不会被编译。
+ const input = readline(stdin) # const在编译时必须是已知的。
+
+discard 1 > 2 # 注意：如果表达式的结果未使用，
+ # 编译器会发出警告。`discard`绕过了这一点。
+
+
+#
+# 数据结构
+#
+
+# 元组(Tuple)
+
+var
+ child: tuple[name: string, age: int] # 元组有*字段名*
+ today: tuple[sun: string, temp: float] # 和*顺序*
+
+
+child = (name: "Rudiger", age: 2) # 使用字面值()一次性赋值全部
+today.sun = "Overcast" # 也可以单独赋值
+today.temp = 70.1
+
+# 序列(Sequence)
+
+var
+ drinks: seq[string]
+
+drinks = @["Water", "Juice", "Chocolate"] # @[V1,..,Vn] 是序列的字面值
+
+drinks.add("Milk")
+
+if "Milk" in drinks:
+ echo "We have Milk and ", drinks.len - 1, " other drinks"
+
+let myDrink = drinks[2]
+
+#
+# 自定义类型
+#
+
+# 定义你自己的类型使得编译器为你工作。
+# 这使得静态类型变得强大和有用。
+
+type
+ Name = string # 类型别名为你提供一个新类型，
+ Age = int # 该类型可与旧类型互换，但更具描述性。
+ Person = tuple[name: Name, age: Age] # 也可以定义数据结构。
+ AnotherSyntax = tuple
+ fieldOne: string
+ secondField: int
+
+var
+ john: Person = (name: "John B.", age: 17)
+ newage: int = 18 # 在这里使用Age比int要好
+
+john.age = newage # 仍然有效，因为int和Age同义
+
+type
+ Cash = distinct int # `distinct`使一个新类型与它的基本类型不兼容。
+ Desc = distinct string
+
+var
+ money: Cash = 100.Cash # `.Cash`把int转换成我们的类型
+ description: Desc = "Interesting".Desc
+
+when compileBadCode:
+ john.age = money # 错误！age是int类型、money是Cash类型
+ john.name = description # 编译器说：“没门！”
+
+#
+# 更多类型和数据结构
+#
+
+# 枚举类型只能具有有限数量的值之一
+
+type
+ Color = enum cRed, cBlue, cGreen
+ Direction = enum # 可选格式
+ dNorth
+ dWest
+ dEast
+ dSouth
+var
+ orient = dNorth # `orient`的类型是Direction，值是`dNorth`
+ pixel = cGreen # `pixel`的类型是Color，值是`cGreen`
+
+discard dNorth > dEast # Enum通常是“序数”类型
+
+# 子范围指定有限的有效范围
+
+type
+ DieFaces = range[1..20] # 只有从1到20的int才是有效值
+var
+ my_roll: DieFaces = 13
+
+when compileBadCode:
+ my_roll = 23 # 错误！
+
+# 数组(Array)
+
+type
+ RollCounter = array[DieFaces, int] # 数组长度固定
+ DirNames = array[Direction, string] # 以任意有序类型索引
+ Truths = array[42..44, bool]
+var
+ counter: RollCounter
+ directions: DirNames
+ possible: Truths
+
+possible = [false, false, false] # 数组字面以[V1,..,Vn]表示
+possible[42] = true
+
+directions[dNorth] = "Ahh. The Great White North!"
+directions[dWest] = "No, don't go there."
+
+my_roll = 13
+counter[my_roll] += 1
+counter[my_roll] += 1
+
+var anotherArray = ["Default index", "starts at", "0"]
+
+# 可用的数据结构包括表、集合、列表、队列、压缩前缀树。
+# http://nim-lang.org/docs/lib.html#collections-and-algorithms
+
+#
+# IO和控制流
+#
+
+# `case`, `readLine()`
+
+echo "Read any good books lately?"
+case readLine(stdin)
+of "no", "No":
+ echo "Go to your local library."
+of "yes", "Yes":
+ echo "Carry on, then."
+else:
+ echo "That's great; I assume."
+
+# `while`, `if`, `continue`, `break`
+
+import strutils as str # http://nim-lang.org/docs/strutils.html
+echo "I'm thinking of a number between 41 and 43. Guess which!"
+let number: int = 42
+var
+ raw_guess: string
+ guess: int
+while guess != number:
+ raw_guess = readLine(stdin)
+ if raw_guess == "": continue # 跳出循环
+ guess = str.parseInt(raw_guess)
+ if guess == 1001:
+ echo("AAAAAAGGG!")
+ break
+ elif guess > number:
+ echo("Nope. Too high.")
+ elif guess < number:
+ echo(guess, " is too low")
+ else:
+ echo("Yeeeeeehaw!")
+
+#
+# 循环(Iteration)
+#
+
+for i, elem in ["Yes", "No", "Maybe so"]: # 也可以是`for elem in`
+ echo(elem, " is at index: ", i)
+
+for k, v in items(@[(person: "You", power: 100), (person: "Me", power: 9000)]):
+ echo v
+
+let myString = """
+an <example>
+`string` to
+play with
+""" # 多行字符串
+
+for line in splitLines(myString):
+ echo(line)
+
+for i, c in myString: # 索引和字符。或使用'for j in'只有字符
+ if i mod 2 == 0: continue # 紧凑的'if'形式
+ elif c == 'X': break
+ else: echo(c)
+
+#
+# 过程(Procedure)
+#
+
+type Answer = enum aYes, aNo
+
+proc ask(question: string): Answer =
+ echo(question, " (y/n)")
+ while true:
+ case readLine(stdin)
+ of "y", "Y", "yes", "Yes":
+ return Answer.aYes # 枚举类型可以
+ of "n", "N", "no", "No":
+ return Answer.aNo
+ else: echo("Please be clear: yes or no")
+
+proc addSugar(amount: int = 2) = # amount默认是2，不返回任何值
+ assert(amount > 0 and amount < 9000, "Crazy Sugar")
+ for a in 1..amount:
+ echo(a, " sugar...")
+
+case ask("Would you like sugar in your tea?")
+of aYes:
+ addSugar(3)
+of aNo:
+ echo "Oh do take a little!"
+ addSugar()
+# 这里不需要使用`else` 。只能是`yes`和`no`。
+
+#
+# 外部函数接口(FFI)
+#
+
+# 因为Nim可以编译为C，使用外部函数接口(FFI)很简单：
+
+proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.importc: "strcmp", nodecl.}
+
+let cmp = strcmp("C?", "Easy!")
+```
+
+除此以外，Nim通过元编程、性能和编译时特性将自己与其他同类分离开来。
+
+## 进阶阅读
+
+* [主页](http://nim-lang.org)
+* [下载](http://nim-lang.org/download.html)
+* [社区](http://nim-lang.org/community.html)
+* [常见问题](http://nim-lang.org/question.html)
+* [文档](http://nim-lang.org/documentation.html)
+* [参考手册](http://nim-lang.org/docs/manual.html)
+* [标准库](http://nim-lang.org/docs/lib.html)
+* [Rosetta Code](http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Nim)