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+---
+category: tool
+tool: zfs
+contributors:
+ - ["sarlalian", "http://github.com/sarlalian"]
+translators:
+ - ["Alan Cheng", "https://github.com/kedaio"]
+filename: LearnZfs-cn.txt
+lang: zh-cn
+---
+
+[ZFS](http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Main_Page)
+是重新思考与储存相关技术的结果,它把传统的文件系统和卷管理器集成到一个工具当中.
+ZFS不但有把它和传统存储系统分开来的特有术语,也有很多聚焦于可用性的功能。
+
+
+## ZFS概念
+
+### 虚拟设备(Virtual Devices,VDEV)
+
+对于操作系统来说,VDEV和传统的RAID阵列卡所呈现的raid设备类似。VDEV有几种不同的类型,每种类型
+都有自己的优势,包括冗余和速度。一般来说,VDEV的可靠性和安全性比阵列卡要好。因此使用ZFS时不
+建议使用阵列卡。让ZFS直接管理磁盘。
+
+VDEV的类型
+* stripe (条带。单个磁盘,没有冗余)
+* mirror (镜像。支持n-way镜像)
+* raidz
+ * raidz1 (一个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 5)
+ * raidz2 (两个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 6)
+ * raidz3 (三个奇偶校验磁盘, 没有类似RAID等级)
+* disk (磁盘)
+* file (文件。不推荐在生产环境中使用,因为中间又多了一层不必要的文件系统)
+
+数据会以条带方式存储于存储池中的所有VDEV上。因此一个存储池中的VDEV越多,IOPS就越高。
+
+### storage pool (存储池)
+
+ZFS 使用存储池来作为底层存储提供者(VDEV)的抽象。这样可以把用户可见的文件系统和底层的物理磁盘
+布局分离开来。
+
+### ZFS 数据集(Dataset)
+
+ZFS 数据集类似于传统的文件系统(译者注:或者说是目录),但是提供了更多的功能。ZFS的很多优势也是
+在这一层体现出来的。数据集支持 [Copy on Write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write)
+快照, 配额, 压缩和重复消除(de-duplication).
+
+
+### 限制
+
+一个目录最多可包含 2^48个文件, 每个文件最大可以是16 exabytes. 一个存储池最大可包含256 zettabytes 、
+(2^78) 的空间, 可以条带化地分布于2^64 设备上. 单一主机最多可以创建2^64个存储池。这些限制可以说是相
+当大。
+
+
+## 命令
+
+### 存储池
+
+Actions: (存储池操作)
+* List (列举)
+* Status (查看状态)
+* Destroy (删除)
+* Get/Set properties (获取/设置属性)
+
+List zpools (列举存储池(也叫zpool))
+
+```bash
+# 创建一个raidz类型的存储池(名称为bucket)
+$ zpool create bucket raidz1 gpt/zfs0 gpt/zfs1 gpt/zfs2
+
+# 列出所有存储池
+$ zpool list
+NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
+zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE -
+
+# 列出某一存储池的详细信息
+$ zpool list -v zroot
+NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
+zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE -
+ gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75%
+```
+
+Status of zpools (存储池状态)
+
+```bash
+# 获取全部zpool状态信息
+$ zpool status
+ pool: zroot
+ state: ONLINE
+ scan: scrub repaired 0 in 2h51m with 0 errors on Thu Oct 1 07:08:31 2015
+config:
+
+ NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
+ zroot ONLINE 0 0 0
+ gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 ONLINE 0 0 0
+
+errors: No known data errors
+
+# 用scrub来更正存储池错误信息
+$ zpool scrub zroot
+$ zpool status -v zroot
+ pool: zroot
+ state: ONLINE
+ scan: scrub in progress since Thu Oct 15 16:59:14 2015
+ 39.1M scanned out of 106G at 1.45M/s, 20h47m to go
+ 0 repaired, 0.04% done
+config:
+
+ NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
+ zroot ONLINE 0 0 0
+ gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 ONLINE 0 0 0
+
+errors: No known data errors
+```
+
+Properties of zpools (存储池属性)
+
+```bash
+
+# 获取某一存储池的全部属性。属性可能是系统提供,也可能是用户设置
+$ zpool get all zroot
+NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
+zroot size 141G -
+zroot capacity 75% -
+zroot altroot - default
+zroot health ONLINE -
+...
+
+# 设置存储池属性,下例这是设置comment(备注)属性
+$ zpool set comment="Storage of mah stuff" zroot
+$ zpool get comment
+NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
+tank comment - default
+zroot comment Storage of mah stuff local
+```
+
+Remove zpool (删除存储池)
+
+```bash
+$ zpool destroy test
+```
+
+
+### Datasets (数据集)
+
+Actions: (数据集相关操作)
+* Create (创建)
+* List (列举)
+* Rename (重命名)
+* Delete (删除)
+* Get/Set properties (获取/设置属性)
+
+Create datasets
+
+```bash
+# 创建数据集
+$ zfs create tank/root/data
+$ mount | grep data
+tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
+
+# 创建子数据集
+$ zfs create tank/root/data/stuff
+$ mount | grep data
+tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
+tank/root/data/stuff on /data/stuff (zfs, local, nfsv4acls)
+
+
+# 创建卷
+$ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm
+$ zfs list zroot/win_vm
+NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
+tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K -
+```
+
+List datasets (列举数据集)
+
+```bash
+# 列出所有数据集
+$ zfs list
+NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
+zroot 106G 30.8G 144K none
+zroot/ROOT 18.5G 30.8G 144K none
+zroot/ROOT/10.1 8K 30.8G 9.63G /
+zroot/ROOT/default 18.5G 30.8G 11.2G /
+zroot/backup 5.23G 30.8G 144K none
+zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none
+...
+
+# 列举某一数据集的信息
+$ zfs list zroot/home
+NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
+zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none
+
+# 列出快照
+$ zfs list -t snapshot
+zroot@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K -
+zroot/ROOT@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K -
+zroot/ROOT/default@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 24.2G -
+zroot/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 124K - 708M -
+zroot/usr@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K -
+zroot/home@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 11.9G -
+zroot/var@daily-2015-10-15 704K - 1.42G -
+zroot/var/log@daily-2015-10-15 192K - 828K -
+zroot/var/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 152K -
+```
+
+Rename datasets (重命名数据集)
+
+```bash
+$ zfs rename tank/root/home tank/root/old_home
+$ zfs rename tank/root/new_home tank/root/home
+```
+
+Delete dataset (删除数据集)
+
+```bash
+# 数据集如果有快照则无法删除
+zfs destroy tank/root/home
+```
+
+Get / set properties of a dataset (获取/设置数据集属性)
+
+```bash
+# 获取数据集全部属性
+$ zfs get all zroot/usr/home │157 # Create Volume
+NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE │158 $ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm
+zroot/home type filesystem - │159 $ zfs list zroot/win_vm
+zroot/home creation Mon Oct 20 14:44 2014 - │160 NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
+zroot/home used 11.9G - │161 tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K -
+zroot/home available 94.1G - │162 ```
+zroot/home referenced 11.9G - │163
+zroot/home mounted yes -
+...
+
+# 获取数据集属性
+$ zfs get compression zroot/usr/home
+NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
+zroot/home compression off default
+
+# 设置数据集属性(下例为设置压缩属性compression)
+$ zfs set compression=gzip-9 mypool/lamb
+
+# 列举所有数据集的名称、配额和预留属性
+$ zfs list -o name,quota,reservation
+NAME QUOTA RESERV
+zroot none none
+zroot/ROOT none none
+zroot/ROOT/default none none
+zroot/tmp none none
+zroot/usr none none
+zroot/home none none
+zroot/var none none
+...
+```
+
+
+### Snapshots (快照)
+
+快照是ZFS 的一个非常重要的功能
+
+* 快照占用的空间等于它和原始数据的差异量
+* 创建时间以秒计
+* 恢复时间和写入速度相同
+* 易于自动化
+
+Actions: (快照相关操作)
+* Create (创建)
+* Delete (删除)
+* Rename (重命名)
+* Access snapshots (访问)
+* Send / Receive (发送/接收)
+* Clone (克隆。译者注:关于clone和快照的区别可参看[这里](http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/gbcxz/index.html))
+
+
+Create snapshots (创建快照)
+
+```bash
+# 为单一数据集创建快照
+zfs snapshot tank/home/sarlalian@now
+
+# 为数据集及其子集创建快照
+$ zfs snapshot -r tank/home@now
+$ zfs list -t snapshot
+NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT
+tank/home@now 0 - 26K -
+tank/home/sarlalian@now 0 - 259M -
+tank/home/alice@now 0 - 156M -
+tank/home/bob@now 0 - 156M -
+...
+
+Destroy snapshots (删除快照)
+
+```bash
+# 如何删除快照
+$ zfs destroy tank/home/sarlalian@now
+
+# 删除某一数据集及其子集的快照
+$ zfs destroy -r tank/home/sarlalian@now
+
+```
+
+Renaming Snapshots (重命名)
+
+```bash
+# 重命名快照
+$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian@today
+$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now today
+
+# zfs rename -r tank/home@now @yesterday
+```
+
+Accessing snapshots (访问快照)
+
+```bash
+# cd进入一个快照目录
+$ cd /home/.zfs/snapshot/
+```
+
+Sending and Receiving
+
+```bash
+# 备份快照到一个文件
+$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | gzip > backup_file.gz
+
+# 发送快照到另一个数据集
+$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | zfs recv backups/home/sarlalian
+
+# 发送快照到一个远程主机
+$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home/sarlalian'
+
+# 发送完整数据集及其快照到一个新主机
+$ zfs send -v -R tank/home@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home'
+```
+
+Cloneing Snapshots (克隆快照)
+
+```bash
+# 克隆一个快照
+$ zfs clone tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian_new
+
+# 提升克隆,让它不再依赖原始快照
+$ zfs promote tank/home/sarlalian_new
+```
+
+### 汇总
+
+下面这个脚本使用了FreeBSD, jails和ZFS,来自动在一个mysql群集的热备主机上为一个mysq staging数据库
+创建一份纯净的拷贝。
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/sh
+
+echo "==== Stopping the staging database server ===="
+jail -r staging
+
+echo "==== Cleaning up existing staging server and snapshot ===="
+zfs destroy -r zroot/jails/staging
+zfs destroy zroot/jails/slave@staging
+
+echo "==== Quiescing the slave database ===="
+echo "FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h slave
+
+echo "==== Snapshotting the slave db filesystem as zroot/jails/slave@staging ===="
+zfs snapshot zroot/jails/slave@staging
+
+echo "==== Starting the slave database server ===="
+jail -c slave
+
+echo "==== Cloning the slave snapshot to the staging server ===="
+zfs clone zroot/jails/slave@staging zroot/jails/staging
+
+echo "==== Installing the staging mysql config ===="
+mv /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf.slave
+cp /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf.staging /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf
+
+echo "==== Setting up the staging rc.conf file ===="
+mv /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.local /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.slave
+mv /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.staging /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.local
+
+echo "==== Starting the staging db server ===="
+jail -c staging
+
+echo "==== Makes the staging database not pull from the master ===="
+echo "STOP SLAVE;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h staging
+echo "RESET SLAVE;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h staging
+```
+
+
+### 延伸阅读
+
+* [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs)
+* [FreeBSD Handbook on ZFS](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/zfs.html)
+* [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs)
+* [Oracle's Tuning Guide](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sto-recommended-zfs-settings-1951715.html)
+* [OpenZFS Tuning Guide](http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Performance_tuning)
+* [FreeBSD ZFS Tuning Guide](https://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide)