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diff --git a/zh-cn/zfs-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/zfs-cn.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fdf5277e --- /dev/null +++ b/zh-cn/zfs-cn.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,397 @@ +--- +category: tool +tool: zfs +contributors: + - ["sarlalian", "http://github.com/sarlalian"] +translators: + - ["Alan Cheng", "https://github.com/kedaio"] +filename: LearnZfs-cn.txt +lang: zh-cn +--- + +[ZFS](http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Main_Page) +是重新思考与储存相关技术的结果,它把传统的文件系统和卷管理器集成到一个工具当中. +ZFS不但有把它和传统存储系统分开来的特有术语,也有很多聚焦于可用性的功能。 + + +## ZFS概念 + +### 虚拟设备(Virtual Devices,VDEV) + +对于操作系统来说,VDEV和传统的RAID阵列卡所呈现的raid设备类似。VDEV有几种不同的类型,每种类型 +都有自己的优势,包括冗余和速度。一般来说,VDEV的可靠性和安全性比阵列卡要好。因此使用ZFS时不 +建议使用阵列卡。让ZFS直接管理磁盘。 + +VDEV的类型 +* stripe (条带。单个磁盘,没有冗余) +* mirror (镜像。支持n-way镜像) +* raidz + * raidz1 (一个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 5) + * raidz2 (两个奇偶校验磁盘, 类似于RAID 6) + * raidz3 (三个奇偶校验磁盘, 没有类似RAID等级) +* disk (磁盘) +* file (文件。不推荐在生产环境中使用,因为中间又多了一层不必要的文件系统) + +数据会以条带方式存储于存储池中的所有VDEV上。因此一个存储池中的VDEV越多,IOPS就越高。 + +### storage pool (存储池) + +ZFS 使用存储池来作为底层存储提供者(VDEV)的抽象。这样可以把用户可见的文件系统和底层的物理磁盘 +布局分离开来。 + +### ZFS 数据集(Dataset) + +ZFS 数据集类似于传统的文件系统(译者注:或者说是目录),但是提供了更多的功能。ZFS的很多优势也是 +在这一层体现出来的。数据集支持 [Copy on Write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write) +快照, 配额, 压缩和重复消除(de-duplication). + + +### 限制 + +一个目录最多可包含 2^48个文件, 每个文件最大可以是16 exabytes. 一个存储池最大可包含256 zettabytes 、 +(2^78) 的空间, 可以条带化地分布于2^64 设备上. 单一主机最多可以创建2^64个存储池。这些限制可以说是相 +当大。 + + +## 命令 + +### 存储池 + +Actions: (存储池操作) +* List (列举) +* Status (查看状态) +* Destroy (删除) +* Get/Set properties (获取/设置属性) + +List zpools (列举存储池(也叫zpool)) + +```bash +# 创建一个raidz类型的存储池(名称为bucket) +$ zpool create bucket raidz1 gpt/zfs0 gpt/zfs1 gpt/zfs2 + +# 列出所有存储池 +$ zpool list +NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT +zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE - + +# 列出某一存储池的详细信息 +$ zpool list -v zroot +NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT +zroot 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% 1.00x ONLINE - + gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 141G 106G 35.2G - 43% 75% +``` + +Status of zpools (存储池状态) + +```bash +# 获取全部zpool状态信息 +$ zpool status + pool: zroot + state: ONLINE + scan: scrub repaired 0 in 2h51m with 0 errors on Thu Oct 1 07:08:31 2015 +config: + + NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM + zroot ONLINE 0 0 0 + gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 ONLINE 0 0 0 + +errors: No known data errors + +# 用scrub来更正存储池错误信息 +$ zpool scrub zroot +$ zpool status -v zroot + pool: zroot + state: ONLINE + scan: scrub in progress since Thu Oct 15 16:59:14 2015 + 39.1M scanned out of 106G at 1.45M/s, 20h47m to go + 0 repaired, 0.04% done +config: + + NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM + zroot ONLINE 0 0 0 + gptid/c92a5ccf-a5bb-11e4-a77d-001b2172c655 ONLINE 0 0 0 + +errors: No known data errors +``` + +Properties of zpools (存储池属性) + +```bash + +# 获取某一存储池的全部属性。属性可能是系统提供,也可能是用户设置 +$ zpool get all zroot +NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE +zroot size 141G - +zroot capacity 75% - +zroot altroot - default +zroot health ONLINE - +... + +# 设置存储池属性,下例这是设置comment(备注)属性 +$ zpool set comment="Storage of mah stuff" zroot +$ zpool get comment +NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE +tank comment - default +zroot comment Storage of mah stuff local +``` + +Remove zpool (删除存储池) + +```bash +$ zpool destroy test +``` + + +### Datasets (数据集) + +Actions: (数据集相关操作) +* Create (创建) +* List (列举) +* Rename (重命名) +* Delete (删除) +* Get/Set properties (获取/设置属性) + +Create datasets + +```bash +# 创建数据集 +$ zfs create tank/root/data +$ mount | grep data +tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) + +# 创建子数据集 +$ zfs create tank/root/data/stuff +$ mount | grep data +tank/root/data on /data (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) +tank/root/data/stuff on /data/stuff (zfs, local, nfsv4acls) + + +# 创建卷 +$ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm +$ zfs list zroot/win_vm +NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT +tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K - +``` + +List datasets (列举数据集) + +```bash +# 列出所有数据集 +$ zfs list +NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT +zroot 106G 30.8G 144K none +zroot/ROOT 18.5G 30.8G 144K none +zroot/ROOT/10.1 8K 30.8G 9.63G / +zroot/ROOT/default 18.5G 30.8G 11.2G / +zroot/backup 5.23G 30.8G 144K none +zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none +... + +# 列举某一数据集的信息 +$ zfs list zroot/home +NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT +zroot/home 288K 30.8G 144K none + +# 列出快照 +$ zfs list -t snapshot +zroot@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K - +zroot/ROOT@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K - +zroot/ROOT/default@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 24.2G - +zroot/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 124K - 708M - +zroot/usr@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 144K - +zroot/home@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 11.9G - +zroot/var@daily-2015-10-15 704K - 1.42G - +zroot/var/log@daily-2015-10-15 192K - 828K - +zroot/var/tmp@daily-2015-10-15 0 - 152K - +``` + +Rename datasets (重命名数据集) + +```bash +$ zfs rename tank/root/home tank/root/old_home +$ zfs rename tank/root/new_home tank/root/home +``` + +Delete dataset (删除数据集) + +```bash +# 数据集如果有快照则无法删除 +zfs destroy tank/root/home +``` + +Get / set properties of a dataset (获取/设置数据集属性) + +```bash +# 获取数据集全部属性 +$ zfs get all zroot/usr/home │157 # Create Volume +NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE │158 $ zfs create -V zroot/win_vm +zroot/home type filesystem - │159 $ zfs list zroot/win_vm +zroot/home creation Mon Oct 20 14:44 2014 - │160 NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT +zroot/home used 11.9G - │161 tank/win_vm 4.13G 17.9G 64K - +zroot/home available 94.1G - │162 ``` +zroot/home referenced 11.9G - │163 +zroot/home mounted yes - +... + +# 获取数据集属性 +$ zfs get compression zroot/usr/home +NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE +zroot/home compression off default + +# 设置数据集属性(下例为设置压缩属性compression) +$ zfs set compression=gzip-9 mypool/lamb + +# 列举所有数据集的名称、配额和预留属性 +$ zfs list -o name,quota,reservation +NAME QUOTA RESERV +zroot none none +zroot/ROOT none none +zroot/ROOT/default none none +zroot/tmp none none +zroot/usr none none +zroot/home none none +zroot/var none none +... +``` + + +### Snapshots (快照) + +快照是ZFS 的一个非常重要的功能 + +* 快照占用的空间等于它和原始数据的差异量 +* 创建时间以秒计 +* 恢复时间和写入速度相同 +* 易于自动化 + +Actions: (快照相关操作) +* Create (创建) +* Delete (删除) +* Rename (重命名) +* Access snapshots (访问) +* Send / Receive (发送/接收) +* Clone (克隆。译者注:关于clone和快照的区别可参看[这里](http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/gbcxz/index.html)) + + +Create snapshots (创建快照) + +```bash +# 为单一数据集创建快照 +zfs snapshot tank/home/sarlalian@now + +# 为数据集及其子集创建快照 +$ zfs snapshot -r tank/home@now +$ zfs list -t snapshot +NAME USED AVAIL REFER MOUNTPOINT +tank/home@now 0 - 26K - +tank/home/sarlalian@now 0 - 259M - +tank/home/alice@now 0 - 156M - +tank/home/bob@now 0 - 156M - +... + +Destroy snapshots (删除快照) + +```bash +# 如何删除快照 +$ zfs destroy tank/home/sarlalian@now + +# 删除某一数据集及其子集的快照 +$ zfs destroy -r tank/home/sarlalian@now + +``` + +Renaming Snapshots (重命名) + +```bash +# 重命名快照 +$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian@today +$ zfs rename tank/home/sarlalian@now today + +# zfs rename -r tank/home@now @yesterday +``` + +Accessing snapshots (访问快照) + +```bash +# cd进入一个快照目录 +$ cd /home/.zfs/snapshot/ +``` + +Sending and Receiving + +```bash +# 备份快照到一个文件 +$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | gzip > backup_file.gz + +# 发送快照到另一个数据集 +$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | zfs recv backups/home/sarlalian + +# 发送快照到一个远程主机 +$ zfs send tank/home/sarlalian@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home/sarlalian' + +# 发送完整数据集及其快照到一个新主机 +$ zfs send -v -R tank/home@now | ssh root@backup_server 'zfs recv tank/home' +``` + +Cloneing Snapshots (克隆快照) + +```bash +# 克隆一个快照 +$ zfs clone tank/home/sarlalian@now tank/home/sarlalian_new + +# 提升克隆,让它不再依赖原始快照 +$ zfs promote tank/home/sarlalian_new +``` + +### 汇总 + +下面这个脚本使用了FreeBSD, jails和ZFS,来自动在一个mysql群集的热备主机上为一个mysq staging数据库 +创建一份纯净的拷贝。 + +```bash +#!/bin/sh + +echo "==== Stopping the staging database server ====" +jail -r staging + +echo "==== Cleaning up existing staging server and snapshot ====" +zfs destroy -r zroot/jails/staging +zfs destroy zroot/jails/slave@staging + +echo "==== Quiescing the slave database ====" +echo "FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h slave + +echo "==== Snapshotting the slave db filesystem as zroot/jails/slave@staging ====" +zfs snapshot zroot/jails/slave@staging + +echo "==== Starting the slave database server ====" +jail -c slave + +echo "==== Cloning the slave snapshot to the staging server ====" +zfs clone zroot/jails/slave@staging zroot/jails/staging + +echo "==== Installing the staging mysql config ====" +mv /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf.slave +cp /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf.staging /jails/staging/usr/local/etc/my.cnf + +echo "==== Setting up the staging rc.conf file ====" +mv /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.local /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.slave +mv /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.staging /jails/staging/etc/rc.conf.local + +echo "==== Starting the staging db server ====" +jail -c staging + +echo "==== Makes the staging database not pull from the master ====" +echo "STOP SLAVE;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h staging +echo "RESET SLAVE;" | /usr/local/bin/mysql -u root -pmyrootpassword -h staging +``` + + +### 延伸阅读 + +* [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs) +* [FreeBSD Handbook on ZFS](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/zfs.html) +* [BSDNow's Crash Course on ZFS](http://www.bsdnow.tv/tutorials/zfs) +* [Oracle's Tuning Guide](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sto-recommended-zfs-settings-1951715.html) +* [OpenZFS Tuning Guide](http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Performance_tuning) +* [FreeBSD ZFS Tuning Guide](https://wiki.freebsd.org/ZFSTuningGuide) |