From 1a8b22cb4f51b6302e1411ecd94851270fd42eaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@banno.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Aug 2013 15:26:26 -0500
Subject: Add while loop to bash

---
 bash.html.markdown | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 7421f880..1473e669 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -53,6 +53,13 @@ else
     echo "And this is not"
 fi
 
+# And the usual while loop:
+while [true]
+do
+	echo "put loop content here..."
+	break
+done
+
 # Expressions are denoted with the following format:
 echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 58cd4b274f4ef6dce15bf30eccad4691aaf835ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 09:50:13 -0500
Subject: add special characters to c

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 24a96463..c8c3e33b 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ memory management and C will take you as far as you need to go.
 Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
+//Special characters:
+'\n' // newline character
+'\t' // tab character
+'\b' // backspace character
+'\0' // null character
+
 // Import headers with #include
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From deaaf3412d01a69fdc4354564fba5506ef65f4c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 10:51:48 -0500
Subject: Add print formatting characters

---
 c.html.markdown | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index c8c3e33b..a9fd8e50 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -23,9 +23,22 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 //Special characters:
 '\n' // newline character
 '\t' // tab character
+'\v' // vertical tab
+'\f' // new page
+'\r' // carriage return
 '\b' // backspace character
 '\0' // null character
 
+//print formatting:
+"%d"    // integer
+"%3d"   // minimum length of 3 digits for integer (right justifies text)
+"%s"    // string
+"%f"    // float
+"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
+"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
+"%c"    // char
+"%p"    // pointer
+
 // Import headers with #include
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e03cda583dd6127831a32fcc8bd8cd8b53399794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 11:44:45 -0500
Subject: Add more to string formatting.

---
 c.html.markdown | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index a9fd8e50..4e1e1e56 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 
 //Special characters:
 '\n' // newline character
-'\t' // tab character
+'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
 '\v' // vertical tab
 '\f' // new page
 '\r' // carriage return
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 "%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
 "%c"    // char
 "%p"    // pointer
+"%x"    // hexidecimal
+"%o"    // octal
+"%%"    // prints % 
+
+// Constants: use #define keyword, no semicolon at end. 
+#define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
 
 // Import headers with #include
 #include <stdlib.h>
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From dba7ec8b9643f693bdb023f9827999b2b14d008b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 12:50:58 -0500
Subject: Add getchar(), putchar(), EOF to C

---
 c.html.markdown | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 4e1e1e56..7010b9d5 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -427,6 +427,16 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
     }
 }
 
+// Built in functions:
+// from stdio.h:
+int c = getchar(); //reads character from user. If user types hello, only h is read.
+// getchar() can be stored into int or char. I am using int because char is not large
+//   enough to store EOF used below. 
+while (c != EOF) { // EOF is value for "end of file". Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
+    putchar(c); //prints character (without newline at end)
+    char c = getchar(); 
+}
+
 /*
 char c[] = "This is a test.";
 str_reverse(c);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f1b1fd8e2efd6c30e553aae1c4f6cc28a6554e8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 13:06:37 -0500
Subject: Add clarity to EOF. Add %ld for longs in C

---
 c.html.markdown | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 7010b9d5..869ab984 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 "%3d"   // minimum length of 3 digits for integer (right justifies text)
 "%s"    // string
 "%f"    // float
+"%ld"   // long
 "%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
 "%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
 "%c"    // char
@@ -429,10 +430,12 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
 
 // Built in functions:
 // from stdio.h:
-int c = getchar(); //reads character from user. If user types hello, only h is read.
-// getchar() can be stored into int or char. I am using int because char is not large
-//   enough to store EOF used below. 
-while (c != EOF) { // EOF is value for "end of file". Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
+int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. If input = hi, only h is read.
+// getchar() can be stored into int or char. I am using int because 
+//   char is not large enough to store EOF used below. 
+while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file". 
+                                 //   Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
+    // must have () around getchar() as != is run before =. 
     putchar(c); //prints character (without newline at end)
     char c = getchar(); 
 }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From b0c5ca0a1cc5a62fc8569fffffcdf35bf44e8dc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 15:57:18 -0500
Subject: Add note about loops C

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 869ab984..166c43e6 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -231,6 +231,12 @@ int main() {
       printf("I print\n");
     }
 
+    // Notes:
+    // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do this:
+    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
+        ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
+    }
+
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
     while (ii < 10) {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 5c711eb30fe8cd810627742a30c016f458bd773c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 16:24:56 -0500
Subject: Add more shorthand notes, array notes to C

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 166c43e6..c6fee5d7 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -166,6 +166,10 @@ int main() {
     int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declaration
     float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
 
+    //more shorthands:
+    int a, b, c;
+    a = b = c = 0;
+
     // Arithmetic is straightforward
     i1 + i2; // => 3
     i2 - i1; // => 1
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@ int main() {
     printf("%d\n", x); // => Prints 1
 
     // Arrays are a good way to allocate a contiguous block of memory
-    int x_array[20];
+    int x_array[20]; //declares array of size 20 (cannot change size)
     int xx;
     for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
         x_array[xx] = 20 - xx;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From dfd8afb4969c76b71a852e7bc8378b7e7f8f4bb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 16:36:16 -0500
Subject: Add ASCII chars to Types of C file.

---
 c.html.markdown | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index c6fee5d7..96f253b7 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -98,6 +98,10 @@ int main() {
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
+    // chars inside single quotes '*' are ASCII versions of  
+    '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII table. 
+    'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII table. 
+
     // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
     // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
     printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int)); // => 4 (on most machines with 4-byte words)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 79fdd62c6bcb13c550050efe02d6753d198a5a83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 16:51:35 -0500
Subject: Add function prototype to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 96f253b7..75025b0c 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -422,6 +422,16 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
     return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
 }
 
+// Must declare a 'funtion prototype' before main() when creating functions
+// in file. 
+int getInt(char c); // function prototype
+int main() {
+    return 0;
+}
+int getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
+    return 1;
+}
+
 /*
 Functions are pass-by-value, but you can make your own references
 with pointers so functions can mutate their values.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 41f65bb3415e7002ef171c351376c1c4d5336746 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 17:04:47 -0500
Subject: Clarified function call by value description.

---
 c.html.markdown | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 75025b0c..e6e2559e 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -433,8 +433,12 @@ int getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
 }
 
 /*
-Functions are pass-by-value, but you can make your own references
-with pointers so functions can mutate their values.
+Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
+to the function are copies of original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
+do to your arguments do not change the value of the actual argument where the
+function was called. 
+
+You can use pointers if you need to edit the original argument values. 
 
 Example: in-place string reversal
 */
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 394ca958b3b61853b1fe8ec1063b3adb03239178 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 18:42:05 -0500
Subject: Add more notes to null character in C

---
 c.html.markdown | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index e6e2559e..90d0d358 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 '\f' // new page
 '\r' // carriage return
 '\b' // backspace character
-'\0' // null character
+'\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
+     //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
 
 //print formatting:
 "%d"    // integer
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From d632203255085171ce79a106a40797d1d5fa54a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 18:54:07 -0500
Subject: Add more notes to function prototype in C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 90d0d358..ee60d168 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -425,13 +425,16 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
 
 // Must declare a 'funtion prototype' before main() when creating functions
 // in file. 
-int getInt(char c); // function prototype
+void getInt(char c); // function prototype
 int main() {
     return 0;
 }
-int getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
-    return 1;
+void getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
+    ;
 }
+//if function takes no parameters, do: int getInt(void); for function prototype
+//  and for the function declaration: int getInt(void) {}
+//  this is to keep compatibility with older versions of C. 
 
 /*
 Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8caf3768fb4a1f0fa14ca4765e7f168534c7cd8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 19:24:15 -0500
Subject: Add extern notes to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index ee60d168..2a828ab7 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ int main() {
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
-    // chars inside single quotes '*' are ASCII versions of  
+    // chars inside single quotes '*' are character constants. 
     '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII table. 
     'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII table. 
 
@@ -472,6 +472,12 @@ while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file".
     char c = getchar(); 
 }
 
+//if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
+int i = 0;
+void testFunc() {
+    extern int i; //i here is now using external variable i
+}
+
 /*
 char c[] = "This is a test.";
 str_reverse(c);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 411d9a9813e8c7174f35540198b6dadc8c0b665c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 19:29:25 -0500
Subject: Add more escape sequences to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 2a828ab7..4764c38e 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -21,14 +21,21 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
 //Special characters:
+'\a' // alert (bell) character
 '\n' // newline character
 '\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
 '\v' // vertical tab
-'\f' // new page
+'\f' // new page (formfeed)
 '\r' // carriage return
 '\b' // backspace character
 '\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
      //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
+'\\' // backspace
+'\?' // question mark
+'\'' // single quote
+'\"' // double quote
+'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
+'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
 
 //print formatting:
 "%d"    // integer
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2e8e2b5f3552bd9541a4eac6abba94a767dda8e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 20:51:11 -0500
Subject: Add enum to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 4764c38e..0ac603a7 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 // Constants: use #define keyword, no semicolon at end. 
 #define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
 
+//enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
+enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
+// MON gets 2 automatically, TUE gets 3, etc. 
+
 // Import headers with #include
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ca32d7a5f2edfe9dad2b43fc849b1495c2b5f889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 21:16:32 -0500
Subject: Add clarity to characters in character set.

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 0ac603a7..4e7dae5c 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ int main() {
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
-    // chars inside single quotes '*' are character constants. 
-    '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII table. 
-    'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII table. 
+    // chars inside single quotes '*' are integers in your character set. 
+    '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII character set. 
+    'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII character set. 
 
     // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
     // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e9c92321f4442ca4af75f6cce16d435287dad750 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Aug 2013 21:18:59 -0500
Subject: Add <ctype.h> include statement to popular C standar libraries.

---
 c.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 4e7dae5c..6d95f28b 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
 
 // (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
 // For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 642e7c551e0f6292be403ed893a6695130cf350a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 2013 10:44:55 -0500
Subject: Add note to while loop in C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 6d95f28b..f63adc05 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ int main() {
 
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
-    while (ii < 10) {
+    while (ii < 10) { //ANY value not zero is true. 
         printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place
                               // after yielding its value ("postincrement").
     } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 977d226d26c056094a33f38da79d1d9395915f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 2013 10:59:30 -0500
Subject: Reworded incrementing operators in C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index f63adc05..c5ac7708 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -261,8 +261,7 @@ int main() {
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
     while (ii < 10) { //ANY value not zero is true. 
-        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii in-place
-                              // after yielding its value ("postincrement").
+        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii AFTER using it's current value.
     } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
@@ -270,8 +269,7 @@ int main() {
     int kk = 0;
     do {
         printf("%d, ", kk);
-    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk in-place, and yields
-                         // the already incremented value ("preincrement")
+    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk BEFORE using it's current value.
     // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
 
     printf("\n");
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2fab4dc971e3c249dc8be7c365309afb8ab9c209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 2013 11:10:04 -0500
Subject: Add specific examples of increment and decrement operators to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index c5ac7708..e6179ba6 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -226,6 +226,17 @@ int main() {
     0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
     0 || 0; // => 0
 
+    //Increment and decrement operators:
+    int j = 0;
+    char s[];
+    int w = 0;
+    j++; //difference between postfix and prefix explained below
+    ++j; //  in string example. 
+    j--;
+    --j;
+    s[j++]; //returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j. 
+    s[++j]; //increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
+
     // Bitwise operators!
     ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation, "1's complement")
     0x0F & 0xF0; // => 0x00 (bitwise AND)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0ab144ff976c7a701acef552cc8e33b38faa7dbc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 2013 11:51:25 -0500
Subject: Add conditinal expression (?:) to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index e6179ba6..ea047ea0 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -226,6 +226,10 @@ int main() {
     0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
     0 || 0; // => 0
 
+    //Conditional expression ( ?: )
+    int a, b, z;
+    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // z = max(a, b);
+
     //Increment and decrement operators:
     int j = 0;
     char s[];
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From c4f541dc92ae149947a49a885292d8ad7ead7aa6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 1 Sep 2013 13:17:26 -0500
Subject: Add order of evaluation table to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index ea047ea0..fd0b7964 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -593,6 +593,31 @@ typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
 // ...
 // my_fnp_type f; 
 
+
+///////////////////////////////////////
+// Order of Evaluation
+///////////////////////////////////////
+
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+//        Operators                  | Associativity //
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+// () [] -> .                        | left to right //
+// ! ~ ++ -- + = *(type)sizeof       | right to left //
+// * / %                             | left to right //
+// + -                               | left to right //
+// << >>                             | left to right //
+// < <= > >=                         | left to right //
+// == !=                             | left to right //
+// &                                 | left to right //
+// ^                                 | left to right //
+// |                                 | left to right //
+// &&                                | left to right //
+// ||                                | left to right //
+// ?:                                | right to left //
+// = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= | right to left //
+// ,                                 | left to right //
+//---------------------------------------------------//
+
 ```
 
 ## Further Reading
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From de5a359faadffadbff1ccb19ad584ffb1c906796 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@banno.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2013 16:48:09 -0500
Subject: Edit wording of while loop in bash.

---
 bash.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 1473e669..2faa4988 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ else
     echo "And this is not"
 fi
 
-# And the usual while loop:
+# while loop:
 while [true]
 do
-	echo "put loop content here..."
+	echo "loop body here..."
 	break
 done
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f28d33fb187bc834e6e2956117039f9abe3b6d9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@banno.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2013 17:10:53 -0500
Subject: Edit wording on in c changes.

---
 c.html.markdown | 53 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index fd0b7964..89bfbe6d 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 
 //print formatting:
 "%d"    // integer
-"%3d"   // minimum length of 3 digits for integer (right justifies text)
+"%3d"   // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
 "%s"    // string
 "%f"    // float
 "%ld"   // long
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 "%o"    // octal
 "%%"    // prints % 
 
-// Constants: use #define keyword, no semicolon at end. 
+// Constants: #define <keyword> (no semicolon at end) 
 #define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
 
 //enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 // (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
 // For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ int main() {
     unsigned int ux_int;
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
-    // chars inside single quotes '*' are integers in your character set. 
+    // chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set. 
     '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII character set. 
     'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII character set. 
 
@@ -226,20 +225,14 @@ int main() {
     0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
     0 || 0; // => 0
 
-    //Conditional expression ( ?: )
+    //Conditional expression ( ? : )
     int a, b, z;
-    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // z = max(a, b);
+    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // "if a > b return a, else return b." 
 
     //Increment and decrement operators:
-    int j = 0;
-    char s[];
-    int w = 0;
-    j++; //difference between postfix and prefix explained below
-    ++j; //  in string example. 
-    j--;
-    --j;
     s[j++]; //returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j. 
     s[++j]; //increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
+    // same with j-- and --j
 
     // Bitwise operators!
     ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation, "1's complement")
@@ -267,12 +260,6 @@ int main() {
       printf("I print\n");
     }
 
-    // Notes:
-    // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do this:
-    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
-        ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
-    }
-
     // While loops exist
     int ii = 0;
     while (ii < 10) { //ANY value not zero is true. 
@@ -297,6 +284,12 @@ int main() {
 
     printf("\n");
 
+    // *****NOTES*****:
+    // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do:
+    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
+        ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
+    }
+
     // branching with multiple choices: switch()
     switch (some_integral_expression) {
     case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* epxressions
@@ -448,18 +441,20 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
     return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
 }
 
-// Must declare a 'funtion prototype' before main() when creating functions
-// in file. 
+// Must declare a 'funtion prototype' when creating functions before main()
 void getInt(char c); // function prototype
-int main() {
+int main() {         // main function
     return 0;
 }
 void getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
     ;
 }
-//if function takes no parameters, do: int getInt(void); for function prototype
-//  and for the function declaration: int getInt(void) {}
-//  this is to keep compatibility with older versions of C. 
+
+//if function takes no parameters, do: 
+int getInt(void); for function prototype
+//  and for the function declaration: 
+int getInt(void) {}
+//  (this is to keep compatibility with older versions of C). 
 
 /*
 Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
@@ -485,11 +480,13 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
     }
 }
 
+/////////////////////////////////////
 // Built in functions:
+/////////////////////////////////////
 // from stdio.h:
-int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. If input = hi, only h is read.
-// getchar() can be stored into int or char. I am using int because 
-//   char is not large enough to store EOF used below. 
+// getchar()
+int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. 
+// If input = hi, 'h' is returned then next call, 'i' returned. 
 while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file". 
                                  //   Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
     // must have () around getchar() as != is run before =. 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2ef41199266fefc868dd28c3e0ac5dc55daf9d8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 21:53:42 -0500
Subject: Fix typo for 'funtion prototype'

---
 c.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index fd0b7964..68ef7f03 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
     return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
 }
 
-// Must declare a 'funtion prototype' before main() when creating functions
+// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when creating functions
 // in file. 
 void getInt(char c); // function prototype
 int main() {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7c559d57a88143b0cbe7b16dbd071f0e07c83b32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:05:08 -0500
Subject: Move special characters to end of file

---
 c.html.markdown | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 2a65d82c..9745ed9a 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -20,37 +20,6 @@ memory management and C will take you as far as you need to go.
 Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
-//Special characters:
-'\a' // alert (bell) character
-'\n' // newline character
-'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
-'\v' // vertical tab
-'\f' // new page (formfeed)
-'\r' // carriage return
-'\b' // backspace character
-'\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
-     //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
-'\\' // backspace
-'\?' // question mark
-'\'' // single quote
-'\"' // double quote
-'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
-'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
-
-//print formatting:
-"%d"    // integer
-"%3d"   // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
-"%s"    // string
-"%f"    // float
-"%ld"   // long
-"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
-"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
-"%c"    // char
-"%p"    // pointer
-"%x"    // hexidecimal
-"%o"    // octal
-"%%"    // prints % 
-
 // Constants: #define <keyword> (no semicolon at end) 
 #define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
 
@@ -590,6 +559,36 @@ typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
 // ...
 // my_fnp_type f; 
 
+//Special characters:
+'\a' // alert (bell) character
+'\n' // newline character
+'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
+'\v' // vertical tab
+'\f' // new page (formfeed)
+'\r' // carriage return
+'\b' // backspace character
+'\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
+     //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
+'\\' // backspace
+'\?' // question mark
+'\'' // single quote
+'\"' // double quote
+'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
+'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
+
+//print formatting:
+"%d"    // integer
+"%3d"   // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
+"%s"    // string
+"%f"    // float
+"%ld"   // long
+"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
+"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
+"%c"    // char
+"%p"    // pointer
+"%x"    // hexidecimal
+"%o"    // octal
+"%%"    // prints % 
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////
 // Order of Evaluation
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 35909645f2dbfedc38b566ec9838c2202cd51e3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:13:10 -0500
Subject: Edit note on function prototypes.

---
 c.html.markdown | 13 ++++---------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 9745ed9a..df6cd036 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
 void function_1();
 void function_2();
 
+// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
+// your main() function.
+int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2); // function prototype 
+
 // Your program's entry point is a function called
 // main with an integer return type.
 int main() {
@@ -410,15 +414,6 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
     return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
 }
 
-// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when creating functions
-void getInt(char c); // function prototype
-int main() {         // main function
-    return 0;
-}
-void getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
-    ;
-}
-
 //if function takes no parameters, do: 
 int getInt(void); for function prototype
 //  and for the function declaration: 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f471616ccb97e5fd32393f1f408394cfebe0d151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:16:01 -0500
Subject: Remove .orig file created during merge.

---
 c.html.markdown.orig | 641 ---------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 641 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 c.html.markdown.orig

diff --git a/c.html.markdown.orig b/c.html.markdown.orig
deleted file mode 100644
index 47996cb2..00000000
--- a/c.html.markdown.orig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,641 +0,0 @@
----
-language: c
-filename: learnc.c
-contributors:
-    - ["Adam Bard", "http://adambard.com/"]
-    - ["Árpád Goretity", "http://twitter.com/H2CO3_iOS"]
-
----
-
-Ah, C. Still **the** language of modern high-performance computing.
-
-C is the lowest-level language most programmers will ever use, but
-it more than makes up for it with raw speed. Just be aware of its manual
-memory management and C will take you as far as you need to go.
-
-```c
-// Single-line comments start with // - only available in C99 and later.
-
-/*
-Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
-*/
-
-//Special characters:
-'\a' // alert (bell) character
-'\n' // newline character
-'\t' // tab character (left justifies text)
-'\v' // vertical tab
-'\f' // new page (formfeed)
-'\r' // carriage return
-'\b' // backspace character
-'\0' // null character. Usually put at end of strings in C lang. 
-     //   hello\n\0. \0 used by convention to mark end of string. 
-'\\' // backspace
-'\?' // question mark
-'\'' // single quote
-'\"' // double quote
-'\xhh' // hexadecimal number. Example: '\xb' = vertical tab character
-'\ooo' // octal number. Example: '\013' = vertical tab character
-
-//print formatting:
-"%d"    // integer
-"%3d"   // integer with minimum of length 3 digits (right justifies text)
-"%s"    // string
-"%f"    // float
-"%ld"   // long
-"%3.2f" // minimum 3 digits left and 2 digits right decimal float 
-"%7.4s" // (can do with strings too)
-"%c"    // char
-"%p"    // pointer
-"%x"    // hexidecimal
-"%o"    // octal
-"%%"    // prints % 
-
-// Constants: #define <keyword> (no semicolon at end) 
-#define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
-
-//enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
-enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
-// MON gets 2 automatically, TUE gets 3, etc. 
-
-// Import headers with #include
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-// (File names between <angle brackets> are headers from the C standard library.)
-// For your own headers, use double quotes instead of angle brackets:
-#include "my_header.h"
-
-// Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
-// your .c file.
-void function_1();
-void function_2();
-
-// Your program's entry point is a function called
-// main with an integer return type.
-int main() {
-    // print output using printf, for "print formatted"
-    // %d is an integer, \n is a newline
-    printf("%d\n", 0); // => Prints 0
-    // All statements must end with a semicolon
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Types
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // ints are usually 4 bytes 
-    int x_int = 0;
-
-    // shorts are usually 2 bytes
-    short x_short = 0;
-
-    // chars are guaranteed to be 1 byte
-    char x_char = 0;
-    char y_char = 'y'; // Char literals are quoted with ''
-
-    // longs are often 4 to 8 bytes; long longs are guaranteed to be at least
-    // 64 bits
-    long x_long = 0;
-    long long x_long_long = 0; 
-
-    // floats are usually 32-bit floating point numbers
-    float x_float = 0.0;
-
-    // doubles are usually 64-bit floating-point numbers
-    double x_double = 0.0;
-
-    // Integral types may be unsigned.
-    unsigned short ux_short;
-    unsigned int ux_int;
-    unsigned long long ux_long_long;
-
-    // chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set. 
-    '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII character set. 
-    'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII character set. 
-
-    // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
-    // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
-    printf("%zu\n", sizeof(int)); // => 4 (on most machines with 4-byte words)
-
-
-    // If the argument of the `sizeof` operator an expression, then its argument
-    // is not evaluated (except VLAs (see below)).
-    // The value it yields in this case is a compile-time constant.
-    int a = 1;
-    size_t size = sizeof(a++); // a++ is not evaluated
-    printf("sizeof(a++) = %zu where a = %d\n", size, a);
-    // prints "sizeof(a++) = 4 where a = 1" (on a 32-bit architecture)
-
-    // Arrays must be initialized with a concrete size.
-    char my_char_array[20]; // This array occupies 1 * 20 = 20 bytes
-    int my_int_array[20]; // This array occupies 4 * 20 = 80 bytes
-                          // (assuming 4-byte words)
-
-
-    // You can initialize an array to 0 thusly:
-    char my_array[20] = {0};
-
-    // Indexing an array is like other languages -- or,
-    // rather, other languages are like C
-    my_array[0]; // => 0
-
-    // Arrays are mutable; it's just memory!
-    my_array[1] = 2;
-    printf("%d\n", my_array[1]); // => 2
-
-    // In C99 (and as an optional feature in C11), variable-length arrays (VLAs)
-    // can be declared as well. The size of such an array need not be a compile
-    // time constant:
-    printf("Enter the array size: "); // ask the user for an array size
-    char buf[0x100];
-    fgets(buf, sizeof buf, stdin);
-
-    // strtoul parses a string to an unsigned integer
-    size_t size = strtoul(buf, NULL, 10);
-    int var_length_array[size]; // declare the VLA
-    printf("sizeof array = %zu\n", sizeof var_length_array);
-
-    // A possible outcome of this program may be:
-    // > Enter the array size: 10
-    // > sizeof array = 40
-
-    // Strings are just arrays of chars terminated by a NUL (0x00) byte,
-    // represented in strings as the special character '\0'.
-    // (We don't have to include the NUL byte in string literals; the compiler
-    //  inserts it at the end of the array for us.)
-    char a_string[20] = "This is a string";
-    printf("%s\n", a_string); // %s formats a string
-
-    printf("%d\n", a_string[16]); // => 0
-    // i.e., byte #17 is 0 (as are 18, 19, and 20)
-
-    // If we have characters between single quotes, that's a character literal.
-    // It's of type `int`, and *not* `char` (for historical reasons).
-    int cha = 'a'; // fine
-    char chb = 'a'; // fine too (implicit conversion from int to char)
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Operators
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declaration
-    float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
-
-    //more shorthands:
-    int a, b, c;
-    a = b = c = 0;
-
-    // Arithmetic is straightforward
-    i1 + i2; // => 3
-    i2 - i1; // => 1
-    i2 * i1; // => 2
-    i1 / i2; // => 0 (0.5, but truncated towards 0)
-
-    f1 / f2; // => 0.5, plus or minus epsilon
-    // Floating-point numbers and calculations are not exact
-
-    // Modulo is there as well
-    11 % 3; // => 2
-
-    // Comparison operators are probably familiar, but
-    // there is no boolean type in c. We use ints instead.
-    // (Or _Bool or bool in C99.)
-    // 0 is false, anything else is true. (The comparison 
-    // operators always yield 0 or 1.)
-    3 == 2; // => 0 (false)
-    3 != 2; // => 1 (true)
-    3 > 2; // => 1
-    3 < 2; // => 0
-    2 <= 2; // => 1
-    2 >= 2; // => 1
-
-    // C is not Python - comparisons don't chain.
-    int a = 1;
-    // WRONG:
-    int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a < 2;
-    // Correct:
-    int between_0_and_2 = 0 < a && a < 2;
-
-    // Logic works on ints
-    !3; // => 0 (Logical not)
-    !0; // => 1
-    1 && 1; // => 1 (Logical and)
-    0 && 1; // => 0
-    0 || 1; // => 1 (Logical or)
-    0 || 0; // => 0
-
-    //Conditional expression ( ? : )
-    int a, b, z;
-    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // "if a > b return a, else return b." 
-
-    //Increment and decrement operators:
-    s[j++]; //returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j. 
-    s[++j]; //increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
-    // same with j-- and --j
-
-    // Bitwise operators!
-    ~0x0F; // => 0xF0 (bitwise negation, "1's complement")
-    0x0F & 0xF0; // => 0x00 (bitwise AND)
-    0x0F | 0xF0; // => 0xFF (bitwise OR)
-    0x04 ^ 0x0F; // => 0x0B (bitwise XOR)
-    0x01 << 1; // => 0x02 (bitwise left shift (by 1))
-    0x02 >> 1; // => 0x01 (bitwise right shift (by 1))
-
-    // Be careful when shifting signed integers - the following are undefined:
-    // - shifting into the sign bit of a signed integer (int a = 1 << 32)
-    // - left-shifting a negative number (int a = -1 << 2)
-    // - shifting by an offset which is >= the width of the type of the LHS:
-    //   int a = 1 << 32; // UB if int is 32 bits wide
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Control Structures
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    if (0) {
-      printf("I am never run\n");
-    } else if (0) {
-      printf("I am also never run\n");
-    } else {
-      printf("I print\n");
-    }
-
-    // While loops exist
-    int ii = 0;
-    while (ii < 10) { //ANY value not zero is true. 
-        printf("%d, ", ii++); // ii++ increments ii AFTER using it's current value.
-    } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    int kk = 0;
-    do {
-        printf("%d, ", kk);
-    } while (++kk < 10); // ++kk increments kk BEFORE using it's current value.
-    // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // For loops too
-    int jj;
-    for (jj=0; jj < 10; jj++) {
-        printf("%d, ", jj);
-    } // => prints "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, "
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // *****NOTES*****:
-    // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do:
-    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
-        ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
-    }
-
-    // branching with multiple choices: switch()
-    switch (some_integral_expression) {
-    case 0: // labels need to be integral *constant* epxressions
-        do_stuff();
-        break; // if you don't break, control flow falls over labels
-    case 1:
-        do_something_else();
-        break;
-    default:
-        // if `some_integral_expression` didn't match any of the labels
-        fputs("error!\n", stderr);
-        exit(-1);
-        break;
-    }
-    
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Typecasting
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // Every value in C has a type, but you can cast one value into another type
-    // if you want (with some constraints).
-
-    int x_hex = 0x01; // You can assign vars with hex literals
-
-    // Casting between types will attempt to preserve their numeric values
-    printf("%d\n", x_hex); // => Prints 1
-    printf("%d\n", (short) x_hex); // => Prints 1
-    printf("%d\n", (char) x_hex); // => Prints 1
-
-    // Types will overflow without warning
-    printf("%d\n", (unsigned char) 257); // => 1 (Max char = 255 if char is 8 bits long)
-
-    // For determining the max value of a `char`, a `signed char` and an `unisigned char`,
-    // respectively, use the CHAR_MAX, SCHAR_MAX and UCHAR_MAX macros from <limits.h>
-
-    // Integral types can be cast to floating-point types, and vice-versa.
-    printf("%f\n", (float)100); // %f formats a float
-    printf("%lf\n", (double)100); // %lf formats a double
-    printf("%d\n", (char)100.0);
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-    // Pointers
-    ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-    // A pointer is a variable declared to store a memory address. Its declaration will
-    // also tell you the type of data it points to. You can retrieve the memory address 
-    // of your variables, then mess with them.
-
-    int x = 0;
-    printf("%p\n", (void *)&x); // Use & to retrieve the address of a variable
-    // (%p formats an object pointer of type void *)
-    // => Prints some address in memory;
-
-
-    // Pointers start with * in their declaration
-    int *px, not_a_pointer; // px is a pointer to an int
-    px = &x; // Stores the address of x in px
-    printf("%p\n", (void *)px); // => Prints some address in memory
-    printf("%zu, %zu\n", sizeof(px), sizeof(not_a_pointer));
-    // => Prints "8, 4" on a typical 64-bit system
-
-    // To retreive the value at the address a pointer is pointing to,
-    // put * in front to de-reference it.
-    // Note: yes, it may be confusing that '*' is used for _both_ declaring a
-    // pointer and dereferencing it.
-    printf("%d\n", *px); // => Prints 0, the value of x
-
-    // You can also change the value the pointer is pointing to.
-    // We'll have to wrap the de-reference in parenthesis because
-    // ++ has a higher precedence than *.
-    (*px)++; // Increment the value px is pointing to by 1
-    printf("%d\n", *px); // => Prints 1
-    printf("%d\n", x); // => Prints 1
-
-    // Arrays are a good way to allocate a contiguous block of memory
-    int x_array[20]; //declares array of size 20 (cannot change size)
-    int xx;
-    for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
-        x_array[xx] = 20 - xx;
-    } // Initialize x_array to 20, 19, 18,... 2, 1
-
-    // Declare a pointer of type int and initialize it to point to x_array
-    int* x_ptr = x_array;
-    // x_ptr now points to the first element in the array (the integer 20). 
-    // This works because arrays often decay into pointers to their first element.
-    // For example, when an array is passed to a function or is assigned to a pointer,
-    // it decays into (implicitly converted to) a pointer.
-    // Exceptions: when the array is the argument of the `&` (address-od) operator:
-    int arr[10];
-    int (*ptr_to_arr)[10] = &arr; // &arr is NOT of type `int *`!
-                                  // It's of type "pointer to array" (of ten `int`s).
-    // or when the array is a string literal used for initializing a char array:
-    char arr[] = "foobarbazquirk";
-    // or when it's the argument of the `sizeof` or `alignof` operator:
-    int arr[10];
-    int *ptr = arr; // equivalent with int *ptr = &arr[0];
-    printf("%zu %zu\n", sizeof arr, sizeof ptr); // probably prints "40, 4" or "40, 8"
-
-
-    // Pointers are incremented and decremented based on their type
-    // (this is called pointer arithmetic)
-    printf("%d\n", *(x_ptr + 1)); // => Prints 19
-    printf("%d\n", x_array[1]); // => Prints 19
-
-    // You can also dynamically allocate contiguous blocks of memory with the
-    // standard library function malloc, which takes one argument of type size_t
-    // representing the number of bytes to allocate (usually from the heap, although this
-    // may not be true on e. g. embedded systems - the C standard says nothing about it).
-    int *my_ptr = malloc(sizeof(*my_ptr) * 20);
-    for (xx = 0; xx < 20; xx++) {
-        *(my_ptr + xx) = 20 - xx; // my_ptr[xx] = 20-xx
-    } // Initialize memory to 20, 19, 18, 17... 2, 1 (as ints)
-
-    // Dereferencing memory that you haven't allocated gives
-    // "unpredictable results" - the program is said to invoke "undefined behavior"
-    printf("%d\n", *(my_ptr + 21)); // => Prints who-knows-what? It may even crash.
-
-    // When you're done with a malloc'd block of memory, you need to free it, 
-    // or else no one else can use it until your program terminates
-    // (this is called a "memory leak"):
-    free(my_ptr);
-
-    // Strings are arrays of char, but they are usually represented as a
-    // pointer-to-char (which is a pointer to the first element of the array).
-    // It's good practice to use `const char *' when referring to a string literal,
-    // since string literals shall not be modified (i. e. "foo"[0] = 'a' is ILLEGAL.)
-    const char *my_str = "This is my very own string literal";
-    printf("%c\n", *my_str); // => 'T'
-
-    // This is not the case if the string is an array
-    // (potentially initialized with a string literal)
-    // that resides in writable memory, as in:
-    char foo[] = "foo";
-    foo[0] = 'a'; // this is legal, foo now contains "aoo"
-
-    function_1();
-} // end main function
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// Functions
-///////////////////////////////////////
-
-// Function declaration syntax:
-// <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
-int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
-{
-    return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
-}
-
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-// Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when creating functions
-// in file. 
-=======
-// Must declare a 'funtion prototype' when creating functions before main()
->>>>>>> f28d33fb187bc834e6e2956117039f9abe3b6d9b
-void getInt(char c); // function prototype
-int main() {         // main function
-    return 0;
-}
-void getInt(char w) { //parameter name does not need to match function prototype
-    ;
-}
-
-//if function takes no parameters, do: 
-int getInt(void); for function prototype
-//  and for the function declaration: 
-int getInt(void) {}
-//  (this is to keep compatibility with older versions of C). 
-
-/*
-Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
-to the function are copies of original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
-do to your arguments do not change the value of the actual argument where the
-function was called. 
-
-You can use pointers if you need to edit the original argument values. 
-
-Example: in-place string reversal
-*/
-
-// A void function returns no value
-void str_reverse(char *str_in)
-{
-    char tmp;
-    int ii = 0;
-    size_t len = strlen(str_in); // `strlen()` is part of the c standard library
-    for (ii = 0; ii < len / 2; ii++) {
-        tmp = str_in[ii];
-        str_in[ii] = str_in[len - ii - 1]; // ii-th char from end
-        str_in[len - ii - 1] = tmp;
-    }
-}
-
-/////////////////////////////////////
-// Built in functions:
-/////////////////////////////////////
-// from stdio.h:
-// getchar()
-int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. 
-// If input = hi, 'h' is returned then next call, 'i' returned. 
-while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file". 
-                                 //   Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
-    // must have () around getchar() as != is run before =. 
-    putchar(c); //prints character (without newline at end)
-    char c = getchar(); 
-}
-
-//if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
-int i = 0;
-void testFunc() {
-    extern int i; //i here is now using external variable i
-}
-
-/*
-char c[] = "This is a test.";
-str_reverse(c);
-printf("%s\n", c); // => ".tset a si sihT"
-*/
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// User-defined types and structs
-///////////////////////////////////////
-
-// Typedefs can be used to create type aliases
-typedef int my_type;
-my_type my_type_var = 0;
-
-// Structs are just collections of data, the members are allocated sequentially,
-// in the order they are written:
-struct rectangle {
-    int width;
-    int height;
-};
-
-// It's not generally true that
-// sizeof(struct rectangle) == sizeof(int) + sizeof(int)
-// due to potential padding between the structure members (this is for alignment
-// reasons). [1]
-
-void function_1()
-{
-    struct rectangle my_rec;
-
-    // Access struct members with .
-    my_rec.width = 10;
-    my_rec.height = 20;
-
-    // You can declare pointers to structs
-    struct rectangle *my_rec_ptr = &my_rec;
-
-    // Use dereferencing to set struct pointer members...
-    (*my_rec_ptr).width = 30;
-
-    // ... or even better: prefer the -> shorthand for the sake of readability
-    my_rec_ptr->height = 10; // Same as (*my_rec_ptr).height = 10;
-}
-
-// You can apply a typedef to a struct for convenience
-typedef struct rectangle rect;
-
-int area(rect r)
-{
-    return r.width * r.height;
-}
-
-// if you have large structs, you can pass them "by pointer" to avoid copying
-// the whole struct:
-int area(const rect *r)
-{
-    return r->width * r->height;
-}
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// Function pointers 
-///////////////////////////////////////
-/*
-At runtime, functions are located at known memory addresses. Function pointers are
-much like any other pointer (they just store a memory address), but can be used 
-to invoke functions directly, and to pass handlers (or callback functions) around.
-However, definition syntax may be initially confusing.
-
-Example: use str_reverse from a pointer
-*/
-void str_reverse_through_pointer(char *str_in) {
-    // Define a function pointer variable, named f. 
-    void (*f)(char *); // Signature should exactly match the target function.
-    f = &str_reverse; // Assign the address for the actual function (determined at runtime)
-    // f = str_reverse; would work as well - functions decay into pointers, similar to arrays
-    (*f)(str_in); // Just calling the function through the pointer
-    // f(str_in); // That's an alternative but equally valid syntax for calling it.
-}
-
-/*
-As long as function signatures match, you can assign any function to the same pointer.
-Function pointers are usually typedef'd for simplicity and readability, as follows:
-*/
-
-typedef void (*my_fnp_type)(char *);
-
-// Then used when declaring the actual pointer variable:
-// ...
-// my_fnp_type f; 
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////
-// Order of Evaluation
-///////////////////////////////////////
-
-//---------------------------------------------------//
-//        Operators                  | Associativity //
-//---------------------------------------------------//
-// () [] -> .                        | left to right //
-// ! ~ ++ -- + = *(type)sizeof       | right to left //
-// * / %                             | left to right //
-// + -                               | left to right //
-// << >>                             | left to right //
-// < <= > >=                         | left to right //
-// == !=                             | left to right //
-// &                                 | left to right //
-// ^                                 | left to right //
-// |                                 | left to right //
-// &&                                | left to right //
-// ||                                | left to right //
-// ?:                                | right to left //
-// = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= | right to left //
-// ,                                 | left to right //
-//---------------------------------------------------//
-
-```
-
-## Further Reading
-
-Best to find yourself a copy of [K&R, aka "The C Programming Language"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language)
-It is *the* book about C, written by the creators of C. Be careful, though - it's ancient and it contains some
-inaccuracies (well, ideas that are not considered good anymore) or now-changed practices.
-
-Another good resource is [Learn C the hard way](http://c.learncodethehardway.org/book/).
-
-If you have a question, read the [compl.lang.c Frequently Asked Questions](http://c-faq.com).
-
-It's very important to use proper spacing, indentation and to be consistent with your coding style in general.
-Readable code is better than clever code and fast code. For a good, sane coding style to adopt, see the
-[Linux kernel coding stlye](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/CodingStyle).
-
-Other than that, Google is your friend.
-
-[1] http://stackoverflow.com/questions/119123/why-isnt-sizeof-for-a-struct-equal-to-the-sum-of-sizeof-of-each-member
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ec7ee88698bf32bfe6e931865e94d2dac8f41c80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:19:07 -0500
Subject: Add to ? : example in C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index df6cd036..f1e328cf 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -199,8 +199,10 @@ int main() {
     0 || 0; // => 0
 
     //Conditional expression ( ? : )
-    int a, b, z;
-    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // "if a > b return a, else return b." 
+    int a = 5;
+    int b = 10;
+    int z;
+    z = (a > b) ? a : b; // => 10 "if a > b return a, else return b." 
 
     //Increment and decrement operators:
     s[j++]; //returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j. 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 868be425a6602020f275404a8776d48f3d6d2715 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:31:04 -0500
Subject: Add to notes on increment and decrement operators.

---
 c.html.markdown | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index f1e328cf..f67f6c4a 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -205,8 +205,11 @@ int main() {
     z = (a > b) ? a : b; // => 10 "if a > b return a, else return b." 
 
     //Increment and decrement operators:
-    s[j++]; //returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j. 
-    s[++j]; //increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
+    char *s = "iLoveC"
+    int j = 0;
+    s[j++]; // => "i" Returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j.
+    j = 0; 
+    s[++j]; // => "L" Increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
     // same with j-- and --j
 
     // Bitwise operators!
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 67cd987efa06141e5dac74f07fa8f561265c835a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:33:19 -0500
Subject: Declare variable before empty for loop.

---
 c.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index f67f6c4a..d075ea0e 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -264,6 +264,7 @@ int main() {
 
     // *****NOTES*****:
     // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do:
+    int i;
     for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
         ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
     }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 981cc871a4d4e5473e580dee8574a119ac8a9723 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2013 22:37:40 -0500
Subject: Edit getchar() notes.

---
 c.html.markdown | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index d075ea0e..ee35cdd2 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -453,15 +453,14 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
 /////////////////////////////////////
 // Built in functions:
 /////////////////////////////////////
-// from stdio.h:
-// getchar()
-int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. 
+// from: #include <stdio.h>
+// ** getchar() **
+// int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. 
 // If input = hi, 'h' is returned then next call, 'i' returned. 
 while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file". 
                                  //   Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
     // must have () around getchar() as != is run before =. 
     putchar(c); //prints character (without newline at end)
-    char c = getchar(); 
 }
 
 //if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 38de481179484d597d44fa934f87a5f21ebfaa6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 23 Nov 2013 22:40:52 -0600
Subject: Add variety to function prototypes.

---
 c.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index ee35cdd2..b4a874d3 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
 
 // Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
 // your .c file.
-void function_1();
-void function_2();
+void function_1(char s[]);
+int function_2(void);
 
 // Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
 // your main() function.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e63232d2de1e2058dd381fe1094c7f775f2e3eb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2013 14:17:32 -0600
Subject: Add static description to C.

---
 c.html.markdown | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index b4a874d3..7b95c969 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -469,6 +469,13 @@ void testFunc() {
     extern int i; //i here is now using external variable i
 }
 
+//if external variable should only be visible to functions in the source file
+//  they are declared in, use static:
+static int i = 0; //other source files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
+void testFunc() {
+    extern int i;
+}
+
 /*
 char c[] = "This is a test.";
 str_reverse(c);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From af9cc6e9b9748e43cb1c02013fe92465c3455503 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2013 14:25:30 -0600
Subject: Edit static description wording. Add note about private functions.

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index 7b95c969..ab09a4a2 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -469,12 +469,12 @@ void testFunc() {
     extern int i; //i here is now using external variable i
 }
 
-//if external variable should only be visible to functions in the source file
-//  they are declared in, use static:
-static int i = 0; //other source files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
+//make external variables private to source file with static:
+static int i = 0; //other files using testFunc() cannot access variable i
 void testFunc() {
     extern int i;
 }
+//**You may also declare functions as static to make them private**
 
 /*
 char c[] = "This is a test.";
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bb4f644a19a086c3c6b32891a7240cc140b379f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2013 15:01:24 -0600
Subject: Fix #define as it does not use = sign.

---
 c.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index ab09a4a2..d8eccd78 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
 // Constants: #define <keyword> (no semicolon at end) 
-#define DAYS_IN_YEAR = 365
+#define DAYS_IN_YEAR 365
 
 //enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
 enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 5c7f6d70b9477fcd4fe64460704d7dcf48799f98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2013 16:58:21 -0600
Subject: Remove bad description of function prototypes.

---
 c.html.markdown | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index d8eccd78..d029a00f 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -420,12 +420,6 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
     return x1 + x2; // Use return to return a value
 }
 
-//if function takes no parameters, do: 
-int getInt(void); for function prototype
-//  and for the function declaration: 
-int getInt(void) {}
-//  (this is to keep compatibility with older versions of C). 
-
 /*
 Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
 to the function are copies of original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 67a5236629b6c7748b609f23c0362925b5c4774d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 2013 23:26:11 -0600
Subject: Add multi-dimensional array description.

---
 c.html.markdown | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index d029a00f..f4edfca5 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -148,6 +148,14 @@ int main() {
     int cha = 'a'; // fine
     char chb = 'a'; // fine too (implicit conversion from int to char)
 
+    //Multi-dimensional arrays:
+    int multi_array[2][5] = {
+        {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+        {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
+    }
+    //access elements:
+    int array_int = multi_array[0][2]; //=> 3
+
     ///////////////////////////////////////
     // Operators
     ///////////////////////////////////////
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From df3cc00f5233dac96c0e063d87d3552f493e25f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Levi Bostian <levi.bostian@banno.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Nov 2013 09:21:40 -0600
Subject: Remove bad examples, reword places.

---
 c.html.markdown | 43 +++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c.html.markdown b/c.html.markdown
index f4edfca5..4187d757 100644
--- a/c.html.markdown
+++ b/c.html.markdown
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ memory management and C will take you as far as you need to go.
 Multi-line comments look like this. They work in C89 as well.
 */
 
-// Constants: #define <keyword> (no semicolon at end) 
+// Constants: #define <keyword>
 #define DAYS_IN_YEAR 365
 
 //enumeration constants are also ways to declare constants. 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ enum days {SUN = 1, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
 
 // Declare function signatures in advance in a .h file, or at the top of
 // your .c file.
-void function_1(char s[]);
+void function_1(char c);
 int function_2(void);
 
 // Must declare a 'function prototype' before main() when functions occur after
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ int main() {
     unsigned long long ux_long_long;
 
     // chars inside single quotes are integers in machine's character set. 
-    '0' //==> 48 on the ASCII character set. 
-    'A' //==> 65 on the ASCII character set. 
+    '0' // => 48 in the ASCII character set. 
+    'A' // => 65 in the ASCII character set. 
 
     // sizeof(T) gives you the size of a variable with type T in bytes
     // sizeof(obj) yields the size of the expression (variable, literal, etc.).
@@ -154,16 +154,16 @@ int main() {
         {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}
     }
     //access elements:
-    int array_int = multi_array[0][2]; //=> 3
+    int array_int = multi_array[0][2]; // => 3
 
     ///////////////////////////////////////
     // Operators
     ///////////////////////////////////////
 
-    int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declaration
+    // Shorthands for multiple declarations:
+    int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; 
     float f1 = 1.0, f2 = 2.0;
 
-    //more shorthands:
     int a, b, c;
     a = b = c = 0;
 
@@ -215,9 +215,9 @@ int main() {
     //Increment and decrement operators:
     char *s = "iLoveC"
     int j = 0;
-    s[j++]; // => "i" Returns value of j to s THEN increments value of j.
+    s[j++]; // => "i". Returns the j-th item of s THEN increments value of j.
     j = 0; 
-    s[++j]; // => "L" Increments value of j THEN returns value of j to s. 
+    s[++j]; // => "L". Increments value of j THEN returns j-th value of s. 
     // same with j-- and --j
 
     // Bitwise operators!
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ int main() {
     printf("\n");
 
     // *****NOTES*****:
-    // Loops MUST always have a body. If no body is needed, do:
+    // Loops and Functions MUST have a body. If no body is needed:
     int i;
     for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
         ; // use semicolon to act as the body (null statement)
@@ -429,12 +429,12 @@ int add_two_ints(int x1, int x2)
 }
 
 /*
-Functions are call by value. So when a function is called, the arguments passed
-to the function are copies of original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
-do to your arguments do not change the value of the actual argument where the
-function was called. 
+Functions are call by value. When a function is called, the arguments passed to 
+the function are copies of the original arguments (except arrays). Anything you  
+do to the arguments in the function do not change the value of the original 
+argument where the function was called. 
 
-You can use pointers if you need to edit the original argument values. 
+Use pointers if you need to edit the original argument values. 
 
 Example: in-place string reversal
 */
@@ -452,19 +452,6 @@ void str_reverse(char *str_in)
     }
 }
 
-/////////////////////////////////////
-// Built in functions:
-/////////////////////////////////////
-// from: #include <stdio.h>
-// ** getchar() **
-// int c = getchar(); //reads character from input. 
-// If input = hi, 'h' is returned then next call, 'i' returned. 
-while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { // EOF constant "end of file". 
-                                 //   Linux: CTRL+D, Windows: CTRL+X
-    // must have () around getchar() as != is run before =. 
-    putchar(c); //prints character (without newline at end)
-}
-
 //if referring to external variables outside function, must use extern keyword.
 int i = 0;
 void testFunc() {
-- 
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