From 303de42a2c62193de9418ed5060ed5e99f26ba3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rholais Lii <rholais@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Feb 2017 23:06:21 +0800
Subject: [bash/en-us]Fix spelling (#2654)

* Fix spelling

* Remove the contributor tag
---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 271ef62c..14366e4c 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ ls
 
 # These commands have options that control their execution:
 ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
-ls -t # Sort the directory contents by last-modified date (descending)
+ls -t # Sorts the directory contents by last-modified date (descending)
 ls -R # Recursively `ls` this directory and all of its subdirectories
 
 # Results of the previous command can be passed to the next command as input.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 96f62560ba5a7be6f2571656fa16f99446da87a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Keith Miyake <keith.miyake@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Sep 2017 09:09:39 -0700
Subject: [bash/en] Provide example outputs for #549

---
 bash.html.markdown | 90 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 14366e4c..76710aa8 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -30,59 +30,62 @@ Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script or executed directly i
 # As you already figured, comments start with #. Shebang is also a comment.
 
 # Simple hello world example:
-echo Hello world!
+echo Hello world! # => Hello world!
 
 # Each command starts on a new line, or after semicolon:
 echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
+# => This is the first line
+# => This is the second line
 
 # Declaring a variable looks like this:
 Variable="Some string"
 
 # But not like this:
-Variable = "Some string"
+Variable = "Some string" # => returns error "Variable: command not found"
 # Bash will decide that Variable is a command it must execute and give an error
 # because it can't be found.
 
 # Or like this:
-Variable= 'Some string'
+Variable= 'Some string' # => returns error: "Some string: command not found"
 # Bash will decide that 'Some string' is a command it must execute and give an
 # error because it can't be found. (In this case the 'Variable=' part is seen
 # as a variable assignment valid only for the scope of the 'Some string'
 # command.)
 
 # Using the variable:
-echo $Variable
-echo "$Variable"
-echo '$Variable'
+echo $Variable # => Some string
+echo "$Variable" # => Some string
+echo '$Variable' # => Some string
 # When you use the variable itself — assign it, export it, or else — you write
 # its name without $. If you want to use the variable's value, you should use $.
 # Note that ' (single quote) won't expand the variables!
 
 # Parameter expansion ${ }:
-echo ${Variable}
+echo ${Variable} # => Some string
 # This is a simple usage of parameter expansion
 # Parameter Expansion gets a value from a variable.  It "expands" or prints the value
 # During the expansion time the value or parameter are able to be modified
 # Below are other modifications that add onto this expansion
 
 # String substitution in variables
-echo ${Variable/Some/A}
+echo ${Variable/Some/A} # => A string
 # This will substitute the first occurrence of "Some" with "A"
 
 # Substring from a variable
 Length=7
-echo ${Variable:0:Length}
+echo ${Variable:0:Length} # => Some st
 # This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
 
 # Default value for variable
-echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
+echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} 
+# => DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty
 # This works for null (Foo=) and empty string (Foo=""); zero (Foo=0) returns 0.
 # Note that it only returns default value and doesn't change variable value.
 
 # Brace Expansion { }
 # Used to generate arbitrary strings
-echo {1..10}
-echo {a..z}
+echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+echo {a..z} # => a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
 # This will output the range from the start value to the end value
 
 # Builtin variables:
@@ -121,6 +124,7 @@ then
 else
     echo "Your name is your username"
 fi
+# True if the value of $Name is not equal to the current user's login username
 
 # NOTE: if $Name is empty, bash sees the above condition as:
 if [ != $USER ]
@@ -133,7 +137,11 @@ if [ "" != $USER ] ...
 
 # There is also conditional execution
 echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fails"
+# => Always executed
 echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
+# => Always executed
+# => Only executed if first command does NOT fail
+
 
 # To use && and || with if statements, you need multiple pairs of square brackets:
 if [ "$Name" == "Steve" ] && [ "$Age" -eq 15 ]
@@ -147,12 +155,12 @@ then
 fi
 
 # Expressions are denoted with the following format:
-echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
+echo $(( 10 + 5 )) # => 15
 
 # Unlike other programming languages, bash is a shell so it works in the context
 # of a current directory. You can list files and directories in the current
 # directory with the ls command:
-ls
+ls # Lists the files and subdirectories contained in the current directory
 
 # These commands have options that control their execution:
 ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
@@ -169,7 +177,10 @@ cat file.txt
 
 # We can also read the file using `cat`:
 Contents=$(cat file.txt)
-echo "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE"
+echo "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE" # "\n" prints a new line character
+# => START OF FILE
+# => [contents of file.txt]
+# => END OF FILE
 
 # Use `cp` to copy files or directories from one place to another.
 # `cp` creates NEW versions of the sources,
@@ -203,6 +214,8 @@ pwd # still in first directory
 mkdir myNewDir
 # The `-p` flag causes new intermediate directories to be created as necessary.
 mkdir -p myNewDir/with/intermediate/directories
+# if the intermediate directories didn't already exist, running the above
+# command without the `-p` flag would return an error
 
 # You can redirect command input and output (stdin, stdout, and stderr).
 # Read from stdin until ^EOF$ and overwrite hello.py with the lines
@@ -217,12 +230,15 @@ for line in sys.stdin:
     print(line, file=sys.stdout)
 EOF
 
-# Run hello.py with various stdin, stdout, and stderr redirections:
-python hello.py < "input.in"
-python hello.py > "output.out"
-python hello.py 2> "error.err"
-python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
-python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
+# Run the hello.py Python script with various stdin, stdout, and 
+# stderr redirections:
+python hello.py < "input.in" # pass input.in as input to the script
+python hello.py > "output.out" # redirect output from the script to output.out
+python hello.py 2> "error.err" # redirect error output to error.err
+python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1 # redirect both output and
+																						  # errors to output-and-error.log
+python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1 # redirect all output and errors to 
+																 # the black hole, /dev/null, i.e., no output
 # The output error will overwrite the file if it exists,
 # if you want to append instead, use ">>":
 python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
@@ -269,12 +285,19 @@ for Variable in {1..3}
 do
     echo "$Variable"
 done
+# => 1
+# => 2
+# => 3
+
 
 # Or write it the "traditional for loop" way:
 for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++))
 do
     echo $a
 done
+# => 1
+# => 2
+# => 3
 
 # They can also be used to act on files..
 # This will run the command 'cat' on file1 and file2
@@ -296,6 +319,7 @@ do
     echo "loop body here..."
     break
 done
+# => loop body here...
 
 # You can also define functions
 # Definition:
@@ -306,6 +330,11 @@ function foo ()
     echo "This is a function"
     return 0
 }
+# Call the function `foo` with two arguments, arg1 and arg2:
+foo arg1 arg2
+# => Arguments work just like script arguments: arg1 arg2
+# => And: arg1 arg2...
+# => This is a function
 
 # or simply
 bar ()
@@ -313,6 +342,8 @@ bar ()
     echo "Another way to declare functions!"
     return 0
 }
+# Call the function `bar` with no arguments:
+bar # => Another way to declare functions!
 
 # Calling your function
 foo "My name is" $Name
@@ -320,25 +351,35 @@ foo "My name is" $Name
 # There are a lot of useful commands you should learn:
 # prints last 10 lines of file.txt
 tail -n 10 file.txt
+
 # prints first 10 lines of file.txt
 head -n 10 file.txt
+
 # sort file.txt's lines
 sort file.txt
+
 # report or omit repeated lines, with -d it reports them
 uniq -d file.txt
+
 # prints only the first column before the ',' character
 cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
-# replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt, (regex compatible)
+
+# replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt
+# (regex compatible)
 sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
+
 # print to stdout all lines of file.txt which match some regex
 # The example prints lines which begin with "foo" and end in "bar"
 grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+
 # pass the option "-c" to instead print the number of lines matching the regex
 grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+
 # Other useful options are:
 grep -r "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # recursively `grep`
 grep -n "^foo.*bar$" file.txt # give line numbers
 grep -rI "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # recursively `grep`, but ignore binary files
+
 # perform the same initial search, but filter out the lines containing "baz"
 grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
 
@@ -346,8 +387,9 @@ grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
 # and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
 fgrep "foobar" file.txt
 
-# trap command allows you to execute a command when a signal is received by your script.
-# Here trap command will execute rm if any one of the three listed signals is received.
+# The trap command allows you to execute a command whenever your script 
+# receives a signal. Here, trap will execute `rm` if it receives any of the 
+# three listed signals.
 trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
 
 # `sudo` is used to perform commands as the superuser
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4f86cfaa4433a739b1aa9828138da0f61c664bcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Harry Mumford-Turner <harrymt@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Oct 2017 14:10:53 +0100
Subject: [bash/en] Fixed formatting for The Black Hole

- [x] I solemnly swear that this is all original content of which I am the original author
- [x] Pull request title is prepended with `[language/lang-code]`
- [x] Pull request touches only one file (or a set of logically related files with similar changes made)
- [x] Content changes are aimed at *intermediate to experienced programmers* (this is a poor format for explaining fundamental programming concepts)
- [x] If you've changed any part of the YAML Frontmatter, make sure it is formatted according to [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.markdown)
  - [x] Yes, I have double-checked quotes and field names!
---
 bash.html.markdown | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 76710aa8..981d7a1e 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Leo Rudberg", "https://github.com/LOZORD"]
     - ["Betsy Lorton", "https://github.com/schbetsy"]
     - ["John Detter", "https://github.com/jdetter"]
+    - ["Harry Mumford-Turner", "https://github.com/harrymt"]
 filename: LearnBash.sh
 ---
 
@@ -235,10 +236,8 @@ EOF
 python hello.py < "input.in" # pass input.in as input to the script
 python hello.py > "output.out" # redirect output from the script to output.out
 python hello.py 2> "error.err" # redirect error output to error.err
-python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1 # redirect both output and
-																						  # errors to output-and-error.log
-python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1 # redirect all output and errors to 
-																 # the black hole, /dev/null, i.e., no output
+python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1 # redirect both output and errors to output-and-error.log
+python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1 # redirect all output and errors to the black hole, /dev/null, i.e., no output
 # The output error will overwrite the file if it exists,
 # if you want to append instead, use ">>":
 python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 027e152dda5f26e2aa74f6739c21f9ca3a8a4fde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joyce Kung <thejoycekung@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2017 12:10:32 -0400
Subject: Fixed line 59 - printing

Using echo with ' ' means that the variable won't be expanded, so it should print the literal $Variable instead of some string.
---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 981d7a1e..0c097c27 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Variable= 'Some string' # => returns error: "Some string: command not found"
 # Using the variable:
 echo $Variable # => Some string
 echo "$Variable" # => Some string
-echo '$Variable' # => Some string
+echo '$Variable' # => $Variable
 # When you use the variable itself — assign it, export it, or else — you write
 # its name without $. If you want to use the variable's value, you should use $.
 # Note that ' (single quote) won't expand the variables!
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2dda26010ab52ecd5d54c6fa1b8701288aaaac2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Neinei0k <Neinei0k@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2017 19:30:57 +0000
Subject: [bash/en] Add arrays and alias

---
 bash.html.markdown | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 0c097c27..3f3e49eb 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -83,6 +83,25 @@ echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
 # This works for null (Foo=) and empty string (Foo=""); zero (Foo=0) returns 0.
 # Note that it only returns default value and doesn't change variable value.
 
+# Declare an array with 6 elements
+array0=(one two three four five six)
+# Print first element
+echo $array0 # => "one"
+# Print first element
+echo ${array0[0]} # => "one"
+# Print all elements
+echo ${array0[@]} # => "one two three four five six"
+# Print number of elements
+echo ${#array0[@]} # => "6"
+# Print number of characters in third element
+echo ${#array0[2]} # => "5"
+# Print 2 elements starting from forth
+echo ${array0[@]:3:2} # => "four five"
+# Print all elements. Each of them on new line.
+for i in "${array0[@]}"; do
+    echo "$i"
+done
+
 # Brace Expansion { }
 # Used to generate arbitrary strings
 echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
@@ -155,6 +174,13 @@ then
     echo "This will run if $Name is Daniya OR Zach."
 fi
 
+# Redefine command 'ping' as alias to send only 5 packets
+alias ping='ping -c 5'
+# Escape alias and use command with this name instead
+\ping 192.168.1.1
+# Print all aliases
+alias -p
+
 # Expressions are denoted with the following format:
 echo $(( 10 + 5 )) # => 15
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f39df1da097f8718b375127ad04f2114c5c4e48d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Nicholson <recyclebing+github@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 15:27:30 +0000
Subject: Added second substring example

---
 bash.html.markdown | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 0c097c27..ed4fa54f 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Betsy Lorton", "https://github.com/schbetsy"]
     - ["John Detter", "https://github.com/jdetter"]
     - ["Harry Mumford-Turner", "https://github.com/harrymt"]
+    - ["Martin Nicholson", "https://github.com/mn113"]
 filename: LearnBash.sh
 ---
 
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ echo ${Variable/Some/A} # => A string
 Length=7
 echo ${Variable:0:Length} # => Some st
 # This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
+echo ${Variable: -Length}
+# This will return the last 7 characters (note the space before -Length)
 
 # Default value for variable
 echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 462f94b967d4814e57bb6836cfd9d13abd8f9ab7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Nicholson <recyclebing+github@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 15:31:32 +0000
Subject: Added string length example

---
 bash.html.markdown | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index ed4fa54f..fa3c5ebe 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -77,8 +77,11 @@ echo ${Variable/Some/A} # => A string
 Length=7
 echo ${Variable:0:Length} # => Some st
 # This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
-echo ${Variable: -Length}
-# This will return the last 7 characters (note the space before -Length)
+echo ${Variable: -5} # => tring
+# This will return the last 5 characters (note the space before -5)
+
+# String length
+echo ${#Variable} # => 11
 
 # Default value for variable
 echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8d2055483e8c0a8147414f4695a7cf3e5ede819e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Nicholson <recyclebing+github@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 16:03:13 +0000
Subject: Added section for =~ operator

---
 bash.html.markdown | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index fa3c5ebe..354042ec 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -161,6 +161,16 @@ then
     echo "This will run if $Name is Daniya OR Zach."
 fi
 
+# There is also the =~ operator, which tests a string against a Regex pattern:
+Email=me@example.com
+if [[ "$Email" =~ [a-z]+@[a-z]{2,}\.(com|net|org) ]]
+then
+    echo "Valid email!"
+fi
+# Note that =~ only works within double [[ ]] square brackets,
+# which are subtly different from single [ ].
+# See the appropriate [manual section](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs) for more on this.
+
 # Expressions are denoted with the following format:
 echo $(( 10 + 5 )) # => 15
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e2949649f054ca069e95a05b04d99bccc30ba45d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Nicholson <recyclebing+github@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 16:09:49 +0000
Subject: Un-markdown-ify link

---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 354042ec..8f141673 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ then
 fi
 # Note that =~ only works within double [[ ]] square brackets,
 # which are subtly different from single [ ].
-# See the appropriate [manual section](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs) for more on this.
+# See http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
 
 # Expressions are denoted with the following format:
 echo $(( 10 + 5 )) # => 15
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From dbb858281a8c5948606ad3a07225915954a03953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kfrncs <kennethpatrickfrancis@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Jul 2018 14:38:59 -0400
Subject: missing $ on line 77 - $Length
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Maybe just a zsh quirk?

➜  ~ echo ${Variable:0:Length}
zsh: unrecognized modifier
---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 3f3e49eb..d1e6bf25 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ echo ${Variable/Some/A} # => A string
 
 # Substring from a variable
 Length=7
-echo ${Variable:0:Length} # => Some st
+echo ${Variable:0:$Length} # => Some st
 # This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
 
 # Default value for variable
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 6f0aec01c577e44b1ea3260f786ef3527eebf204 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aidas Bendoraitis <aidasbend@yahoo.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2018 23:58:31 +0200
Subject: shebang updated

---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 3f3e49eb..f2a72fdb 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script or executed directly i
 [Read more here.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
 
 ```bash
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 # First line of the script is shebang which tells the system how to execute
 # the script: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
 # As you already figured, comments start with #. Shebang is also a comment.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 088111396a0dff9a5dff7837e1ae74aa9314b620 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tucker Boniface <tucker@boniface.tech>
Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 19:19:18 -0700
Subject: [bash/en] clarify quoted delimiter for heredocs (fixes #3061)

---
 bash.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index cb805da7..1f59636e 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr)
 for line in sys.stdin:
     print(line, file=sys.stdout)
 EOF
+# Variables will be expanded if the first "EOF" is not quoted
 
 # Run the hello.py Python script with various stdin, stdout, and 
 # stderr redirections:
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 843626f3d30a06cc1c8b342c155a5dc8af24fbd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tucker Boniface <tucker@boniface.tech>
Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 19:23:45 -0700
Subject: [bash/en] add `cd` and `cd -` uses

---
 bash.html.markdown | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index cb805da7..e609260f 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -228,10 +228,13 @@ mv s0urc3.txt dst.txt # sorry, l33t hackers...
 # Since bash works in the context of a current directory, you might want to 
 # run your command in some other directory. We have cd for changing location:
 cd ~    # change to home directory
+cd      # also goes to home directory
 cd ..   # go up one directory
         # (^^say, from /home/username/Downloads to /home/username)
 cd /home/username/Documents   # change to specified directory
 cd ~/Documents/..    # still in home directory..isn't it??
+cd -    # change to last directory
+# => /home/username/Documents
 
 # Use subshells to work across directories
 (echo "First, I'm here: $PWD") && (cd someDir; echo "Then, I'm here: $PWD")
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 9152fe00e54b51ddebaeed9929a3027547cb16a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tucker Boniface <tucker@boniface.tech>
Date: Tue, 2 Oct 2018 19:22:56 -0700
Subject: [bash/en] clarify range of substring

---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index cb805da7..be879538 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ echo ${Variable/Some/A} # => A string
 # Substring from a variable
 Length=7
 echo ${Variable:0:$Length} # => Some st
-# This will return only the first 7 characters of the value
+# This will return 7 characters of the string, starting from the first char
 
 # Default value for variable
 echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4a51a5f8797f906bd78b2b0cc2df2f01e496e7d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andre Polykanine <ap@oire.me>
Date: Mon, 24 Dec 2018 00:59:11 +0200
Subject: [bash/en] Fix line length

---
 bash.html.markdown | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 8c40931e..0385c46d 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -20,21 +20,23 @@ contributors:
 filename: LearnBash.sh
 ---
 
-Bash is a name of the unix shell, which was also distributed as the shell for the GNU operating system and as default shell on Linux and Mac OS X.
-Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script or executed directly in the shell.
+Bash is a name of the unix shell, which was also distributed as the shell
+for the GNU operating system and as default shell on Linux and Mac OS X.
+Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script
+or executed directly in the shell.
 
 [Read more here.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
 
 ```bash
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# First line of the script is shebang which tells the system how to execute
+# First line of the script is the shebang which tells the system how to execute
 # the script: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
 # As you already figured, comments start with #. Shebang is also a comment.
 
 # Simple hello world example:
 echo Hello world! # => Hello world!
 
-# Each command starts on a new line, or after semicolon:
+# Each command starts on a new line, or after a semicolon:
 echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
 # => This is the first line
 # => This is the second line
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ Variable = "Some string" # => returns error "Variable: command not found"
 # Bash will decide that Variable is a command it must execute and give an error
 # because it can't be found.
 
-# Or like this:
+# Nor like this:
 Variable= 'Some string' # => returns error: "Some string: command not found"
 # Bash will decide that 'Some string' is a command it must execute and give an
 # error because it can't be found. (In this case the 'Variable=' part is seen
@@ -65,8 +67,9 @@ echo '$Variable' # => $Variable
 # Parameter expansion ${ }:
 echo ${Variable} # => Some string
 # This is a simple usage of parameter expansion
-# Parameter Expansion gets a value from a variable.  It "expands" or prints the value
-# During the expansion time the value or parameter are able to be modified
+# Parameter Expansion gets a value from a variable. 
+# It "expands" or prints the value
+# During the expansion time the value or parameter can be modified
 # Below are other modifications that add onto this expansion
 
 # String substitution in variables
@@ -114,8 +117,8 @@ echo {1..10} # => 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 echo {a..z} # => a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
 # This will output the range from the start value to the end value
 
-# Builtin variables:
-# There are some useful builtin variables, like
+# Built-in variables:
+# There are some useful built-in variables, like
 echo "Last program's return value: $?"
 echo "Script's PID: $$"
 echo "Number of arguments passed to script: $#"
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ echo "Script's arguments separated into different variables: $1 $2..."
 
 # Our current directory is available through the command `pwd`.
 # `pwd` stands for "print working directory".
-# We can also use the builtin variable `$PWD`.
+# We can also use the built-in variable `$PWD`.
 # Observe that the following are equivalent:
 echo "I'm in $(pwd)" # execs `pwd` and interpolates output
 echo "I'm in $PWD" # interpolates the variable
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ read Name # Note that we didn't need to declare a new variable
 echo Hello, $Name!
 
 # We have the usual if structure:
-# use 'man test' for more info about conditionals
+# use `man test` for more info about conditionals
 if [ $Name != $USER ]
 then
     echo "Your name isn't your username"
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ then
     echo "This will run if $Name is Daniya OR Zach."
 fi
 
-# There is also the =~ operator, which tests a string against a Regex pattern:
+# There is also the `=~` operator, which tests a string against a Regex pattern:
 Email=me@example.com
 if [[ "$Email" =~ [a-z]+@[a-z]{2,}\.(com|net|org) ]]
 then
@@ -190,9 +193,9 @@ fi
 # which are subtly different from single [ ].
 # See http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
 
-# Redefine command 'ping' as alias to send only 5 packets
+# Redefine command `ping` as alias to send only 5 packets
 alias ping='ping -c 5'
-# Escape alias and use command with this name instead
+# Escape the alias and use command with this name instead
 \ping 192.168.1.1
 # Print all aliases
 alias -p
@@ -205,14 +208,14 @@ echo $(( 10 + 5 )) # => 15
 # directory with the ls command:
 ls # Lists the files and subdirectories contained in the current directory
 
-# These commands have options that control their execution:
+# This command has options that control its execution:
 ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
 ls -t # Sorts the directory contents by last-modified date (descending)
 ls -R # Recursively `ls` this directory and all of its subdirectories
 
 # Results of the previous command can be passed to the next command as input.
-# grep command filters the input with provided patterns. That's how we can list
-# .txt files in the current directory:
+# The `grep` command filters the input with provided patterns.
+# That's how we can list .txt files in the current directory:
 ls -l | grep "\.txt"
 
 # Use `cat` to print files to stdout:
@@ -280,10 +283,17 @@ EOF
 # Run the hello.py Python script with various stdin, stdout, and 
 # stderr redirections:
 python hello.py < "input.in" # pass input.in as input to the script
+
 python hello.py > "output.out" # redirect output from the script to output.out
+
 python hello.py 2> "error.err" # redirect error output to error.err
-python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1 # redirect both output and errors to output-and-error.log
-python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1 # redirect all output and errors to the black hole, /dev/null, i.e., no output
+
+python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
+# redirect both output and errors to output-and-error.log
+
+python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
+# redirect all output and errors to the black hole, /dev/null, i.e., no output
+
 # The output error will overwrite the file if it exists,
 # if you want to append instead, use ">>":
 python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
@@ -312,11 +322,11 @@ rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
 # current directory.
 echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
 
-# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - the preferred way
-# is to use $( ).
+# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - 
+#the preferred way is to use $( ).
 echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
 
-# Bash uses a case statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
+# Bash uses a `case` statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
 case "$Variable" in
     #List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
     0) echo "There is a zero.";;
@@ -324,7 +334,7 @@ case "$Variable" in
     *) echo "It is not null.";;
 esac
 
-# for loops iterate for as many arguments given:
+# `for` loops iterate for as many arguments given:
 # The contents of $Variable is printed three times.
 for Variable in {1..3}
 do
@@ -345,14 +355,14 @@ done
 # => 3
 
 # They can also be used to act on files..
-# This will run the command 'cat' on file1 and file2
+# This will run the command `cat` on file1 and file2
 for Variable in file1 file2
 do
     cat "$Variable"
 done
 
 # ..or the output from a command
-# This will cat the output from ls.
+# This will `cat` the output from `ls`.
 for Output in $(ls)
 do
     cat "$Output"
@@ -432,8 +442,8 @@ grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
 # and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
 fgrep "foobar" file.txt
 
-# The trap command allows you to execute a command whenever your script 
-# receives a signal. Here, trap will execute `rm` if it receives any of the 
+# The `trap` command allows you to execute a command whenever your script 
+# receives a signal. Here, `trap` will execute `rm` if it receives any of the 
 # three listed signals.
 trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
 
@@ -442,7 +452,7 @@ NAME1=$(whoami)
 NAME2=$(sudo whoami)
 echo "Was $NAME1, then became more powerful $NAME2"
 
-# Read Bash shell builtins documentation with the bash 'help' builtin:
+# Read Bash shell built-ins documentation with the bash `help` built-in:
 help
 help help
 help for
@@ -450,12 +460,12 @@ help return
 help source
 help .
 
-# Read Bash manpage documentation with man
+# Read Bash manpage documentation with `man`
 apropos bash
 man 1 bash
 man bash
 
-# Read info documentation with info (? for help)
+# Read info documentation with `info` (`?` for help)
 apropos info | grep '^info.*('
 man info
 info info
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e8dd50b85e93f1baf0c909f2716177e052672ff5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dimitri Kokkonis <kokkonisd@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Aug 2019 19:56:02 +0200
Subject: [bash/gr] Translate Bash to greek (#3595)

* Add greek translation for the HTML language

* Correct typo in source file name

* Translate Bash to greek
---
 bash.html.markdown | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 0385c46d..856db706 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -11,13 +11,15 @@ contributors:
     - ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
     - ["Gregrory Kielian", "https://github.com/gskielian"]
     - ["Etan Reisner", "https://github.com/deryni"]
-    - ["Jonathan Wang", "https://github.com/Jonathansw"]   
+    - ["Jonathan Wang", "https://github.com/Jonathansw"]
     - ["Leo Rudberg", "https://github.com/LOZORD"]
     - ["Betsy Lorton", "https://github.com/schbetsy"]
     - ["John Detter", "https://github.com/jdetter"]
     - ["Harry Mumford-Turner", "https://github.com/harrymt"]
     - ["Martin Nicholson", "https://github.com/mn113"]
 filename: LearnBash.sh
+translators:
+    - ["Dimitri Kokkonis", "https://github.com/kokkonisd"]
 ---
 
 Bash is a name of the unix shell, which was also distributed as the shell
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ echo '$Variable' # => $Variable
 # Parameter expansion ${ }:
 echo ${Variable} # => Some string
 # This is a simple usage of parameter expansion
-# Parameter Expansion gets a value from a variable. 
+# Parameter Expansion gets a value from a variable.
 # It "expands" or prints the value
 # During the expansion time the value or parameter can be modified
 # Below are other modifications that add onto this expansion
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ echo ${Variable: -5} # => tring
 echo ${#Variable} # => 11
 
 # Default value for variable
-echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"} 
+echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
 # => DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty
 # This works for null (Foo=) and empty string (Foo=""); zero (Foo=0) returns 0.
 # Note that it only returns default value and doesn't change variable value.
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ cp -r srcDirectory/ dst/ # recursively copy
 # `mv` is also useful for renaming files!
 mv s0urc3.txt dst.txt # sorry, l33t hackers...
 
-# Since bash works in the context of a current directory, you might want to 
+# Since bash works in the context of a current directory, you might want to
 # run your command in some other directory. We have cd for changing location:
 cd ~    # change to home directory
 cd      # also goes to home directory
@@ -280,7 +282,7 @@ for line in sys.stdin:
 EOF
 # Variables will be expanded if the first "EOF" is not quoted
 
-# Run the hello.py Python script with various stdin, stdout, and 
+# Run the hello.py Python script with various stdin, stdout, and
 # stderr redirections:
 python hello.py < "input.in" # pass input.in as input to the script
 
@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
 # current directory.
 echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
 
-# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested - 
+# The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested -
 #the preferred way is to use $( ).
 echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
 
@@ -442,8 +444,8 @@ grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
 # and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
 fgrep "foobar" file.txt
 
-# The `trap` command allows you to execute a command whenever your script 
-# receives a signal. Here, `trap` will execute `rm` if it receives any of the 
+# The `trap` command allows you to execute a command whenever your script
+# receives a signal. Here, `trap` will execute `rm` if it receives any of the
 # three listed signals.
 trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From fb76c0b7fed31d7630023b85453a38a01802d026 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lemonez <36384768+lemonez@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2020 17:37:30 -0700
Subject: fix small typo

pass -e flag to echo to interpret escape characters correctly
---
 bash.html.markdown | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 856db706..00ee0632 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -225,7 +225,9 @@ cat file.txt
 
 # We can also read the file using `cat`:
 Contents=$(cat file.txt)
-echo "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE" # "\n" prints a new line character
+# "\n" prints a new line character
+# "-e" to interpret the newline escape characters as escape characters 
+echo -e "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE"
 # => START OF FILE
 # => [contents of file.txt]
 # => END OF FILE
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 6955861bbadd3b5e1cbe615c665186ec399b35e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oliv37 <olivier.boisse@laposte.net>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 20:35:47 +0200
Subject: Add indirect expansion in bash.html.markdown

---
 bash.html.markdown | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 856db706..407b237b 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -88,6 +88,11 @@ echo ${Variable: -5} # => tring
 # String length
 echo ${#Variable} # => 11
 
+# Indirect expansion
+OtherVariable="Variable"
+echo ${!OtherVariable} # => Some String
+# This will expand the value of the OtherVariable
+
 # Default value for variable
 echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
 # => DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7f1dc6ce2bde538ecaa8e8c51449215a75440d9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oliv37 <olivier.boisse@laposte.net>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2020 20:42:18 +0200
Subject: fix typo bash.html.markdown

---
 bash.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 407b237b..0adc2efe 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ echo ${#Variable} # => 11
 # Indirect expansion
 OtherVariable="Variable"
 echo ${!OtherVariable} # => Some String
-# This will expand the value of the OtherVariable
+# This will expand the value of OtherVariable
 
 # Default value for variable
 echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 211ec4f50bbd902c219e639d31cb1afec17e4f84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kevinnls <57634663+kevinnls@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Aug 2020 21:24:19 +0530
Subject: removed MacOS from intro MacOS no longer ships bash as the default
 shell

---
 bash.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 59aeaaf4..7ca4285b 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ translators:
 ---
 
 Bash is a name of the unix shell, which was also distributed as the shell
-for the GNU operating system and as default shell on Linux and Mac OS X.
+for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on most Linux distros.
 Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script
 or executed directly in the shell.
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ cat file.txt
 # We can also read the file using `cat`:
 Contents=$(cat file.txt)
 # "\n" prints a new line character
-# "-e" to interpret the newline escape characters as escape characters 
+# "-e" to interpret the newline escape characters as escape characters
 echo -e "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE"
 # => START OF FILE
 # => [contents of file.txt]
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ba2901a34291ef31cd49f5ccbd8c86d9b9c9bcd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lilian Besson <Naereen@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Jan 2021 12:56:11 +0100
Subject: [bash/en] Small updates

- I added https:// for the links, it's 2021, http:// is dead
- fixed two comments which where `#text` => `# text` for consistency
- added a link to `trash-cli` Python package which provides `trash` as a "safe" alternative to `rm`
- add warning that `sed -i` erase (replace) the input file
- add `...` around fgrep and grep -F, for consistency too
---
 bash.html.markdown | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

(limited to 'bash.html.markdown')

diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 7ca4285b..11ce4e74 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on most Linux distros.
 Nearly all examples below can be a part of a shell script
 or executed directly in the shell.
 
-[Read more here.](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
+[Read more here.](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
 
 ```bash
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # First line of the script is the shebang which tells the system how to execute
-# the script: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
+# the script: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
 # As you already figured, comments start with #. Shebang is also a comment.
 
 # Simple hello world example:
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ then
 fi
 # Note that =~ only works within double [[ ]] square brackets,
 # which are subtly different from single [ ].
-# See http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
+# See https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Conditional-Constructs for more on this.
 
 # Redefine command `ping` as alias to send only 5 packets
 alias ping='ping -c 5'
@@ -325,6 +325,9 @@ echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
 # WARNING: `rm` commands cannot be undone
 rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
 rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
+# You can install the `trash-cli` Python package to have `trash`
+# which puts files in the system trash and doesn't delete them directly
+# see https://pypi.org/project/trash-cli/ if you want to be careful
 
 # Commands can be substituted within other commands using $( ):
 # The following command displays the number of files and directories in the
@@ -332,15 +335,15 @@ rm -r tempDir/ # recursively delete
 echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
 
 # The same can be done using backticks `` but they can't be nested -
-#the preferred way is to use $( ).
+# the preferred way is to use $( ).
 echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
 
 # Bash uses a `case` statement that works similarly to switch in Java and C++:
 case "$Variable" in
-    #List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
+    # List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
     0) echo "There is a zero.";;
     1) echo "There is a one.";;
-    *) echo "It is not null.";;
+    *) echo "It is not null.";;  # match everything
 esac
 
 # `for` loops iterate for as many arguments given:
@@ -377,6 +380,13 @@ do
     cat "$Output"
 done
 
+# Bash can also accept patterns, like this to `cat`
+# all the Markdown files in current directory
+for Output in ./*.markdown
+do
+    cat "$Output"
+done
+
 # while loop:
 while [ true ]
 do
@@ -431,6 +441,8 @@ cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
 # replaces every occurrence of 'okay' with 'great' in file.txt
 # (regex compatible)
 sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
+# be aware that this -i flag means that file.txt will be changed
+# -i or --in-place erase the input file (use --in-place=.backup to keep a back-up)
 
 # print to stdout all lines of file.txt which match some regex
 # The example prints lines which begin with "foo" and end in "bar"
@@ -448,7 +460,7 @@ grep -rI "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # recursively `grep`, but ignore binary files
 grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
 
 # if you literally want to search for the string,
-# and not the regex, use fgrep (or grep -F)
+# and not the regex, use `fgrep` (or `grep -F`)
 fgrep "foobar" file.txt
 
 # The `trap` command allows you to execute a command whenever your script
@@ -457,6 +469,7 @@ fgrep "foobar" file.txt
 trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
 
 # `sudo` is used to perform commands as the superuser
+# usually it will ask interactively the password of superuser
 NAME1=$(whoami)
 NAME2=$(sudo whoami)
 echo "Was $NAME1, then became more powerful $NAME2"
-- 
cgit v1.2.3