From b39a6827e93edccf09529fdb9e6c346aeec21a73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Matt Kline Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2014 22:57:52 -0700 Subject: Remove trailing whitspace from c++.html.markdown --- c++.html.markdown | 529 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------- 1 file changed, 265 insertions(+), 264 deletions(-) (limited to 'c++.html.markdown') diff --git a/c++.html.markdown b/c++.html.markdown index f51d49c0..19946462 100644 --- a/c++.html.markdown +++ b/c++.html.markdown @@ -7,343 +7,344 @@ contributors: lang: en --- -I am writing this to highlight the differences and -additions that C++ has with respect to C. My +I am writing this to highlight the differences and +additions that C++ has with respect to C. My suggestion would be to follow the C tutorial first then look here for the additions and differences. ```c++ -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ differences -/////////////////////////////////////// +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ differences +/////////////////////////////////////// -//In C++ -//cannot use void main() -int main() { //or int main(int argc, char **argv) - //cannot end with return; - return 0; - //Can also end without return statement -} - -//In C++ -/* - //This could lead to compiler errors and is discouraged - //#if 0 #endif pairs are encouraged instead -*/ - -//In C++ -sizeof(10) //Typically 4 -sizeof('c') == 1 +//In C++ +//cannot use void main() +int main() { //or int main(int argc, char **argv) + //cannot end with return; + return 0; + //Can also end without return statement +} -//In C -sizeof('c') == sizeof(10) //true chars are passed as ints +//In C++ +/* + //This could lead to compiler errors and is discouraged + //#if 0 #endif pairs are encouraged instead +*/ +//In C++ +sizeof(10) //Typically 4 +sizeof('c') == 1 -//In C++ strict prototyping -void func(); //function which accepts no arguments +//In C +sizeof('c') == sizeof(10) //true chars are passed as ints -//In C -void func(); //function which may accept arguments - - -//In C++ -for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {;} -//In C must int i must be declared before +//In C++ strict prototyping +void func(); //function which accepts no arguments -//C++ Supports Function overloading -//Provided each function takes different -//parameters +//In C +void func(); //function which may accept arguments -void printing(char const *myString) -{printf("String %s\n",myString);} //Hello -void printing(int myInt) -{printf("My int is %d",myInt);} //15 +//In C++ +for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {;} +//In C must int i must be declared before -int main () -{ - printing("Hello"); - printing(15); -} - +//C++ Supports Function overloading +//Provided each function takes different +//parameters -//C++ Default Function Arguments -void two_ints(int a = 1, int b = 4); +void printing(char const *myString) +{printf("String %s\n",myString);} //Hello -int main() -{ - two_ints(); // arguments: 1, 4 - two_ints(20); // arguments: 20, 4 - two_ints(20, 5); // arguments: 20, 5 -} +void printing(int myInt) +{printf("My int is %d",myInt);} //15 +int main () +{ + printing("Hello"); + printing(15); +} -//C++ added the nullptr which is different from 0 -int *ip = nullptr; // OK -int value = nullptr; // error: value is no pointer -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Additions ontop of C -/////////////////////////////////////// +//C++ Default Function Arguments +void two_ints(int a = 1, int b = 4); +int main() +{ + two_ints(); // arguments: 1, 4 + two_ints(20); // arguments: 20, 4 + two_ints(20, 5); // arguments: 20, 5 +} -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Namespace -/////////////////////////////////////// -//Namespaces allow you to define your own -//functions and variables for use +//C++ added the nullptr which is different from 0 +int *ip = nullptr; // OK +int value = nullptr; // error: value is no pointer -// Use '::' to change variable (or function) scope -// Putting '::' before a function or variable will -// reference a global scope -// This allows you to make normal c library calls -// std is for standard library -using namespace std; +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Additions ontop of C +/////////////////////////////////////// -#include -int counter = 50; // global variable +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Namespace +/////////////////////////////////////// -int main() -{ - for (int counter = 1; // this refers to the - counter < 2; // local variable - counter++) - { - printf("Global var %d local var %d\n", - ::counter, // global variable - counter); // local variable - // => Global var 50 local var 1 - } -} +//Namespaces allow you to define your own +//functions and variables for use -// Namespaces can be nested +// Use '::' to change variable (or function) scope +// Putting '::' before a function or variable will +// reference a global scope +// This allows you to make normal c library calls +// std is for standard library +using namespace std; -namespace myFirstNameSpace -{ - namespace myInnerSoul - { - cos(int x) - { - printf("My inner soul was made to program."); - } - } -} +#include -namespace anotherNameSpace -{ - cos(int x) {;} //does nothing -} - -int main() -{ - //Specify the full path because main is outside of both namespaces. - //Will print out My inner soul was made to program. - myFirstNameSpace::myInnerSoul::cos(60); -} +int counter = 50; // global variable +int main() +{ + for (int counter = 1; // this refers to the + counter < 2; // local variable + counter++) + { + printf("Global var %d local var %d\n", + ::counter, // global variable + counter); // local variable + // => Global var 50 local var 1 + } +} -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Strings -/////////////////////////////////////// +// Namespaces can be nested -//Strings in C++ are Objects and have many functions -myString = "Hello"; -myOtherString = " World"; -myString + myOtherString; // => "Hello World" +namespace myFirstNameSpace +{ + namespace myInnerSoul + { + cos(int x) + { + printf("My inner soul was made to program."); + } + } +} -myString + ' You'; // => "Hello You" +namespace anotherNameSpace +{ + cos(int x) {;} //does nothing +} -myString != myOtherString; //True +int main() +{ + //Specify the full path because main is outside of both namespaces. + //Will print out My inner soul was made to program. + myFirstNameSpace::myInnerSoul::cos(60); +} + + +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Strings +/////////////////////////////////////// + +//Strings in C++ are Objects and have many functions +myString = "Hello"; +myOtherString = " World"; + +myString + myOtherString; // => "Hello World" -//An example of a string method -myString.append(" Dog"); // => "Hello Dog" +myString + ' You'; // => "Hello You" +myString != myOtherString; //True -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Input Output -/////////////////////////////////////// +//An example of a string method +myString.append(" Dog"); // => "Hello Dog" -//C++ input and output streams -//cin, cout, cerr, << is insertion and >> is extraction operator -#include -using namespace std; +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Input Output +/////////////////////////////////////// + +//C++ input and output streams +//cin, cout, cerr, << is insertion and >> is extraction operator +#include + +using namespace std; -int main() -{ +int main() +{ + + int myInt; - int myInt; - - //Prints to stdout (or terminal/screen) - cout << "Enter your fav number:\n"; - //Takes in input - cin >> myInt; + //Prints to stdout (or terminal/screen) + cout << "Enter your fav number:\n"; + //Takes in input + cin >> myInt; - //cout can also be formatted - cout << "Your fav number is " << myInt << "\n"; - //Your fav number is ## + //cout can also be formatted + cout << "Your fav number is " << myInt << "\n"; + //Your fav number is ## - cerr << "Used for error messages"; -} + cerr << "Used for error messages"; +} -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Classes +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Classes /////////////////////////////////////// -//First example of classes -#include +//First example of classes +#include -//define a class -class Doggie -{ - std::string name; - int weight; +//define a class +class Doggie +{ + std::string name; + int weight; - // These are only the declarations - //Can also have private and protected - public: - //The public methods (can also include variables) + // These are only the declarations + //Can also have private and protected + public: + //The public methods (can also include variables) - // Default constructor - Doggie(); + // Default constructor + Doggie(); - void setName(std::string dogsName); - void setWeight(int dogsWeight); - void printDog(); + void setName(std::string dogsName); + void setWeight(int dogsWeight); + void printDog(); - //Can define functions within class declaration too - void dogBark() {std::cout << "Bark Bark\n"} + //Can define functions within class declaration too + void dogBark() {std::cout << "Bark Bark\n"} - //Destructors are methods that free the allocated space - ~doggieDestructor(); - //if no destructor compiler defines the trivial destructor + //Destructors are methods that free the allocated space + ~doggieDestructor(); + //if no destructor compiler defines the trivial destructor -//Classes are similar to structs and must close the } with ; -}; +//Classes are similar to structs and must close the } with ; +}; -// This is the implementation of the class methods -// Also called the definition -void Doggie::Doggie () { - std::cout << "A doggie is born. Woof!\n"; -} - -void Doggie::setName (std::string doggie_name) { - name = doggie_name; -} +// This is the implementation of the class methods +// Also called the definition +void Doggie::Doggie () { + std::cout << "A doggie is born. Woof!\n"; +} -void Doggie::setWeight (int doggie_weight) { - weight = doggie_weight; -} +void Doggie::setName (std::string doggie_name) { + name = doggie_name; +} -void Doggie::printDog () { - std::cout << "Dog is " << name << " weighs" << weight << "\n"; -} +void Doggie::setWeight (int doggie_weight) { + weight = doggie_weight; +} -void Doggie::~doggieDestructor () { - delete[] name; - delete weight; -} +void Doggie::printDog () { + std::cout << "Dog is " << name << " weighs" << weight << "\n"; +} -int main () { - Doggie deedee; // prints out a doggie is born. Woof! - deedee.setName ("Barkley"); - deedee.setWeight(1000000); - deedee.printDog; - //prints => Dog is Barkley weighs 1000000 - return 0; -} +void Doggie::~doggieDestructor () { + delete[] name; + delete weight; +} + +int main () { + Doggie deedee; // prints out a doggie is born. Woof! + deedee.setName ("Barkley"); + deedee.setWeight(1000000); + deedee.printDog; + //prints => Dog is Barkley weighs 1000000 + return 0; +} -//C++ Class inheritance +//C++ Class inheritance -class German_Sheperd : public Doggie +class German_Sheperd : public Doggie { //This class now inherits everything public and protected from Doggie class - //Good practice to put d_ in front of datatypes in classes - std::string d_type; - - public: - void dogType() {d_type = "German Sheperd";} -}; - - - -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Exception Handling -/////////////////////////////////////// - -try { - throw 12.25; // throws a double no handler declared -} catch (int errorNum) -{ - std::cout << "I caught an int " << errorNum << "\n"; -//default catcher -} catch (...) -{ - std::cout << "I got an error. Not sure what but I can pass it up."; - throw; -} - - -/////////////////////////////////////// -// C++ Operator Overloading -/////////////////////////////////////// - -// In C++ you can overload operators such as +, -, new, etc. - -#include -using namespace std; - -class Vector { - public: - double x,y; - Vector () {}; - Vector (double a, double b) : x(a), y(b) {} - Vector operator + (const CVector&); - Vector operator += (const CVector&); -}; - -Vector Vector::operator+ (const Vector& rhs) -{ - Vector temp; - temp.x = x + rhs.x; - temp.y = y + rhs.y; - return temp; -} - -Vector Vector::operator+= (const Vector& rhs) -{ - x += rhs.x; - y += rhs.y; - return *this; -} - -int main () { - Vector up (0,1); - Vector right (1,0); - Vector result; - // This calls the Vector + operator - // Vector up calls the + (function) with right as its paramater - result = up + right; - // prints out => Result is upright (1,1) - cout << "Result is upright (" << result.x << ',' << result.y << ")\n"; - return 0; + //Good practice to put d_ in front of datatypes in classes + std::string d_type; + + public: + void dogType() {d_type = "German Sheperd";} +}; + + + +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Exception Handling +/////////////////////////////////////// + +try { + throw 12.25; // throws a double no handler declared +} catch (int errorNum) +{ + std::cout << "I caught an int " << errorNum << "\n"; +//default catcher +} catch (...) +{ + std::cout << "I got an error. Not sure what but I can pass it up."; + throw; +} + + +/////////////////////////////////////// +// C++ Operator Overloading +/////////////////////////////////////// + +// In C++ you can overload operators such as +, -, new, etc. + +#include +using namespace std; + +class Vector { + public: + double x,y; + Vector () {}; + Vector (double a, double b) : x(a), y(b) {} + Vector operator + (const CVector&); + Vector operator += (const CVector&); +}; + +Vector Vector::operator+ (const Vector& rhs) +{ + Vector temp; + temp.x = x + rhs.x; + temp.y = y + rhs.y; + return temp; +} + +Vector Vector::operator+= (const Vector& rhs) +{ + x += rhs.x; + y += rhs.y; + return *this; +} + +int main () { + Vector up (0,1); + Vector right (1,0); + Vector result; + // This calls the Vector + operator + // Vector up calls the + (function) with right as its paramater + result = up + right; + // prints out => Result is upright (1,1) + cout << "Result is upright (" << result.x << ',' << result.y << ")\n"; + return 0; } ``` -Futher Reading +Futher Reading + +for more resources see: http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/ -for more resources see: http://www.icce.rug.nl/documents/cplusplus/ -for other reference material: http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/ +for other reference material: http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/ -- cgit v1.2.3