From e17ef8b1802c558ab9d77bd03569816dadabd750 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Irfan Charania <irfan.charania@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2013 17:54:53 -0700
Subject: Add C# Language

Based on the Java one
---
 csharp.html.markdown | 550 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 550 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 csharp.html.markdown

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d67f6c74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+---
+
+language: c#
+contributors:
+    - ["Irfan Charania", "https://github.com/irfancharania"]
+filename: LearnCSharp.cs
+
+---
+
+C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework.
+
+[Read more here.](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/z1zx9t92.aspx)
+
+```c#
+// Single-line comments start with //
+/*
+Multi-line comments look like this
+*/
+/// <summary>
+/// This is an XML documentation comment
+/// </summary>
+
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+// defines scope to organize code into "packages"
+namespace Learning
+{
+	// Each .cs file should at least contain a class with the same name as the file
+	// you're allowed to do otherwise, but shouldn't for sanity.
+	public class LearnCSharp
+	{
+		// A console application must have a main method as an entry point
+		public static void Main(string[] args)
+		{
+			// Use Console.WriteLine to print lines
+			Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
+			Console.WriteLine(
+				"Integer: " + 10 +
+				" Double: " + 3.14 +
+				" Boolean: " + true);
+
+			// To print without a new line, use Console.Write
+			Console.Write("Hello ");
+			Console.Write("World");
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			// Types & Variables
+			//
+			// Declare a variable using <type> <name>
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+			// Sbyte - Signed 8-bit integer
+			// (-128 <= sbyte <= 127)
+			sbyte fooSbyte = 100;
+
+			// Byte - Unsigned 8-bit integer
+			// (0 <= byte <= 255)
+			byte fooByte = 100;
+
+			// Short - Signed 16-bit integer
+			// (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
+			short fooShort = 10000;
+
+			// Ushort - Unsigned 16-bit integer
+			// (0 <= ushort <= 65,535)
+			ushort fooUshort = 10000;
+
+			// Integer - Signed 32-bit integer
+			// (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
+			int fooInt = 1;
+
+			// Uinteger - Unsigned 32-bit integer
+			// (0 <= uint <= 4,294,967,295)
+			uint fooUint = 1;
+
+			// Long - Signed 64-bit integer
+			// (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
+			long fooLong = 100000L;
+			// L is used to denote that this variable value is of type long or ulong
+			// anything without is treated as int or uint depending on size.
+
+			// Ulong - Unsigned 64-bit integer
+			// (0 <= ulong <= 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
+			ulong fooUlong = 100000L;
+
+			// Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+			// Precision: 7 digits
+			float fooFloat = 234.5f;
+			// f is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
+			// otherwise it is treated as double.
+
+			// Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+			// Precision: 15-16 digits
+			double fooDouble = 123.4;
+
+			// Bool - true & false
+			bool fooBoolean = true;
+			bool barBoolean = false;
+
+			// Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
+			char fooChar = 'A';
+
+			// Strings
+			string fooString = "My string is here!";
+			Console.WriteLine(fooString);
+
+			// formatting
+			string fooFormattedString = string.Format("Check Check, {0} {1}, {0} {1:0.0}", 1, 2);
+			Console.WriteLine(fooFormattedString);
+
+			// formatting dates
+			DateTime fooDate = DateTime.Now;
+			Console.WriteLine(fooDate.ToString("hh:mm, dd MMM yyyy"));
+
+			// \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
+			string barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
+			Console.WriteLine(barString);
+
+			// it can be written prettier by using the @ symbol
+			string bazString = @"Here's some stuff
+	on a new line!";
+			Console.WriteLine(bazString);
+
+			// quotes need to be escaped
+			// use \" normally
+			string quotedString = "some \"quoted\" stuff";
+			Console.WriteLine(quotedString);
+
+			// use "" when strings start with @
+			string quotedString2 = @"some MORE ""quoted"" stuff";
+			Console.WriteLine(quotedString2);
+
+			// Use const or read-only to make a variable immutable
+			// const values are calculated at compile time
+			const int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
+
+			// Nullable types
+			// any type can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
+			// <type>? <var name> = <value>
+			int? nullable = null;
+			Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
+
+			// ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
+			// in case variable is null
+			int notNullable = nullable ?? 0;
+			Console.WriteLine("Not nullable variable: " + notNullable);
+
+			// Var - compiler will choose the most appropriate type based on value
+			var fooImplicit = true;
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			// Data Structures
+			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Data Structures");
+
+			// Arrays
+			// The array size must be decided upon declaration
+			// The format for declaring an array is follows:
+			// <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
+			int[] intArray = new int[10];
+			string[] stringArray = new string[1];
+			bool[] boolArray = new bool[100];
+
+			// Another way to declare & initialize an array
+			int[] y = { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+			// Indexing an array - Accessing an element
+			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
+
+			// Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
+			intArray[1] = 1;
+			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
+
+			// Lists
+			// Lists are used more frequently than arrays as they are more flexible
+			// The format for declaring a list is follows:
+			// List<datatype> <var name> = new List<datatype>();
+			List<int> intList = new List<int>();
+			List<string> stringList = new List<string>();
+
+			// Another way to declare & initialize a list
+			List<int> z = new List<int> { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+			// Indexing a list - Accessing an element
+			// Lists are zero-indexed and mutable.
+			Console.WriteLine("z @ 0: " + z[2]);
+
+			// Lists don't default to a value;
+			// A value must be added before accessing the index
+			intList.Add(1);
+			Console.WriteLine("intList @ 0: " + intList[0]);
+
+
+			// Others data structures to check out:
+			//
+			// Stack/Queue
+			// Dictionary
+			// Read-only Collections
+			// Tuple (.Net 4+)
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Operators
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Operators");
+
+			int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
+
+			// Arithmetic is straightforward
+			Console.WriteLine("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
+			Console.WriteLine("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
+			Console.WriteLine("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
+			Console.WriteLine("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
+
+			// Modulo
+			Console.WriteLine("11%3 = " + (11 % 3)); // => 2
+
+			// Comparison operators
+			Console.WriteLine("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
+			Console.WriteLine("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
+			Console.WriteLine("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
+			Console.WriteLine("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
+
+			// Bitwise operators!
+			/*
+			~       Unary bitwise complement
+			<<      Signed left shift
+			>>      Signed right shift
+			>>>     Unsigned right shift
+			&       Bitwise AND
+			^       Bitwise exclusive OR
+			|       Bitwise inclusive OR
+			*/
+
+			// Incrementations
+			int i = 0;
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
+			Console.WriteLine(i++); //i = 1. Post-Incrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(++i); //i = 2. Pre-Incrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(i--); //i = 1. Post-Decrementation
+			Console.WriteLine(--i); //i = 0. Pre-Decrementation
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Control Structures
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Control Structures");
+
+			// If statements are c-like
+			int j = 10;
+			if (j == 10)
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I get printed");
+			}
+			else if (j > 10)
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I don't");
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				Console.WriteLine("I also don't");
+			}
+
+			// Ternary operators
+			// A simple if/else can be written as follows
+			// <condition> ? <true> : <false>
+			string isTrue = (true) ? "True" : "False";
+			Console.WriteLine("Ternary demo: " + isTrue);
+
+
+			// While loop
+			int fooWhile = 0;
+			while (fooWhile < 100)
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooWhile);
+				//Increment the counter
+				//Iterated 99 times, fooWhile 0->99
+				fooWhile++;
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
+
+			// Do While Loop
+			int fooDoWhile = 0;
+			do
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooDoWhile);
+				//Increment the counter
+				//Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
+				fooDoWhile++;
+			} while (fooDoWhile < 100);
+			Console.WriteLine("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
+
+			// For Loop
+			int fooFor;
+			//for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
+			for (fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++)
+			{
+				//Console.WriteLine(fooFor);
+				//Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
+
+			// Switch Case
+			// A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
+			// It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types),
+			// the String class, and a few special classes that wrap
+			// primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
+			int month = 3;
+			string monthString;
+			switch (month)
+			{
+				case 1:
+					monthString = "January";
+					break;
+				case 2:
+					monthString = "February";
+					break;
+				case 3:
+					monthString = "March";
+					break;
+				default:
+					monthString = "Some other month";
+					break;
+			}
+			Console.WriteLine("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
+
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Converting Data Types And Typcasting
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+
+			// Converting data
+
+			// Convert String To Integer
+			// this will throw an Exception on failure
+			int.Parse("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
+
+			// try parse will default to type default on failure
+			// in this case: 0
+			int tryInt;
+			int.TryParse("123", out tryInt);
+
+			// Convert Integer To String
+			// Convert class has a number of methods to facilitate conversions
+			Convert.ToString(123);
+
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+			// Classes And Functions
+			///////////////////////////////////////
+
+			Console.WriteLine("\n->Classes & Functions");
+
+			// (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
+
+			// Use new to instantiate a class
+			Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
+
+			// Call object methods
+			trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
+			trek.setCadence(100);
+
+			// ToString is a convention to display the value of this Object.
+			Console.WriteLine("trek info: " + trek.ToString());
+
+			// Instantiate another new Bicycle
+			Bicycle octo = new Bicycle(5, 10);
+			Console.WriteLine("octo info: " + octo.ToString());
+
+			// Instantiate a new Penny Farthing
+			PennyFarthing funbike = new PennyFarthing(1, 10);
+			Console.WriteLine("funbike info: " + funbike.ToString());
+
+			Console.Read();
+		} // End main method
+
+
+	} // End LearnCSharp class
+
+	// You can include other classes in a .cs file
+
+
+	// Class Declaration Syntax:
+	// <public/private/protected> class <class name>{
+	//    //data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
+	//    //functions are called as methods in Java.
+	// }
+
+	public class Bicycle
+	{
+		// Bicycle's Fields/Variables
+		public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
+		private int _speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
+		protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
+		internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
+		string name; // default: Only accessible from within this class
+
+		// readonly values are set at run time
+		// they can only be assigned upon declaration or in a constructor
+		readonly bool hasCardsInSpokes = false; // read-only private
+
+		// Constructors are a way of creating classes
+		// This is a default constructor
+		public Bicycle()
+		{
+			gear = 1;
+			cadence = 50;
+			_speed = 5;
+			name = "Bontrager";
+		}
+
+		// This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
+		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear, string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
+		{
+			this.gear = startGear;
+			this.cadence = startCadence;
+			this._speed = startSpeed;
+			this.name = name;
+			this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
+		}
+
+		// Constructors can be chained
+		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+			this(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "big wheels", true)
+		{
+		}
+
+		// Function Syntax:
+		// <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
+
+		// classes can implement getters and setters for their fields
+		// or they can implement properties
+
+		// Method declaration syntax:
+		// <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
+		public int getCadence()
+		{
+			return cadence;
+		}
+
+		// void methods require no return statement
+		public void setCadence(int newValue)
+		{
+			cadence = newValue;
+		}
+
+		// virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
+		public virtual void setGear(int newValue)
+		{
+			gear = newValue;
+		}
+
+		public void speedUp(int increment)
+		{
+			_speed += increment;
+		}
+
+		public void slowDown(int decrement)
+		{
+			_speed -= decrement;
+		}
+
+		// properties get/set values
+		// when only data needs to be accessed, consider using properties.
+		// properties may have either get or set, or both
+		private bool _hasTassles; // private variable
+		public bool hasTassles // public accessor
+		{
+			get { return _hasTassles; }
+			set { _hasTassles = value; }
+		}
+
+		private int _frameSize;
+		public int FrameSize
+		{
+			get { return _frameSize; }
+			// you are able to specify access modifiers for either get or set
+			// this means only Bicycle class can call set on Framesize
+			private set { _frameSize = value; }
+		}
+
+		//Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
+		public override string ToString()
+		{
+			return "gear: " + gear +
+					" cadence: " + cadence +
+					" speed: " + _speed +
+					" name: " + name +
+					" cards in spokes: " + (hasCardsInSpokes ? "yes" : "no") +
+					"\n------------------------------\n"
+					;
+		}
+	} // end class Bicycle
+
+	// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
+	class PennyFarthing : Bicycle
+	{
+		// (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
+		// They have no gears.)
+
+		// calling parent constructor
+		public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+			base(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing", true)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public override void setGear(int gear)
+		{
+			gear = 0;
+		}
+	}
+} // End Namespace
+
+```
+
+## Topics Not Covered
+
+ * Enums, Flags
+ * Attributes
+ * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
+ * Exceptions, Interfaces, Abstraction
+ * LINQ
+ * ASP.NET (Web Forms/MVC/WebMatrix)
+ * Winforms
+ * Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
+
+
+
+## Further Reading
+
+ * [DotNetPerls](http://www.dotnetperls.com)
+ * [C# in Depth](http://manning.com/skeet2)
+ * [Programming C#](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920024064.do)
+ * [LINQ](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596519254.do)
+ * [MSDN Library](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/618ayhy6.aspx)
+ * [ASP.NET MVC Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials)
+ * [ASP.NET Web Matrix Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/web-pages/tutorials)
+ * [ASP.NET Web Forms Tutorials](http://www.asp.net/web-forms/tutorials)
+ * [Windows Forms Programming in C#](http://www.amazon.com/Windows-Forms-Programming-Chris-Sells/dp/0321116208)
+
+
+
+[C# Coding Conventions](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/ff926074.aspx)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bf1f9d811cfc41c33cfeaabca68034ad531a097d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Irfan Charania <irfan.charania@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Aug 2013 18:04:11 -0700
Subject: Clean up namespace in C#

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index d67f6c74..e079571e 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -20,12 +20,10 @@ Multi-line comments look like this
 /// This is an XML documentation comment
 /// </summary>
 
-
+// Specify namespaces application will be using
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Text;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
 
 // defines scope to organize code into "packages"
 namespace Learning
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 93fc8f5e8044c404d1feb600cf50eb932b596325 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Adam <adam@adambard.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Aug 2013 10:10:49 -0700
Subject: Line length edits to C#

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 973 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 487 insertions(+), 486 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index e079571e..c254b5a9 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -28,492 +28,493 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 // defines scope to organize code into "packages"
 namespace Learning
 {
-	// Each .cs file should at least contain a class with the same name as the file
-	// you're allowed to do otherwise, but shouldn't for sanity.
-	public class LearnCSharp
-	{
-		// A console application must have a main method as an entry point
-		public static void Main(string[] args)
-		{
-			// Use Console.WriteLine to print lines
-			Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
-			Console.WriteLine(
-				"Integer: " + 10 +
-				" Double: " + 3.14 +
-				" Boolean: " + true);
-
-			// To print without a new line, use Console.Write
-			Console.Write("Hello ");
-			Console.Write("World");
-
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
-			// Types & Variables
-			//
-			// Declare a variable using <type> <name>
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-			// Sbyte - Signed 8-bit integer
-			// (-128 <= sbyte <= 127)
-			sbyte fooSbyte = 100;
-
-			// Byte - Unsigned 8-bit integer
-			// (0 <= byte <= 255)
-			byte fooByte = 100;
-
-			// Short - Signed 16-bit integer
-			// (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
-			short fooShort = 10000;
-
-			// Ushort - Unsigned 16-bit integer
-			// (0 <= ushort <= 65,535)
-			ushort fooUshort = 10000;
-
-			// Integer - Signed 32-bit integer
-			// (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
-			int fooInt = 1;
-
-			// Uinteger - Unsigned 32-bit integer
-			// (0 <= uint <= 4,294,967,295)
-			uint fooUint = 1;
-
-			// Long - Signed 64-bit integer
-			// (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
-			long fooLong = 100000L;
-			// L is used to denote that this variable value is of type long or ulong
-			// anything without is treated as int or uint depending on size.
-
-			// Ulong - Unsigned 64-bit integer
-			// (0 <= ulong <= 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
-			ulong fooUlong = 100000L;
-
-			// Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
-			// Precision: 7 digits
-			float fooFloat = 234.5f;
-			// f is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
-			// otherwise it is treated as double.
-
-			// Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
-			// Precision: 15-16 digits
-			double fooDouble = 123.4;
-
-			// Bool - true & false
-			bool fooBoolean = true;
-			bool barBoolean = false;
-
-			// Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
-			char fooChar = 'A';
-
-			// Strings
-			string fooString = "My string is here!";
-			Console.WriteLine(fooString);
-
-			// formatting
-			string fooFormattedString = string.Format("Check Check, {0} {1}, {0} {1:0.0}", 1, 2);
-			Console.WriteLine(fooFormattedString);
-
-			// formatting dates
-			DateTime fooDate = DateTime.Now;
-			Console.WriteLine(fooDate.ToString("hh:mm, dd MMM yyyy"));
-
-			// \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
-			string barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
-			Console.WriteLine(barString);
-
-			// it can be written prettier by using the @ symbol
-			string bazString = @"Here's some stuff
-	on a new line!";
-			Console.WriteLine(bazString);
-
-			// quotes need to be escaped
-			// use \" normally
-			string quotedString = "some \"quoted\" stuff";
-			Console.WriteLine(quotedString);
-
-			// use "" when strings start with @
-			string quotedString2 = @"some MORE ""quoted"" stuff";
-			Console.WriteLine(quotedString2);
-
-			// Use const or read-only to make a variable immutable
-			// const values are calculated at compile time
-			const int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
-
-			// Nullable types
-			// any type can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
-			// <type>? <var name> = <value>
-			int? nullable = null;
-			Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
-
-			// ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
-			// in case variable is null
-			int notNullable = nullable ?? 0;
-			Console.WriteLine("Not nullable variable: " + notNullable);
-
-			// Var - compiler will choose the most appropriate type based on value
-			var fooImplicit = true;
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
-			// Data Structures
-			///////////////////////////////////////////////////
-			Console.WriteLine("\n->Data Structures");
-
-			// Arrays
-			// The array size must be decided upon declaration
-			// The format for declaring an array is follows:
-			// <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
-			int[] intArray = new int[10];
-			string[] stringArray = new string[1];
-			bool[] boolArray = new bool[100];
-
-			// Another way to declare & initialize an array
-			int[] y = { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
-
-			// Indexing an array - Accessing an element
-			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
-
-			// Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
-			intArray[1] = 1;
-			Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
-
-			// Lists
-			// Lists are used more frequently than arrays as they are more flexible
-			// The format for declaring a list is follows:
-			// List<datatype> <var name> = new List<datatype>();
-			List<int> intList = new List<int>();
-			List<string> stringList = new List<string>();
-
-			// Another way to declare & initialize a list
-			List<int> z = new List<int> { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
-
-			// Indexing a list - Accessing an element
-			// Lists are zero-indexed and mutable.
-			Console.WriteLine("z @ 0: " + z[2]);
-
-			// Lists don't default to a value;
-			// A value must be added before accessing the index
-			intList.Add(1);
-			Console.WriteLine("intList @ 0: " + intList[0]);
-
-
-			// Others data structures to check out:
-			//
-			// Stack/Queue
-			// Dictionary
-			// Read-only Collections
-			// Tuple (.Net 4+)
-
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			// Operators
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			Console.WriteLine("\n->Operators");
-
-			int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
-
-			// Arithmetic is straightforward
-			Console.WriteLine("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
-			Console.WriteLine("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
-			Console.WriteLine("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
-			Console.WriteLine("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
-
-			// Modulo
-			Console.WriteLine("11%3 = " + (11 % 3)); // => 2
-
-			// Comparison operators
-			Console.WriteLine("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
-			Console.WriteLine("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
-			Console.WriteLine("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
-			Console.WriteLine("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
-			Console.WriteLine("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
-			Console.WriteLine("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
-
-			// Bitwise operators!
-			/*
-			~       Unary bitwise complement
-			<<      Signed left shift
-			>>      Signed right shift
-			>>>     Unsigned right shift
-			&       Bitwise AND
-			^       Bitwise exclusive OR
-			|       Bitwise inclusive OR
-			*/
-
-			// Incrementations
-			int i = 0;
-			Console.WriteLine("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
-			Console.WriteLine(i++); //i = 1. Post-Incrementation
-			Console.WriteLine(++i); //i = 2. Pre-Incrementation
-			Console.WriteLine(i--); //i = 1. Post-Decrementation
-			Console.WriteLine(--i); //i = 0. Pre-Decrementation
-
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			// Control Structures
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			Console.WriteLine("\n->Control Structures");
-
-			// If statements are c-like
-			int j = 10;
-			if (j == 10)
-			{
-				Console.WriteLine("I get printed");
-			}
-			else if (j > 10)
-			{
-				Console.WriteLine("I don't");
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				Console.WriteLine("I also don't");
-			}
-
-			// Ternary operators
-			// A simple if/else can be written as follows
-			// <condition> ? <true> : <false>
-			string isTrue = (true) ? "True" : "False";
-			Console.WriteLine("Ternary demo: " + isTrue);
-
-
-			// While loop
-			int fooWhile = 0;
-			while (fooWhile < 100)
-			{
-				//Console.WriteLine(fooWhile);
-				//Increment the counter
-				//Iterated 99 times, fooWhile 0->99
-				fooWhile++;
-			}
-			Console.WriteLine("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
-
-			// Do While Loop
-			int fooDoWhile = 0;
-			do
-			{
-				//Console.WriteLine(fooDoWhile);
-				//Increment the counter
-				//Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
-				fooDoWhile++;
-			} while (fooDoWhile < 100);
-			Console.WriteLine("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
-
-			// For Loop
-			int fooFor;
-			//for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
-			for (fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++)
-			{
-				//Console.WriteLine(fooFor);
-				//Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
-			}
-			Console.WriteLine("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
-
-			// Switch Case
-			// A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
-			// It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types),
-			// the String class, and a few special classes that wrap
-			// primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
-			int month = 3;
-			string monthString;
-			switch (month)
-			{
-				case 1:
-					monthString = "January";
-					break;
-				case 2:
-					monthString = "February";
-					break;
-				case 3:
-					monthString = "March";
-					break;
-				default:
-					monthString = "Some other month";
-					break;
-			}
-			Console.WriteLine("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
-
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			// Converting Data Types And Typcasting
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-
-			// Converting data
-
-			// Convert String To Integer
-			// this will throw an Exception on failure
-			int.Parse("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
-
-			// try parse will default to type default on failure
-			// in this case: 0
-			int tryInt;
-			int.TryParse("123", out tryInt);
-
-			// Convert Integer To String
-			// Convert class has a number of methods to facilitate conversions
-			Convert.ToString(123);
-
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-			// Classes And Functions
-			///////////////////////////////////////
-
-			Console.WriteLine("\n->Classes & Functions");
-
-			// (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
-
-			// Use new to instantiate a class
-			Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
-
-			// Call object methods
-			trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
-			trek.setCadence(100);
-
-			// ToString is a convention to display the value of this Object.
-			Console.WriteLine("trek info: " + trek.ToString());
-
-			// Instantiate another new Bicycle
-			Bicycle octo = new Bicycle(5, 10);
-			Console.WriteLine("octo info: " + octo.ToString());
-
-			// Instantiate a new Penny Farthing
-			PennyFarthing funbike = new PennyFarthing(1, 10);
-			Console.WriteLine("funbike info: " + funbike.ToString());
-
-			Console.Read();
-		} // End main method
-
-
-	} // End LearnCSharp class
-
-	// You can include other classes in a .cs file
-
-
-	// Class Declaration Syntax:
-	// <public/private/protected> class <class name>{
-	//    //data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
-	//    //functions are called as methods in Java.
-	// }
-
-	public class Bicycle
-	{
-		// Bicycle's Fields/Variables
-		public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
-		private int _speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
-		protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
-		internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
-		string name; // default: Only accessible from within this class
-
-		// readonly values are set at run time
-		// they can only be assigned upon declaration or in a constructor
-		readonly bool hasCardsInSpokes = false; // read-only private
-
-		// Constructors are a way of creating classes
-		// This is a default constructor
-		public Bicycle()
-		{
-			gear = 1;
-			cadence = 50;
-			_speed = 5;
-			name = "Bontrager";
-		}
-
-		// This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
-		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear, string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
-		{
-			this.gear = startGear;
-			this.cadence = startCadence;
-			this._speed = startSpeed;
-			this.name = name;
-			this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
-		}
-
-		// Constructors can be chained
-		public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
-			this(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "big wheels", true)
-		{
-		}
-
-		// Function Syntax:
-		// <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
-		// classes can implement getters and setters for their fields
-		// or they can implement properties
-
-		// Method declaration syntax:
-		// <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
-		public int getCadence()
-		{
-			return cadence;
-		}
-
-		// void methods require no return statement
-		public void setCadence(int newValue)
-		{
-			cadence = newValue;
-		}
-
-		// virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
-		public virtual void setGear(int newValue)
-		{
-			gear = newValue;
-		}
-
-		public void speedUp(int increment)
-		{
-			_speed += increment;
-		}
-
-		public void slowDown(int decrement)
-		{
-			_speed -= decrement;
-		}
-
-		// properties get/set values
-		// when only data needs to be accessed, consider using properties.
-		// properties may have either get or set, or both
-		private bool _hasTassles; // private variable
-		public bool hasTassles // public accessor
-		{
-			get { return _hasTassles; }
-			set { _hasTassles = value; }
-		}
-
-		private int _frameSize;
-		public int FrameSize
-		{
-			get { return _frameSize; }
-			// you are able to specify access modifiers for either get or set
-			// this means only Bicycle class can call set on Framesize
-			private set { _frameSize = value; }
-		}
-
-		//Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
-		public override string ToString()
-		{
-			return "gear: " + gear +
-					" cadence: " + cadence +
-					" speed: " + _speed +
-					" name: " + name +
-					" cards in spokes: " + (hasCardsInSpokes ? "yes" : "no") +
-					"\n------------------------------\n"
-					;
-		}
-	} // end class Bicycle
-
-	// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
-	class PennyFarthing : Bicycle
-	{
-		// (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
-		// They have no gears.)
-
-		// calling parent constructor
-		public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
-			base(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing", true)
-		{
-		}
-
-		public override void setGear(int gear)
-		{
-			gear = 0;
-		}
-	}
+    // Each .cs file should at least contain a class with the same name as the file
+    // you're allowed to do otherwise, but shouldn't for sanity.
+    public class LearnCSharp
+    {
+        // A console application must have a main method as an entry point
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            // Use Console.WriteLine to print lines
+            Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
+            Console.WriteLine(
+                "Integer: " + 10 +
+                " Double: " + 3.14 +
+                " Boolean: " + true);
+
+            // To print without a new line, use Console.Write
+            Console.Write("Hello ");
+            Console.Write("World");
+
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+            // Types & Variables
+            //
+            // Declare a variable using <type> <name>
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+            // Sbyte - Signed 8-bit integer
+            // (-128 <= sbyte <= 127)
+            sbyte fooSbyte = 100;
+
+            // Byte - Unsigned 8-bit integer
+            // (0 <= byte <= 255)
+            byte fooByte = 100;
+
+            // Short - Signed 16-bit integer
+            // (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
+            short fooShort = 10000;
+
+            // Ushort - Unsigned 16-bit integer
+            // (0 <= ushort <= 65,535)
+            ushort fooUshort = 10000;
+
+            // Integer - Signed 32-bit integer
+            // (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
+            int fooInt = 1;
+
+            // Uinteger - Unsigned 32-bit integer
+            // (0 <= uint <= 4,294,967,295)
+            uint fooUint = 1;
+
+            // Long - Signed 64-bit integer
+            // (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
+            long fooLong = 100000L;
+            // L is used to denote that this variable value is of type long or ulong
+            // anything without is treated as int or uint depending on size.
+
+            // Ulong - Unsigned 64-bit integer
+            // (0 <= ulong <= 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
+            ulong fooUlong = 100000L;
+
+            // Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+            // Precision: 7 digits
+            float fooFloat = 234.5f;
+            // f is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
+            // otherwise it is treated as double.
+
+            // Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
+            // Precision: 15-16 digits
+            double fooDouble = 123.4;
+
+            // Bool - true & false
+            bool fooBoolean = true;
+            bool barBoolean = false;
+
+            // Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
+            char fooChar = 'A';
+
+            // Strings
+            string fooString = "My string is here!";
+            Console.WriteLine(fooString);
+
+            // formatting
+            string fooFs = string.Format("Check Check, {0} {1}, {0} {1:0.0}", 1, 2);
+            Console.WriteLine(fooFormattedString);
+
+            // formatting dates
+            DateTime fooDate = DateTime.Now;
+            Console.WriteLine(fooDate.ToString("hh:mm, dd MMM yyyy"));
+
+            // \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
+            string barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
+            Console.WriteLine(barString);
+
+            // it can be written prettier by using the @ symbol
+            string bazString = @"Here's some stuff
+    on a new line!";
+            Console.WriteLine(bazString);
+
+            // quotes need to be escaped
+            // use \" normally
+            string quotedString = "some \"quoted\" stuff";
+            Console.WriteLine(quotedString);
+
+            // use "" when strings start with @
+            string quotedString2 = @"some MORE ""quoted"" stuff";
+            Console.WriteLine(quotedString2);
+
+            // Use const or read-only to make a variable immutable
+            // const values are calculated at compile time
+            const int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
+
+            // Nullable types
+            // any type can be made nullable by suffixing a ?
+            // <type>? <var name> = <value>
+            int? nullable = null;
+            Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
+
+            // ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
+            // in case variable is null
+            int notNullable = nullable ?? 0;
+            Console.WriteLine("Not nullable variable: " + notNullable);
+
+            // Var - compiler will choose the most appropriate type based on value
+            var fooImplicit = true;
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+            // Data Structures
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+            Console.WriteLine("\n->Data Structures");
+
+            // Arrays
+            // The array size must be decided upon declaration
+            // The format for declaring an array is follows:
+            // <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
+            int[] intArray = new int[10];
+            string[] stringArray = new string[1];
+            bool[] boolArray = new bool[100];
+
+            // Another way to declare & initialize an array
+            int[] y = { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+            // Indexing an array - Accessing an element
+            Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
+
+            // Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
+            intArray[1] = 1;
+            Console.WriteLine("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
+
+            // Lists
+            // Lists are used more frequently than arrays as they are more flexible
+            // The format for declaring a list is follows:
+            // List<datatype> <var name> = new List<datatype>();
+            List<int> intList = new List<int>();
+            List<string> stringList = new List<string>();
+
+            // Another way to declare & initialize a list
+            List<int> z = new List<int> { 9000, 1000, 1337 };
+
+            // Indexing a list - Accessing an element
+            // Lists are zero-indexed and mutable.
+            Console.WriteLine("z @ 0: " + z[2]);
+
+            // Lists don't default to a value;
+            // A value must be added before accessing the index
+            intList.Add(1);
+            Console.WriteLine("intList @ 0: " + intList[0]);
+
+
+            // Others data structures to check out:
+            //
+            // Stack/Queue
+            // Dictionary
+            // Read-only Collections
+            // Tuple (.Net 4+)
+
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            // Operators
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            Console.WriteLine("\n->Operators");
+
+            int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
+
+            // Arithmetic is straightforward
+            Console.WriteLine("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
+            Console.WriteLine("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
+            Console.WriteLine("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
+            Console.WriteLine("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
+
+            // Modulo
+            Console.WriteLine("11%3 = " + (11 % 3)); // => 2
+
+            // Comparison operators
+            Console.WriteLine("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
+            Console.WriteLine("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
+            Console.WriteLine("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
+            Console.WriteLine("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
+            Console.WriteLine("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
+            Console.WriteLine("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
+
+            // Bitwise operators!
+            /*
+            ~       Unary bitwise complement
+            <<      Signed left shift
+            >>      Signed right shift
+            >>>     Unsigned right shift
+            &       Bitwise AND
+            ^       Bitwise exclusive OR
+            |       Bitwise inclusive OR
+            */
+
+            // Incrementations
+            int i = 0;
+            Console.WriteLine("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
+            Console.WriteLine(i++); //i = 1. Post-Incrementation
+            Console.WriteLine(++i); //i = 2. Pre-Incrementation
+            Console.WriteLine(i--); //i = 1. Post-Decrementation
+            Console.WriteLine(--i); //i = 0. Pre-Decrementation
+
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            // Control Structures
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            Console.WriteLine("\n->Control Structures");
+
+            // If statements are c-like
+            int j = 10;
+            if (j == 10)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("I get printed");
+            }
+            else if (j > 10)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("I don't");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("I also don't");
+            }
+
+            // Ternary operators
+            // A simple if/else can be written as follows
+            // <condition> ? <true> : <false>
+            string isTrue = (true) ? "True" : "False";
+            Console.WriteLine("Ternary demo: " + isTrue);
+
+
+            // While loop
+            int fooWhile = 0;
+            while (fooWhile < 100)
+            {
+                //Console.WriteLine(fooWhile);
+                //Increment the counter
+                //Iterated 99 times, fooWhile 0->99
+                fooWhile++;
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
+
+            // Do While Loop
+            int fooDoWhile = 0;
+            do
+            {
+                //Console.WriteLine(fooDoWhile);
+                //Increment the counter
+                //Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
+                fooDoWhile++;
+            } while (fooDoWhile < 100);
+            Console.WriteLine("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
+
+            // For Loop
+            int fooFor;
+            //for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
+            for (fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++)
+            {
+                //Console.WriteLine(fooFor);
+                //Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
+
+            // Switch Case
+            // A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
+            // It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types),
+            // the String class, and a few special classes that wrap
+            // primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
+            int month = 3;
+            string monthString;
+            switch (month)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    monthString = "January";
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    monthString = "February";
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    monthString = "March";
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    monthString = "Some other month";
+                    break;
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
+
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            // Converting Data Types And Typcasting
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+            // Converting data
+
+            // Convert String To Integer
+            // this will throw an Exception on failure
+            int.Parse("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
+
+            // try parse will default to type default on failure
+            // in this case: 0
+            int tryInt;
+            int.TryParse("123", out tryInt);
+
+            // Convert Integer To String
+            // Convert class has a number of methods to facilitate conversions
+            Convert.ToString(123);
+
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+            // Classes And Functions
+            ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\n->Classes & Functions");
+
+            // (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
+
+            // Use new to instantiate a class
+            Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
+
+            // Call object methods
+            trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
+            trek.setCadence(100);
+
+            // ToString is a convention to display the value of this Object.
+            Console.WriteLine("trek info: " + trek.ToString());
+
+            // Instantiate another new Bicycle
+            Bicycle octo = new Bicycle(5, 10);
+            Console.WriteLine("octo info: " + octo.ToString());
+
+            // Instantiate a new Penny Farthing
+            PennyFarthing funbike = new PennyFarthing(1, 10);
+            Console.WriteLine("funbike info: " + funbike.ToString());
+
+            Console.Read();
+        } // End main method
+
+
+    } // End LearnCSharp class
+
+    // You can include other classes in a .cs file
+
+
+    // Class Declaration Syntax:
+    // <public/private/protected> class <class name>{
+    //    //data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
+    //    //functions are called as methods in Java.
+    // }
+
+    public class Bicycle
+    {
+        // Bicycle's Fields/Variables
+        public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
+        private int _speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
+        protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
+        internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
+        string name; // default: Only accessible from within this class
+
+        // readonly values are set at run time
+        // they can only be assigned upon declaration or in a constructor
+        readonly bool hasCardsInSpokes = false; // read-only private
+
+        // Constructors are a way of creating classes
+        // This is a default constructor
+        public Bicycle()
+        {
+            gear = 1;
+            cadence = 50;
+            _speed = 5;
+            name = "Bontrager";
+        }
+
+        // This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
+        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
+                       string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
+        {
+            this.gear = startGear;
+            this.cadence = startCadence;
+            this._speed = startSpeed;
+            this.name = name;
+            this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
+        }
+
+        // Constructors can be chained
+        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+            this(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "big wheels", true)
+        {
+        }
+
+        // Function Syntax:
+        // <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
+
+        // classes can implement getters and setters for their fields
+        // or they can implement properties
+
+        // Method declaration syntax:
+        // <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
+        public int getCadence()
+        {
+            return cadence;
+        }
+
+        // void methods require no return statement
+        public void setCadence(int newValue)
+        {
+            cadence = newValue;
+        }
+
+        // virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
+        public virtual void setGear(int newValue)
+        {
+            gear = newValue;
+        }
+
+        public void speedUp(int increment)
+        {
+            _speed += increment;
+        }
+
+        public void slowDown(int decrement)
+        {
+            _speed -= decrement;
+        }
+
+        // properties get/set values
+        // when only data needs to be accessed, consider using properties.
+        // properties may have either get or set, or both
+        private bool _hasTassles; // private variable
+        public bool hasTassles // public accessor
+        {
+            get { return _hasTassles; }
+            set { _hasTassles = value; }
+        }
+
+        private int _frameSize;
+        public int FrameSize
+        {
+            get { return _frameSize; }
+            // you are able to specify access modifiers for either get or set
+            // this means only Bicycle class can call set on Framesize
+            private set { _frameSize = value; }
+        }
+
+        //Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "gear: " + gear +
+                    " cadence: " + cadence +
+                    " speed: " + _speed +
+                    " name: " + name +
+                    " cards in spokes: " + (hasCardsInSpokes ? "yes" : "no") +
+                    "\n------------------------------\n"
+                    ;
+        }
+    } // end class Bicycle
+
+    // PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
+    class PennyFarthing : Bicycle
+    {
+        // (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
+        // They have no gears.)
+
+        // calling parent constructor
+        public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+            base(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing", true)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public override void setGear(int gear)
+        {
+            gear = 0;
+        }
+    }
 } // End Namespace
 
 ```
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2173dd419a1daa06efee295e3fe2cdbc40224433 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 15:57:52 +0200
Subject: Accessing nullable's value in C#

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index c254b5a9..c9df6db9 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -144,6 +144,10 @@ namespace Learning
             int? nullable = null;
             Console.WriteLine("Nullable variable: " + nullable);
 
+            // In order to use nullable's value, you have to use Value property or to explicitly cast it
+            string? nullableString = "not null";
+            Console.WriteLine("Nullable value is: " + nullableString.Value + " or: " + (string) nullableString );
+
             // ?? is syntactic sugar for specifying default value
             // in case variable is null
             int notNullable = nullable ?? 0;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 541fd3fb06bf6e97974123934ad89cb07a7ef289 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 16:01:08 +0200
Subject: C# Coding style: property names start with capitals

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index c9df6db9..490c34bb 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ namespace Learning
         // when only data needs to be accessed, consider using properties.
         // properties may have either get or set, or both
         private bool _hasTassles; // private variable
-        public bool hasTassles // public accessor
+        public bool HasTassles // public accessor
         {
             get { return _hasTassles; }
             set { _hasTassles = value; }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4295e85d6097e2d331ff75a958a3a5a064795410 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 16:03:35 +0200
Subject: C#: Auto-implemented properties

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 490c34bb..951958b6 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -480,13 +480,13 @@ namespace Learning
             set { _hasTassles = value; }
         }
 
-        private int _frameSize;
+        // Properties can be auto-implemented
         public int FrameSize
         {
-            get { return _frameSize; }
+            get;
             // you are able to specify access modifiers for either get or set
             // this means only Bicycle class can call set on Framesize
-            private set { _frameSize = value; }
+            private set;
         }
 
         //Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From c3df13db567b82fc0802e46c23e4e4486618b207 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 16:06:04 +0200
Subject: C#: comments about "this" keyword

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 951958b6..0cef8f05 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -422,10 +422,10 @@ namespace Learning
         public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
                        string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
         {
-            this.gear = startGear;
+            this.gear = startGear; // "this" keyword denotes the current object
             this.cadence = startCadence;
             this._speed = startSpeed;
-            this.name = name;
+            this.name = name; // it can be useful when there's a name conflict
             this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
         }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0312c061b292985a5d849253480b0a8e5eafb332 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 22:35:59 +0200
Subject: C#: Added myself to contributors list

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 0cef8f05..b113b6d3 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 language: c#
 contributors:
     - ["Irfan Charania", "https://github.com/irfancharania"]
+    - ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
 filename: LearnCSharp.cs
 
 ---
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From b488745fc646b16df4ef87ddb746af596ea6588f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 22:45:01 +0200
Subject: Static field

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index b113b6d3..3de1eb66 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -403,7 +403,12 @@ namespace Learning
         private int _speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
         protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
         internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
-        string name; // default: Only accessible from within this class
+        string name; // Everything is private by default: Only accessible from within this class
+
+        // Static members belong to the type itself rather then specific object.
+        static public int bicyclesCreated = 0;
+        // You can access them without a reference to any object:
+        // Console.WriteLine("Bicycles created: " + Bicycle.bicyclesCreated);
 
         // readonly values are set at run time
         // they can only be assigned upon declaration or in a constructor
@@ -417,6 +422,7 @@ namespace Learning
             cadence = 50;
             _speed = 5;
             name = "Bontrager";
+            bicyclesCreated++;
         }
 
         // This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 964476a6e859959a3c1ae6a005ba82ba0d6b234e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 22:45:58 +0200
Subject: C#: Lacking static members

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 3de1eb66..584d40fd 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -535,6 +535,7 @@ namespace Learning
  * Enums, Flags
  * Attributes
  * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
+ * Static properties, methods and classes
  * Exceptions, Interfaces, Abstraction
  * LINQ
  * ASP.NET (Web Forms/MVC/WebMatrix)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bb1f4eb93a70882f959acf6e849a9663ad74deca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 22:49:36 +0200
Subject: C#: edited example code according to Microsoft's naming conventions

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 584d40fd..0740c3ed 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -450,29 +450,29 @@ namespace Learning
 
         // Method declaration syntax:
         // <scope> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
-        public int getCadence()
+        public int GetCadence()
         {
             return cadence;
         }
 
         // void methods require no return statement
-        public void setCadence(int newValue)
+        public void SetCadence(int newValue)
         {
             cadence = newValue;
         }
 
         // virtual keyword indicates this method can be overridden
-        public virtual void setGear(int newValue)
+        public virtual void SetGear(int newValue)
         {
             gear = newValue;
         }
 
-        public void speedUp(int increment)
+        public void SpeedUp(int increment)
         {
             _speed += increment;
         }
 
-        public void slowDown(int decrement)
+        public void SlowDown(int decrement)
         {
             _speed -= decrement;
         }
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ namespace Learning
         {
         }
 
-        public override void setGear(int gear)
+        public override void SetGear(int gear)
         {
             gear = 0;
         }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ccdc21900d090a88ca02e25007f4e3c197b8f50e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 23:08:24 +0200
Subject: C#: enums

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 23 +++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 0740c3ed..fefcb0bb 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -405,6 +405,19 @@ namespace Learning
         internal int wheels; // Internal: Accessible from within the assembly
         string name; // Everything is private by default: Only accessible from within this class
 
+        // Enum is a value type that consists of a set of named constants
+        public enum Brand
+        {
+            AIST,
+            BMC,
+            Electra,
+            Gitane
+        }
+        // We defined this type inside a Bicycle class, so it is a nested type
+        // Code outside of this class should reference this type as Bicycle.Brand
+
+        public Brand brand; // After declaing an enum type, we can declare the field of this type
+
         // Static members belong to the type itself rather then specific object.
         static public int bicyclesCreated = 0;
         // You can access them without a reference to any object:
@@ -416,28 +429,30 @@ namespace Learning
 
         // Constructors are a way of creating classes
         // This is a default constructor
-        public Bicycle()
+        private Bicycle()
         {
             gear = 1;
             cadence = 50;
             _speed = 5;
             name = "Bontrager";
+            brand = Brand.AIST;
             bicyclesCreated++;
         }
 
         // This is a specified constructor (it contains arguments)
         public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
-                       string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes)
+                       string name, bool hasCardsInSpokes, Brand brand)
         {
             this.gear = startGear; // "this" keyword denotes the current object
             this.cadence = startCadence;
             this._speed = startSpeed;
             this.name = name; // it can be useful when there's a name conflict
             this.hasCardsInSpokes = hasCardsInSpokes;
+            this.brand = brand;
         }
 
         // Constructors can be chained
-        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed) :
+        public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, Brand brand) :
             this(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "big wheels", true)
         {
         }
@@ -532,7 +547,7 @@ namespace Learning
 
 ## Topics Not Covered
 
- * Enums, Flags
+ * Flags
  * Attributes
  * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
  * Static properties, methods and classes
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From dd1a6193605909f3d6abf7795cd18261b27696b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 23:09:07 +0200
Subject: C#: default parameter values

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index fefcb0bb..599aaca3 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -482,12 +482,13 @@ namespace Learning
             gear = newValue;
         }
 
-        public void SpeedUp(int increment)
+        // Method parameters can have defaut values. In this case, methods can be called with these parameters omitted
+        public void SpeedUp(int increment = 1)
         {
             _speed += increment;
         }
 
-        public void SlowDown(int decrement)
+        public void SlowDown(int decrement = 1)
         {
             _speed -= decrement;
         }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 41ec7af8e5ac7e4a7ab8b8fc008466be98b0cdc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 23:09:21 +0200
Subject: Static methods

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 599aaca3..22fb58e1 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -523,6 +523,14 @@ namespace Learning
                     "\n------------------------------\n"
                     ;
         }
+
+        // Methods can also be static. It can be useful for helper methods
+        public static bool DidWeCreateEnoughBycles()
+        {
+            // Within a static method, we only can reference static class memebers
+            return bicyclesCreated > 9000;
+        } // If your class only needs static members, consider marking the class itself as static.
+
     } // end class Bicycle
 
     // PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
@@ -551,7 +559,7 @@ namespace Learning
  * Flags
  * Attributes
  * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
- * Static properties, methods and classes
+ * Static properties
  * Exceptions, Interfaces, Abstraction
  * LINQ
  * ASP.NET (Web Forms/MVC/WebMatrix)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From cae70d430e40478e2c916489e53ffcb24f8fe024 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 23:28:21 +0200
Subject: C#: calling base method

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 22fb58e1..0012fcb3 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -549,6 +549,13 @@ namespace Learning
         {
             gear = 0;
         }
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            string result = "PennyFarthing bicycle ";
+            result += base.ToString(); // Calling the base version of the method
+            return reuslt;
+        }
     }
 } // End Namespace
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a225349acb165084a9da95f2da631a7525c513d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Max Yankov <golergka@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Aug 2013 23:28:55 +0200
Subject: C#: interfaces

---
 csharp.html.markdown | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'csharp.html.markdown')

diff --git a/csharp.html.markdown b/csharp.html.markdown
index 0012fcb3..55de415d 100644
--- a/csharp.html.markdown
+++ b/csharp.html.markdown
@@ -557,6 +557,36 @@ namespace Learning
             return reuslt;
         }
     }
+
+    // Interfaces only contain signatures of the members, without the implementation.
+    interface IJumpable
+    {
+        void Jump(int meters); // all interface members are implicitly public
+    }
+
+    interface IBreakable
+    {
+        bool Broken { get; } // interfaces can contain properties as well as methods, fields & events
+    }
+
+    // Class can inherit only one other class, but can implement any amount of interfaces
+    class MountainBike : Bicycle, IJumpable, IBreakable
+    {
+        int damage = 0;
+
+        public void Jump(int meters)
+        {
+            damage += meters;
+        }
+
+        public void Broken
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return damage > 100;
+            }
+        }
+    }
 } // End Namespace
 
 ```
@@ -567,7 +597,7 @@ namespace Learning
  * Attributes
  * Generics (T), Delegates, Func, Actions, lambda expressions
  * Static properties
- * Exceptions, Interfaces, Abstraction
+ * Exceptions, Abstraction
  * LINQ
  * ASP.NET (Web Forms/MVC/WebMatrix)
  * Winforms
-- 
cgit v1.2.3