From ff3d2d1784cce6ff6b87f8ea47887aa8eee78036 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Samantha McVey <samantham@posteo.net>
Date: Sat, 31 Dec 2016 15:25:24 -0800
Subject: Set bf, chapel, d and dart to use the language's highlighting

Previously were using other languages with similar syntax, but now
we have Pygments.
---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index fc7b220e..5027dc3e 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration
 
 Dart's most controversial feature must be its Optional Typing.
 
-```javascript
+```dart
 import "dart:collection";
 import "dart:math" as DM;
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From b0cbcaad2c00e179db2becf0e9dbece8bb3071d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pratik Karki <predatoramigo@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2018 20:17:09 +0545
Subject: Fix URLs

---
 dart.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 5027dc3e..0e1ded43 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ main() {
 
 Dart has a comprehensive web-site. It covers API reference, tutorials, articles and more, including a
 useful Try Dart online.
-http://www.dartlang.org/
-http://try.dartlang.org/
+* [https://www.dartlang.org](https://www.dartlang.org)
+* [https://try.dartlang.org](https://try.dartlang.org)
 
 
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 9f33f260dc305a40b6476c081ea16e75ac2ced50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pratik Karki <predatoramigo@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Feb 2018 20:25:03 +0545
Subject: Fix typo

---
 dart.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 0e1ded43..76857306 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ main() {
 
 Dart has a comprehensive web-site. It covers API reference, tutorials, articles and more, including a
 useful Try Dart online.
-* [https://www.dartlang.org](https://www.dartlang.org)
-* [https://try.dartlang.org](https://try.dartlang.org)
+[https://www.dartlang.org](https://www.dartlang.org)
+[https://try.dartlang.org](https://try.dartlang.org)
 
 
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ffc33ee56041c286eca86d2dc9bd39cd9c04e41f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: OKry <okry1123@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Nov 2018 14:29:27 +0800
Subject: [dart/en]Fix bool implicit conversions support.

Implicit conversions of bool are supported now.
---
 dart.html.markdown | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 76857306..e12a4ed5 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -176,23 +176,47 @@ example13() {
   match(s2);
 }
 
-// Boolean expressions need to resolve to either true or false, as no
-// implicit conversions are supported.
+// Boolean expressions support implicit conversions and dynamic type
 example14() {
-  var v = true;
-  if (v) {
-    print("Example14 value is true");
+  var a = true;
+  if (a) {
+    print("true, a is $a");
   }
-  v = null;
+  a = null;
+  if (a) {
+    print("true, a is $a");
+  } else {
+    print("false, a is $a"); // runs here
+  }
+
+  // dynamic typed null can be convert to bool
+  var b;// b is dynamic type
+  b = "abc";
   try {
-    if (v) {
-      // Never runs
+    if (b) {
+      print("true, b is $b");
     } else {
-      // Never runs
+      print("false, b is $b");
     }
   } catch (e) {
-    print("Example14 null value causes an exception: '${e}'");
+    print("error, b is $b"); // this could be run but got error
   }
+  b = null;
+  if (b) {
+    print("true, b is $b");
+  } else {
+    print("false, b is $b"); // runs here
+  }
+
+  // statically typed null can not be convert to bool
+  var c = "abc";
+  c = null;
+  // complie failed
+  // if (c) {
+  //   print("true, c is $c");
+  // } else {
+  //   print("false, c is $c");
+  // }
 }
 
 // try/catch/finally and throw are used for exception handling.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 256ccf4091f563231146ec8cde6aba16862f3123 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Divay Prakash <divayprakash3@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Dec 2018 18:13:24 +0530
Subject: Fix var/class/func naming

---
 dart.html.markdown | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index e12a4ed5..07f755f7 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -25,42 +25,42 @@ import "dart:math" as DM;
 // The fat arrow function declaration has an implicit return for the result of
 // the expression.
 example1() {
-  example1nested1() {
-    example1nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2");
-    example1nested2();
+  nested1() {
+    nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2");
+    nested2();
   }
-  example1nested1();
+  nested1();
 }
 
 // Anonymous functions don't include a name.
 example2() {
-  example2nested1(fn) {
+  nested1(fn) {
     fn();
   }
-  example2nested1(() => print("Example2 nested 1"));
+  nested1(() => print("Example2 nested 1"));
 }
 
 // When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the
 // number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the
 // parameters it takes.
 example3() {
-  example3nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
-    fn("Example3 nested 1");
+  planA(fn(informSomething)) {
+    fn("Example3 plan A");
   }
-  example3planB(fn) { // Or don't declare number of parameters.
+  planB(fn) { // Or don't declare number of parameters.
     fn("Example3 plan B");
   }
-  example3nested1((s) => print(s));
-  example3planB((s) => print(s));
+  planA((s) => print(s));
+  planB((s) => print(s));
 }
 
 // Functions have closure access to outer variables.
 var example4Something = "Example4 nested 1";
 example4() {
-  example4nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
+  nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
     fn(example4Something);
   }
-  example4nested1((s) => print(s));
+  nested1((s) => print(s));
 }
 
 // Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ example5() {
 // Where classBody can include instance methods and variables, but also
 // class methods and variables.
 class Example6Class {
-  var example6InstanceVariable = "Example6 instance variable";
+  var instanceVariable = "Example6 instance variable";
   sayIt() {
-    print(example6InstanceVariable);
+    print(instanceVariable);
   }
 }
 example6() {
@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ example6() {
 
 // Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms.
 class Example7Class {
-  static var example7ClassVariable = "Example7 class variable";
+  static var classVariable = "Example7 class variable";
   static sayItFromClass() {
-    print(example7ClassVariable);
+    print(classVariable);
   }
   sayItFromInstance() {
-    print(example7ClassVariable);
+    print(classVariable);
   }
 }
 example7() {
@@ -110,40 +110,40 @@ example7() {
 // or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant
 // by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
 // declaring them "const".
-var example8A = const ["Example8 const array"],
-  example8M = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
+var example8Array = const ["Example8 const array"],
+  example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
 example8() {
-  print(example8A[0]);
-  print(example8M["someKey"]);
+  print(example8Array[0]);
+  print(example8Map["someKey"]);
 }
 
 // Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops,
 // slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many
 // supported features, starting with forEach.
-var example9A = const ["a", "b"];
+var example9Array = const ["a", "b"];
 example9() {
-  for (var i = 0; i < example9A.length; i++) {
-    print("Example9 for loop '${example9A[i]}'");
+  for (var i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
+    print("Example9 for loop '${example9Array[i]}'");
   }
   var i = 0;
-  while (i < example9A.length) {
-    print("Example9 while loop '${example9A[i]}'");
+  while (i < example9Array.length) {
+    print("Example9 while loop '${example9Array[i]}'");
     i++;
   }
-  for (var e in example9A) {
+  for (var e in example9Array) {
     print("Example9 for-in loop '${e}'");
   }
-  example9A.forEach((e) => print("Example9 forEach loop '${e}'"));
+  example9Array.forEach((e) => print("Example9 forEach loop '${e}'"));
 }
 
 // To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring.
-var example10S = "ab";
+var example10String = "ab";
 example10() {
-  for (var i = 0; i < example10S.length; i++) {
-    print("Example10 String character loop '${example10S[i]}'");
+  for (var i = 0; i < example10String.length; i++) {
+    print("Example10 String character loop '${example10String[i]}'");
   }
-  for (var i = 0; i < example10S.length; i++) {
-    print("Example10 substring loop '${example10S.substring(i, i + 1)}'");
+  for (var i = 0; i < example10String.length; i++) {
+    print("Example10 substring loop '${example10String.substring(i, i + 1)}'");
   }
 }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From cbf8a43ca14fe063b42f2d7a209a6f7139e7cd5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sridhar Easwaran <sridhar.1788@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Oct 2019 20:29:26 +0530
Subject: Add example for Optional Positional Parameter

---
 dart.html.markdown | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 07f755f7..fb1856fd 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -503,6 +503,17 @@ example30() {
   }
 }
 
+// Optional Positional Parameter
+// parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional.
+example31() {
+    findVolume(int length, int breath, [int height]) {
+      print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
+    }
+
+    findVolume(10,20,30); //valid
+    findVolume(10,20); //also valid
+}
+
 // Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
 // Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program
 // starts running with what's in its main function.
@@ -514,7 +525,7 @@ main() {
     example8, example9, example10, example11, example12, example13, example14,
     example15, example16, example17, example18, example19, example20,
     example21, example22, example23, example24, example25, example26,
-    example27, example28, example29, example30
+    example27, example28, example29, example30, example31
     ].forEach((ef) => ef());
 }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 092b9155bede1cfe3dcec9b130823348b2d04e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sridhar Easwaran <sridhar.1788@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Oct 2019 22:28:57 +0530
Subject: Update dart.html.markdown

---
 dart.html.markdown | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index fb1856fd..ce6f681b 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -503,15 +503,42 @@ example30() {
   }
 }
 
-// Optional Positional Parameter
+// Optional Positional Parameter:
 // parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional.
 example31() {
-    findVolume(int length, int breath, [int height]) {
+    findVolume31(int length, int breath, [int height]) {
       print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
     }
 
-    findVolume(10,20,30); //valid
-    findVolume(10,20); //also valid
+    findVolume31(10,20,30); //valid
+    findVolume31(10,20); //also valid
+}
+
+// Optional Named Parameter:
+// parameter will be disclosed with curly bracket { }
+// curly bracketed parameter are optional.
+// have to use parameter name to assign a value which separated with colan :
+// in curly bracketed parameter order does not matter
+// these type parameter help us to avoid confusion while passing value for a function which has many parameter.
+example32() {
+    findVolume32(int length, int breath, {int height}) {
+    print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
+    }
+
+    findVolume32(10,20,height:30);//valid & we can see the parameter name is mentioned here.
+    findVolume32(10,20);//also valid
+}
+
+// Optional Default Parameter:
+// same like optional named parameter in addition we can assign default value for this parameter.
+// which means no value is passed this default value will be taken.
+example33() {
+    findVolume33(int length, int breath, {int height=10}) {
+     print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
+    } 
+
+    findVolume33(10,20,height:30);//valid
+    findVolume33(10,20);//valid 
 }
 
 // Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
@@ -525,7 +552,7 @@ main() {
     example8, example9, example10, example11, example12, example13, example14,
     example15, example16, example17, example18, example19, example20,
     example21, example22, example23, example24, example25, example26,
-    example27, example28, example29, example30, example31
+    example27, example28, example29, example30, example31, example32, example33
     ].forEach((ef) => ef());
 }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7e27297ea555764a5e690f251205d9323b349bb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyle Mendes <kyle@springhealth.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Oct 2019 12:41:50 -0500
Subject: Formatting the dart example

---
 dart.html.markdown | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 07f755f7..dec2c904 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ example1() {
     nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2");
     nested2();
   }
+
   nested1();
 }
 
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ example2() {
   nested1(fn) {
     fn();
   }
+
   nested1(() => print("Example2 nested 1"));
 }
 
@@ -47,9 +49,12 @@ example3() {
   planA(fn(informSomething)) {
     fn("Example3 plan A");
   }
-  planB(fn) { // Or don't declare number of parameters.
+
+  planB(fn) {
+    // Or don't declare number of parameters.
     fn("Example3 plan B");
   }
+
   planA((s) => print(s));
   planB((s) => print(s));
 }
@@ -60,17 +65,20 @@ example4() {
   nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
     fn(example4Something);
   }
+
   nested1((s) => print(s));
 }
 
 // Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access
 // to the outer variable as though it were a function as seen before.
 var example5method = "Example5 sayIt";
+
 class Example5Class {
   sayIt() {
     print(example5method);
   }
 }
+
 example5() {
   // Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt
   // method on it.
@@ -86,6 +94,7 @@ class Example6Class {
     print(instanceVariable);
   }
 }
+
 example6() {
   new Example6Class().sayIt();
 }
@@ -96,10 +105,12 @@ class Example7Class {
   static sayItFromClass() {
     print(classVariable);
   }
+
   sayItFromInstance() {
     print(classVariable);
   }
 }
+
 example7() {
   Example7Class.sayItFromClass();
   new Example7Class().sayItFromInstance();
@@ -111,7 +122,7 @@ example7() {
 // by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
 // declaring them "const".
 var example8Array = const ["Example8 const array"],
-  example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
+    example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
 example8() {
   print(example8Array[0]);
   print(example8Map["someKey"]);
@@ -172,6 +183,7 @@ example13() {
       print("Example13 regexp doesn't match '${s}'");
     }
   }
+
   match(s1);
   match(s2);
 }
@@ -190,7 +202,7 @@ example14() {
   }
 
   // dynamic typed null can be convert to bool
-  var b;// b is dynamic type
+  var b; // b is dynamic type
   b = "abc";
   try {
     if (b) {
@@ -240,9 +252,11 @@ example15() {
 // StringBuffer. Or you could join a string array.
 example16() {
   var sb = new StringBuffer(), a = ["a", "b", "c", "d"], e;
-  for (e in a) { sb.write(e); }
+  for (e in a) {
+    sb.write(e);
+  }
   print("Example16 dynamic string created with "
-    "StringBuffer '${sb.toString()}'");
+      "StringBuffer '${sb.toString()}'");
   print("Example16 join string array '${a.join()}'");
 }
 
@@ -302,11 +316,13 @@ class Example21 {
   set names(List<String> list) {
     _names = list;
   }
+
   int get length => _names.length;
   void add(String name) {
     _names.add(name);
   }
 }
+
 void example21() {
   Example21 o = new Example21();
   o.add("c");
@@ -320,7 +336,9 @@ class Example22A {
   var _name = "Some Name!";
   get name => _name;
 }
+
 class Example22B extends Example22A {}
+
 example22() {
   var o = new Example22B();
   print("Example22 class inheritance '${o.name}'");
@@ -334,19 +352,21 @@ example22() {
 // single inheritance doesn't get in the way of reusable code.
 // Mixins follow the "with" statement during the class declaration.
 class Example23A {}
+
 class Example23Utils {
   addTwo(n1, n2) {
     return n1 + n2;
   }
 }
+
 class Example23B extends Example23A with Example23Utils {
   addThree(n1, n2, n3) {
     return addTwo(n1, n2) + n3;
   }
 }
+
 example23() {
-  var o = new Example23B(), r1 = o.addThree(1, 2, 3),
-    r2 = o.addTwo(1, 2);
+  var o = new Example23B(), r1 = o.addThree(1, 2, 3), r2 = o.addTwo(1, 2);
   print("Example23 addThree(1, 2, 3) results in '${r1}'");
   print("Example23 addTwo(1, 2) results in '${r2}'");
 }
@@ -362,12 +382,13 @@ class Example24A {
   }
   get value => _value;
 }
+
 class Example24B extends Example24A {
   Example24B({value: "someOtherValue"}) : super(value: value);
 }
+
 example24() {
-  var o1 = new Example24B(),
-    o2 = new Example24B(value: "evenMore");
+  var o1 = new Example24B(), o2 = new Example24B(value: "evenMore");
   print("Example24 calling super during constructor '${o1.value}'");
   print("Example24 calling super during constructor '${o2.value}'");
 }
@@ -379,10 +400,11 @@ class Example25 {
   var value, anotherValue;
   Example25({this.value, this.anotherValue});
 }
+
 example25() {
   var o = new Example25(value: "a", anotherValue: "b");
   print("Example25 shortcut for constructor '${o.value}' and "
-    "'${o.anotherValue}'");
+      "'${o.anotherValue}'");
 }
 
 // Named parameters are available when declared between {}.
@@ -394,17 +416,19 @@ example26() {
     _name = name;
     _surname = surname;
   }
+
   setConfig2(name, [surname, email]) {
     _name = name;
     _surname = surname;
     _email = email;
   }
+
   setConfig1(surname: "Doe", name: "John");
   print("Example26 name '${_name}', surname '${_surname}', "
-    "email '${_email}'");
+      "email '${_email}'");
   setConfig2("Mary", "Jane");
   print("Example26 name '${_name}', surname '${_surname}', "
-  "email '${_email}'");
+      "email '${_email}'");
 }
 
 // Variables declared with final can only be set once.
@@ -416,6 +440,7 @@ class Example27 {
   // that follows the :
   Example27({this.color1, color2}) : color2 = color2;
 }
+
 example27() {
   final color = "orange", o = new Example27(color1: "lilac", color2: "white");
   print("Example27 color is '${color}'");
@@ -434,6 +459,7 @@ class Example28 extends IterableBase {
   }
   get iterator => names.iterator;
 }
+
 example28() {
   var o = new Example28();
   o.forEach((name) => print("Example28 '${name}'"));
@@ -459,10 +485,12 @@ example29() {
   callItForMe(fn()) {
     return fn();
   }
+
   rand() {
     v = new DM.Random().nextInt(50);
     return v;
   }
+
   while (true) {
     print("Example29 callItForMe(rand) '${callItForMe(rand)}'");
     if (v != 30) {
@@ -477,8 +505,12 @@ example29() {
 // Parse int, convert double to int, or just keep int when dividing numbers
 // by using the ~/ operation. Let's play a guess game too.
 example30() {
-  var gn, tooHigh = false,
-    n, n2 = (2.0).toInt(), top = int.parse("123") ~/ n2, bottom = 0;
+  var gn,
+      tooHigh = false,
+      n,
+      n2 = (2.0).toInt(),
+      top = int.parse("123") ~/ n2,
+      bottom = 0;
   top = top ~/ 6;
   gn = new DM.Random().nextInt(top + 1); // +1 because nextInt top is exclusive
   print("Example30 Guess a number between 0 and ${top}");
@@ -488,10 +520,11 @@ example30() {
     } else {
       tooHigh = n > gn;
       print("Example30 Number ${n} is too "
-        "${tooHigh ? 'high' : 'low'}. Try again");
+          "${tooHigh ? 'high' : 'low'}. Try again");
     }
     return n == gn;
   }
+
   n = (top - bottom) ~/ 2;
   while (!guessNumber(n)) {
     if (tooHigh) {
@@ -510,12 +543,15 @@ example30() {
 // the program needs to startup with.
 main() {
   print("Learn Dart in 15 minutes!");
-  [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, example6, example7,
-    example8, example9, example10, example11, example12, example13, example14,
-    example15, example16, example17, example18, example19, example20,
-    example21, example22, example23, example24, example25, example26,
-    example27, example28, example29, example30
-    ].forEach((ef) => ef());
+  [
+    example1, example2, example3, example4, example5,
+    example6, example7, example8, example9, example10,
+    example11, example12, example13, example14, example15,
+    example16, example17, example18, example19, example20,
+    example21, example22, example23, example24, example25,
+    example26, example27, example28, example29,
+    example30 // Adding this comment stops the dart formatter from putting all items on a new line
+  ].forEach((ef) => ef());
 }
 
 ```
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2a887480d16d77d7a717a38fabb29a563954ade1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ho Chin Chee <alexho97@hotmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Dec 2019 11:21:13 +0800
Subject: Update dart.html.markdown

---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 07f755f7..f8fb06fc 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ example14() {
   // statically typed null can not be convert to bool
   var c = "abc";
   c = null;
-  // complie failed
+  // compile failed
   // if (c) {
   //   print("true, c is $c");
   // } else {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From dd4ed947839e57d0ba1bfaf5cdc7a46b6bac7c0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Vince Ramces V. Oliveros" <blusea231@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2020 11:15:29 +0800
Subject: prefer using 3 slash for code comments

---
 dart.html.markdown | 279 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index ce6f681b..f7c50b82 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -2,28 +2,29 @@
 language: dart
 filename: learndart.dart
 contributors:
-    - ["Joao Pedrosa", "https://github.com/jpedrosa/"]
+  - ["Joao Pedrosa", "https://github.com/jpedrosa/"]
+  - ["Vince Ramces Oliveros", "https://github.com/ram231"]
 ---
 
 Dart is a newcomer into the realm of programming languages.
 It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages, having as a goal not to deviate too much from
-its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration.
+~~its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration.~~
 
-Dart's most controversial feature must be its Optional Typing.
+Dart's most controversial feature must be its ~~Optional Typing~~ Static Type safety and [Sound Type checks](https://dart.dev/guides/language/sound-dart).
 
 ```dart
 import "dart:collection";
-import "dart:math" as DM;
-
-// Welcome to Learn Dart in 15 minutes. http://www.dartlang.org/
-// This is an executable tutorial. You can run it with Dart or on
-// the Try Dart! site if you copy/paste it there. http://try.dartlang.org/
-
-// Function declaration and method declaration look the same. Function
-// declarations can be nested. The declaration takes the form of
-// name() {} or name() => singleLineExpression;
-// The fat arrow function declaration has an implicit return for the result of
-// the expression.
+import "dart:math" as math;
+
+/// Welcome to Learn Dart in 15 minutes. http://dart.dev/
+/// This is an executable tutorial. You can run it with Dart or on
+/// the Try Dart! site if you copy/paste it there. http://dartpad.dev/
+/// You can also run Flutter in DartPad by click the `< > New Pad ` and choose Flutter
+/// Function declaration and method declaration look the same. Function
+/// declarations can be nested. The declaration takes the form of
+/// name() {} or name() => singleLineExpression;
+/// The fat arrow function declaration can be an implicit or explicit return for the result of
+/// the expression.
 example1() {
   nested1() {
     nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2");
@@ -32,29 +33,30 @@ example1() {
   nested1();
 }
 
-// Anonymous functions don't include a name.
+/// Anonymous functions don't include a name.
 example2() {
-  nested1(fn) {
+  //// Explicit return type.
+  nested1(Function<void> fn) {
     fn();
   }
   nested1(() => print("Example2 nested 1"));
 }
 
-// When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the
-// number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the
-// parameters it takes.
+/// When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the
+/// number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the
+/// parameters it takes.
 example3() {
   planA(fn(informSomething)) {
     fn("Example3 plan A");
   }
-  planB(fn) { // Or don't declare number of parameters.
+  planB(fn) { /// Or don't declare number of parameters.
     fn("Example3 plan B");
   }
   planA((s) => print(s));
   planB((s) => print(s));
 }
 
-// Functions have closure access to outer variables.
+/// Functions have closure access to outer variables.
 var example4Something = "Example4 nested 1";
 example4() {
   nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
@@ -63,8 +65,8 @@ example4() {
   nested1((s) => print(s));
 }
 
-// Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access
-// to the outer variable as though it were a function as seen before.
+/// Class declaration with a sayIt method, which also has closure access
+/// to the outer variable as though it were a function as seen before.
 var example5method = "Example5 sayIt";
 class Example5Class {
   sayIt() {
@@ -72,14 +74,14 @@ class Example5Class {
   }
 }
 example5() {
-  // Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt
-  // method on it.
+  /// Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt
+  /// method on it.
   new Example5Class().sayIt();
 }
 
-// Class declaration takes the form of class name { [classBody] }.
-// Where classBody can include instance methods and variables, but also
-// class methods and variables.
+/// Class declaration takes the form of class name { [classBody] }.
+/// Where classBody can include instance methods and variables, but also
+/// class methods and variables.
 class Example6Class {
   var instanceVariable = "Example6 instance variable";
   sayIt() {
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ example6() {
   new Example6Class().sayIt();
 }
 
-// Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms.
+/// Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms.
 class Example7Class {
   static var classVariable = "Example7 class variable";
   static sayItFromClass() {
@@ -105,11 +107,11 @@ example7() {
   new Example7Class().sayItFromInstance();
 }
 
-// Literals are great, but there's a restriction for what literals can be
-// outside of function/method bodies. Literals on the outer scope of class
-// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant
-// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
-// declaring them "const".
+/// Literals are great, but there's a restriction for what literals can be
+/// outside of function/method bodies. Literals on the outer scope of class
+/// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant
+/// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
+/// declaring them "const".
 var example8Array = const ["Example8 const array"],
   example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
 example8() {
@@ -117,9 +119,9 @@ example8() {
   print(example8Map["someKey"]);
 }
 
-// Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops,
-// slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many
-// supported features, starting with forEach.
+/// Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops,
+/// slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many
+/// supported features, starting with forEach.
 var example9Array = const ["a", "b"];
 example9() {
   for (var i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ example9() {
   example9Array.forEach((e) => print("Example9 forEach loop '${e}'"));
 }
 
-// To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring.
+/// To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring.
 var example10String = "ab";
 example10() {
   for (var i = 0; i < example10String.length; i++) {
@@ -147,14 +149,14 @@ example10() {
   }
 }
 
-// Int and double are the two supported number formats.
+/// Int and double are the two supported number formats.
 example11() {
   var i = 1 + 320, d = 3.2 + 0.01;
   print("Example11 int ${i}");
   print("Example11 double ${d}");
 }
 
-// DateTime provides date/time arithmetic.
+/// DateTime provides date/time arithmetic.
 example12() {
   var now = new DateTime.now();
   print("Example12 now '${now}'");
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ example12() {
   print("Example12 tomorrow '${now}'");
 }
 
-// Regular expressions are supported.
+/// Regular expressions are supported.
 example13() {
   var s1 = "some string", s2 = "some", re = new RegExp("^s.+?g\$");
   match(s) {
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ example13() {
   match(s2);
 }
 
-// Boolean expressions support implicit conversions and dynamic type
+/// Boolean expressions support implicit conversions and dynamic type
 example14() {
   var a = true;
   if (a) {
@@ -186,11 +188,11 @@ example14() {
   if (a) {
     print("true, a is $a");
   } else {
-    print("false, a is $a"); // runs here
+    print("false, a is $a"); /// runs here
   }
 
-  // dynamic typed null can be convert to bool
-  var b;// b is dynamic type
+  /// dynamic typed null can be convert to bool
+  var b;/// b is dynamic type
   b = "abc";
   try {
     if (b) {
@@ -199,35 +201,35 @@ example14() {
       print("false, b is $b");
     }
   } catch (e) {
-    print("error, b is $b"); // this could be run but got error
+    print("error, b is $b"); /// this could be run but got error
   }
   b = null;
   if (b) {
     print("true, b is $b");
   } else {
-    print("false, b is $b"); // runs here
+    print("false, b is $b"); /// runs here
   }
 
-  // statically typed null can not be convert to bool
+  /// statically typed null can not be convert to bool
   var c = "abc";
   c = null;
-  // complie failed
-  // if (c) {
-  //   print("true, c is $c");
-  // } else {
-  //   print("false, c is $c");
-  // }
+  /// complie failed
+  /// if (c) {
+  ///   print("true, c is $c");
+  /// } else {
+  ///   print("false, c is $c");
+  /// }
 }
 
-// try/catch/finally and throw are used for exception handling.
-// throw takes any object as parameter;
+/// try/catch/finally and throw are used for exception handling.
+/// throw takes any object as parameter;
 example15() {
   try {
     try {
       throw "Some unexpected error.";
     } catch (e) {
       print("Example15 an exception: '${e}'");
-      throw e; // Re-throw
+      throw e; /// Re-throw
     }
   } catch (e) {
     print("Example15 catch exception being re-thrown: '${e}'");
@@ -236,8 +238,8 @@ example15() {
   }
 }
 
-// To be efficient when creating a long string dynamically, use
-// StringBuffer. Or you could join a string array.
+/// To be efficient when creating a long string dynamically, use
+/// StringBuffer. Or you could join a string array.
 example16() {
   var sb = new StringBuffer(), a = ["a", "b", "c", "d"], e;
   for (e in a) { sb.write(e); }
@@ -246,8 +248,8 @@ example16() {
   print("Example16 join string array '${a.join()}'");
 }
 
-// Strings can be concatenated by just having string literals next to
-// one another with no further operator needed.
+/// Strings can be concatenated by just having string literals next to
+/// one another with no further operator needed.
 example17() {
   print("Example17 "
       "concatenate "
@@ -255,44 +257,44 @@ example17() {
       "just like that");
 }
 
-// Strings have single-quote or double-quote for delimiters with no
-// actual difference between the two. The given flexibility can be good
-// to avoid the need to escape content that matches the delimiter being
-// used. For example, double-quotes of HTML attributes if the string
-// contains HTML content.
+/// Strings have single-quote or double-quote for delimiters with no
+/// actual difference between the two. The given flexibility can be good
+/// to avoid the need to escape content that matches the delimiter being
+/// used. For example, double-quotes of HTML attributes if the string
+/// contains HTML content.
 example18() {
   print('Example18 <a href="etc">'
       "Don't can't I'm Etc"
       '</a>');
 }
 
-// Strings with triple single-quotes or triple double-quotes span
-// multiple lines and include line delimiters.
+/// Strings with triple single-quotes or triple double-quotes span
+/// multiple lines and include line delimiters.
 example19() {
   print('''Example19 <a href="etc">
 Example19 Don't can't I'm Etc
 Example19 </a>''');
 }
 
-// Strings have the nice interpolation feature with the $ character.
-// With $ { [expression] }, the return of the expression is interpolated.
-// $ followed by a variable name interpolates the content of that variable.
-// $ can be escaped like so \$ to just add it to the string instead.
+/// Strings have the nice interpolation feature with the $ character.
+/// With $ { [expression] }, the return of the expression is interpolated.
+/// $ followed by a variable name interpolates the content of that variable.
+/// $ can be escaped like so \$ to just add it to the string instead.
 example20() {
   var s1 = "'\${s}'", s2 = "'\$s'";
   print("Example20 \$ interpolation ${s1} or $s2 works.");
 }
 
-// Optional types allow for the annotation of APIs and come to the aid of
-// IDEs so the IDEs can better refactor, auto-complete and check for
-// errors. So far we haven't declared any types and the programs have
-// worked just fine. In fact, types are disregarded during runtime.
-// Types can even be wrong and the program will still be given the
-// benefit of the doubt and be run as though the types didn't matter.
-// There's a runtime parameter that checks for type errors which is
-// the checked mode, which is said to be useful during development time,
-// but which is also slower because of the extra checking and is thus
-// avoided during deployment runtime.
+/// Optional types allow for the annotation of APIs and come to the aid of
+/// IDEs so the IDEs can better refactor, auto-complete and check for
+/// errors. So far we haven't declared any types and the programs have
+/// worked just fine. In fact, types are disregarded during runtime.
+/// Types can even be wrong and the program will still be given the
+/// benefit of the doubt and be run as though the types didn't matter.
+/// There's a runtime parameter that checks for type errors which is
+/// the checked mode, which is said to be useful during development time,
+/// but which is also slower because of the extra checking and is thus
+/// avoided during deployment runtime.
 class Example21 {
   List<String> _names;
   Example21() {
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ void example21() {
   print("Example21 names '${o.names}' and length '${o.length}'");
 }
 
-// Class inheritance takes the form of class name extends AnotherClassName {}.
+/// Class inheritance takes the form of class name extends AnotherClassName {}.
 class Example22A {
   var _name = "Some Name!";
   get name => _name;
@@ -326,13 +328,13 @@ example22() {
   print("Example22 class inheritance '${o.name}'");
 }
 
-// Class mixin is also available, and takes the form of
-// class name extends SomeClass with AnotherClassName {}.
-// It's necessary to extend some class to be able to mixin another one.
-// The template class of mixin cannot at the moment have a constructor.
-// Mixin is mostly used to share methods with distant classes, so the
-// single inheritance doesn't get in the way of reusable code.
-// Mixins follow the "with" statement during the class declaration.
+/// Class mixin is also available, and takes the form of
+/// class name extends SomeClass with AnotherClassName {}.
+/// It's necessary to extend some class to be able to mixin another one.
+/// The template class of mixin cannot at the moment have a constructor.
+/// Mixin is mostly used to share methods with distant classes, so the
+/// single inheritance doesn't get in the way of reusable code.
+/// Mixins follow the "with" statement during the class declaration.
 class Example23A {}
 class Example23Utils {
   addTwo(n1, n2) {
@@ -351,10 +353,10 @@ example23() {
   print("Example23 addTwo(1, 2) results in '${r2}'");
 }
 
-// The Class constructor method uses the same name of the class and
-// takes the form of SomeClass() : super() {}, where the ": super()"
-// part is optional and it's used to delegate constant parameters to the
-// super-parent's constructor.
+/// The Class constructor method uses the same name of the class and
+/// takes the form of SomeClass() : super() {}, where the ": super()"
+/// part is optional and it's used to delegate constant parameters to the
+/// super-parent's constructor.
 class Example24A {
   var _value;
   Example24A({value: "someValue"}) {
@@ -372,9 +374,9 @@ example24() {
   print("Example24 calling super during constructor '${o2.value}'");
 }
 
-// There's a shortcut to set constructor parameters in case of simpler classes.
-// Just use the this.parameterName prefix and it will set the parameter on
-// an instance variable of same name.
+/// There's a shortcut to set constructor parameters in case of simpler classes.
+/// Just use the this.parameterName prefix and it will set the parameter on
+/// an instance variable of same name.
 class Example25 {
   var value, anotherValue;
   Example25({this.value, this.anotherValue});
@@ -385,9 +387,9 @@ example25() {
     "'${o.anotherValue}'");
 }
 
-// Named parameters are available when declared between {}.
-// Parameter order can be optional when declared between {}.
-// Parameters can be made optional when declared between [].
+/// Named parameters are available when declared between {}.
+/// Parameter order can be optional when declared between {}.
+/// Parameters can be made optional when declared between [].
 example26() {
   var _name, _surname, _email;
   setConfig1({name, surname}) {
@@ -407,13 +409,13 @@ example26() {
   "email '${_email}'");
 }
 
-// Variables declared with final can only be set once.
-// In case of classes, final instance variables can be set via constant
-// constructor parameter.
+/// Variables declared with final can only be set once.
+/// In case of classes, final instance variables can be set via constant
+/// constructor parameter.
 class Example27 {
   final color1, color2;
-  // A little flexibility to set final instance variables with syntax
-  // that follows the :
+  /// A little flexibility to set final instance variables with syntax
+  /// that follows the :
   Example27({this.color1, color2}) : color2 = color2;
 }
 example27() {
@@ -422,11 +424,11 @@ example27() {
   print("Example27 color is '${o.color1}' and '${o.color2}'");
 }
 
-// To import a library, use import "libraryPath" or if it's a core library,
-// import "dart:libraryName". There's also the "pub" package management with
-// its own convention of import "package:packageName".
-// See import "dart:collection"; at the top. Imports must come before
-// other code declarations. IterableBase comes from dart:collection.
+/// To import a library, use import "libraryPath" or if it's a core library,
+/// import "dart:libraryName". There's also the "pub" package management with
+/// its own convention of import "package:packageName".
+/// See import "dart:collection"; at the top. Imports must come before
+/// other code declarations. IterableBase comes from dart:collection.
 class Example28 extends IterableBase {
   var names;
   Example28() {
@@ -439,11 +441,11 @@ example28() {
   o.forEach((name) => print("Example28 '${name}'"));
 }
 
-// For control flow we have:
-// * standard switch with must break statements
-// * if-else if-else and ternary ..?..:.. operator
-// * closures and anonymous functions
-// * break, continue and return statements
+/// For control flow we have:
+/// * standard switch with must break statements
+/// * if-else if-else and ternary ..?..:.. operator
+/// * closures and anonymous functions
+/// * break, continue and return statements
 example29() {
   var v = true ? 30 : 60;
   switch (v) {
@@ -470,17 +472,17 @@ example29() {
     } else {
       continue;
     }
-    // Never gets here.
+    /// Never gets here.
   }
 }
 
-// Parse int, convert double to int, or just keep int when dividing numbers
-// by using the ~/ operation. Let's play a guess game too.
+/// Parse int, convert double to int, or just keep int when dividing numbers
+/// by using the ~/ operation. Let's play a guess game too.
 example30() {
   var gn, tooHigh = false,
     n, n2 = (2.0).toInt(), top = int.parse("123") ~/ n2, bottom = 0;
   top = top ~/ 6;
-  gn = new DM.Random().nextInt(top + 1); // +1 because nextInt top is exclusive
+  gn = new DM.Random().nextInt(top + 1); /// +1 because nextInt top is exclusive
   print("Example30 Guess a number between 0 and ${top}");
   guessNumber(i) {
     if (n == gn) {
@@ -503,8 +505,8 @@ example30() {
   }
 }
 
-// Optional Positional Parameter:
-// parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional.
+/// Optional Positional Parameter:
+/// parameter will be disclosed with square bracket [ ] & square bracketed parameter are optional.
 example31() {
     findVolume31(int length, int breath, [int height]) {
       print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
@@ -514,12 +516,12 @@ example31() {
     findVolume31(10,20); //also valid
 }
 
-// Optional Named Parameter:
-// parameter will be disclosed with curly bracket { }
-// curly bracketed parameter are optional.
-// have to use parameter name to assign a value which separated with colan :
-// in curly bracketed parameter order does not matter
-// these type parameter help us to avoid confusion while passing value for a function which has many parameter.
+/// Optional Named Parameter:
+/// parameter will be disclosed with curly bracket { }
+/// curly bracketed parameter are optional.
+/// have to use parameter name to assign a value which separated with colan :
+/// in curly bracketed parameter order does not matter
+/// these type parameter help us to avoid confusion while passing value for a function which has many parameter.
 example32() {
     findVolume32(int length, int breath, {int height}) {
     print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
@@ -529,23 +531,23 @@ example32() {
     findVolume32(10,20);//also valid
 }
 
-// Optional Default Parameter:
-// same like optional named parameter in addition we can assign default value for this parameter.
-// which means no value is passed this default value will be taken.
+/// Optional Default Parameter:
+/// same like optional named parameter in addition we can assign default value for this parameter.
+/// which means no value is passed this default value will be taken.
 example33() {
     findVolume33(int length, int breath, {int height=10}) {
      print('length = $length, breath = $breath, height = $height');
-    } 
+    }
 
     findVolume33(10,20,height:30);//valid
-    findVolume33(10,20);//valid 
+    findVolume33(10,20);//valid
 }
 
-// Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
-// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program
-// starts running with what's in its main function.
-// This helps with faster loading and even lazily loading of just what
-// the program needs to startup with.
+/// Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
+/// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program
+/// starts running with what's in its main function.
+/// This helps with faster loading and even lazily loading of just what
+/// the program needs to startup with.
 main() {
   print("Learn Dart in 15 minutes!");
   [example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, example6, example7,
@@ -564,6 +566,3 @@ Dart has a comprehensive web-site. It covers API reference, tutorials, articles
 useful Try Dart online.
 [https://www.dartlang.org](https://www.dartlang.org)
 [https://try.dartlang.org](https://try.dartlang.org)
-
-
-
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From c114dd9875834f514087fcce5d5524c05a6c7310 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Vince Ramces V. Oliveros" <blusea231@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2020 13:43:49 +0800
Subject: add generics and in-depth for nums and List

---
 dart.html.markdown | 156 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 136 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index f7c50b82..3e6ffe09 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ contributors:
   - ["Vince Ramces Oliveros", "https://github.com/ram231"]
 ---
 
-Dart is a newcomer into the realm of programming languages.
-It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages, having as a goal not to deviate too much from
-~~its JavaScript sibling. Like JavaScript, Dart aims for great browser integration.~~
+**Dart** is a single threaded, general puprose programming languages.
+It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages.
+It supports Streams, Futures(known as Promises in JavaScript), Generics, First-class functions(closures) and static type checking.
+Dart can run in any platform such as Web, CLI,Desktop, Mobile and IoT devices.
 
-Dart's most controversial feature must be its ~~Optional Typing~~ Static Type safety and [Sound Type checks](https://dart.dev/guides/language/sound-dart).
+Dart's most controversial feature is its ~~Optional Typing~~ Static Type safety and [Sound Type checks](https://dart.dev/guides/language/sound-dart).
 
 ```dart
 import "dart:collection";
@@ -20,11 +21,53 @@ import "dart:math" as math;
 /// This is an executable tutorial. You can run it with Dart or on
 /// the Try Dart! site if you copy/paste it there. http://dartpad.dev/
 /// You can also run Flutter in DartPad by click the `< > New Pad ` and choose Flutter
+
+
+/// In Dart, Everything is an Object.
+/// Every declaration of an object is an instance of Null and
+/// Null is also an object.
+
+
+/// 3 Types of comments in dart
+// Single line comment
+/**
+* Multi-line comment
+* Can comment more than 2 lines
+*/
+/// Code doc comment
+/// It uses markdown syntax to generate code docs when making an API.
+/// Code doc comment is the recommended choice when documenting your APIs, classes and methods.
+
+/// 4 types of variable declaration.
+/// Constants are variables that are immutable cannot be change or altered.
+/// `const` in dart should practice SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE name declaration.
+const CONSTANT_VALUE = "I CANNOT CHANGE";
+CONSTANT_VALUE = "DID I?"; //Error
+/// Final is another variable declaration that cannot be change once it has been instantiated. Commonly used in classes and functions
+/// `final` can be declared in pascalCase.
+final finalValue = "value cannot be change once instantiated";
+finalValue = "Seems not"; //Error
+
+/// `var` is another variable declaration that is mutable and can change its value. Dart will infer types and will not change its data type
+var mutableValue = "Variable string";
+mutableValue = "this is valid";
+mutableValue = false; // Error.
+
+/// `dynamic` is another variable declaration in which the type is not evaluated by the dart static type checking.
+/// It can change its value and data type.
+/// Some dartisans uses dynamic cautiously as it cannot keep track of its data type. so use it at your own risk
+dynamic dynamicValue = "I'm a string";
+dynamicValue = false; // false
+
+
+/// Functions can be declared in a global space
 /// Function declaration and method declaration look the same. Function
 /// declarations can be nested. The declaration takes the form of
 /// name() {} or name() => singleLineExpression;
-/// The fat arrow function declaration can be an implicit or explicit return for the result of
-/// the expression.
+/// The fat arrow function declaration can be an implicit or
+/// explicit return for the result of the expression.
+/// Dart will execute a function called `main()` anywhere in the dart project.
+///
 example1() {
   nested1() {
     nested2() => print("Example1 nested 1 nested 2");
@@ -33,7 +76,7 @@ example1() {
   nested1();
 }
 
-/// Anonymous functions don't include a name.
+/// Anonymous functions don't include a name but can take number of arguments
 example2() {
   //// Explicit return type.
   nested1(Function<void> fn) {
@@ -43,10 +86,10 @@ example2() {
 }
 
 /// When a function parameter is declared, the declaration can include the
-/// number of parameters the function takes by specifying the names of the
+/// number of parameters the function takes by explicitly specifying the names of the
 /// parameters it takes.
 example3() {
-  planA(fn(informSomething)) {
+  planA(fn(String informSomething)) {
     fn("Example3 plan A");
   }
   planB(fn) { /// Or don't declare number of parameters.
@@ -57,6 +100,8 @@ example3() {
 }
 
 /// Functions have closure access to outer variables.
+/// Dart will infer types when the variable has a value of something.
+/// In this example dart knows that this variable is a String.
 var example4Something = "Example4 nested 1";
 example4() {
   nested1(fn(informSomething)) {
@@ -76,6 +121,7 @@ class Example5Class {
 example5() {
   /// Create an anonymous instance of the Example5Class and call the sayIt
   /// method on it.
+  /// the `new` keyword is optional in Dart.
   new Example5Class().sayIt();
 }
 
@@ -89,7 +135,7 @@ class Example6Class {
   }
 }
 example6() {
-  new Example6Class().sayIt();
+   Example6Class().sayIt();
 }
 
 /// Class methods and variables are declared with "static" terms.
@@ -107,24 +153,68 @@ example7() {
   new Example7Class().sayItFromInstance();
 }
 
-/// Literals are great, but there's a restriction for what literals can be
-/// outside of function/method bodies. Literals on the outer scope of class
+/// Dart supports Generics.
+/// Generics refers to the technique of writing the code for a class
+/// without specifying the data type(s) that the class works on.
+/// Source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4560890/what-are-generics-in-c
+
+/// Type `T` refers to any type that has been instantiated
+/// you can call whatever you want
+/// Programmers uses the convention in the following
+/// T - Type(used for class and primitype types)
+/// E - Element(used for List, Set, or Iterable)
+/// K,V - Key Value(used for Map)
+class GenericExample<T>{
+  void printType(){
+    print("$T")
+  }
+  // methods can also have generics
+  genericMethod<M>(){
+    print("class:$T, method: $M");
+  }
+}
+
+
+/// List are similar to arrays but list is a child of Iterable<E>
+/// Therefore Maps, List, LinkedList are all child of Iterable<E> to be able to loop using the keyword `for`
+/// Important things to remember:
+/// () - Iterable<E>
+/// [] - List<E>
+/// {} - Map<K,V>
+
+
+/// List are great, but there's a restriction for what List can be
+/// outside of function/method bodies. List on the outer scope of class
 /// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant
 /// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
-/// declaring them "const".
-var example8Array = const ["Example8 const array"],
-  example8Map = const {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
+/// declaring them "const". Kind of similar to Javascript's Object.freeze()
+const example8List = ["Example8 const array"],
+const  example8Map = {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
+/// Declare List or Maps as Objects.
+ List<String> explicitList = new List<String>();
+ Map<String,dynamic> explicitMaps = new Map<String,dynamic>();
+
+ explicitList.add("SomeArray");
 example8() {
   print(example8Array[0]);
   print(example8Map["someKey"]);
+  print(explicitList[0]);
 }
 
+/// Assigning a list from one variable to another will not be the same result.
+/// Because dart is pass-reference-by-value.
+/// So when you assign an existing list to a new variable.
+/// Instead of List, it becomes an Iterable
+var iterableExplicitList = explicitList;
+print(iterableExplicitList) // ("SomeArray"); "[]" becomes "()"
+var newExplicitLists = explicitList.toList() // Converts Iterable<E> to List<E>
+
 /// Loops in Dart take the form of standard for () {} or while () {} loops,
 /// slightly more modern for (.. in ..) {}, or functional callbacks with many
-/// supported features, starting with forEach.
+/// supported features, starting with forEach,map and where.
 var example9Array = const ["a", "b"];
 example9() {
-  for (var i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
+  for (final i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
     print("Example9 for loop '${example9Array[i]}'");
   }
   var i = 0;
@@ -132,10 +222,12 @@ example9() {
     print("Example9 while loop '${example9Array[i]}'");
     i++;
   }
-  for (var e in example9Array) {
+  for (final e in example9Array) {
     print("Example9 for-in loop '${e}'");
   }
+
   example9Array.forEach((e) => print("Example9 forEach loop '${e}'"));
+
 }
 
 /// To loop over the characters of a string or to extract a substring.
@@ -149,11 +241,34 @@ example10() {
   }
 }
 
-/// Int and double are the two supported number formats.
+/// `int`, `double`  and `num` are the three supported number formats.
+/// `num` can be either `int` or `double`.
+/// `int` and `double` are children of type `num`
 example11() {
   var i = 1 + 320, d = 3.2 + 0.01;
+  num myNumDouble = 2.2;
+  num myNumInt = 2;
+  int myInt = 1;
+  double myDouble = 0; // Dart will add decimal prefix, becomes 0.0;
+  myNumDouble = myInt; // valid
+  myNumDouble = myDouble; //valid
+  myNumDouble = myNumInt; //valid
+
+  myNumInt = myInt; // valid
+  myNumInt = myDouble; // valid
+  myNumInt = myNumDouble; // valid
+
+  myInt = myNumDouble; //Error
+  myInt = myDouble; //Error
+  myInt = myNumInt; //valid
+
+  myDouble = myInt; //error
+  myDouble = myNumInt; //valid
+  myDouble = myNumDouble; //valid
+
   print("Example11 int ${i}");
   print("Example11 double ${d}");
+
 }
 
 /// DateTime provides date/time arithmetic.
@@ -248,8 +363,9 @@ example16() {
   print("Example16 join string array '${a.join()}'");
 }
 
-/// Strings can be concatenated by just having string literals next to
+/// Strings can be concatenated by just having string List next to
 /// one another with no further operator needed.
+
 example17() {
   print("Example17 "
       "concatenate "
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ab5a1953e77288ca27bd7b4c931d8bb2e79a9966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Vince Ramces V. Oliveros" <blusea231@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2020 13:52:33 +0800
Subject: add dart null aware operator

---
 dart.html.markdown | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 3e6ffe09..3b94a254 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -659,6 +659,11 @@ example33() {
     findVolume33(10,20);//valid
 }
 
+/// Dart has also added feature such as Null aware operators
+var isBool = true;
+var hasString = isBool ?? "default String";
+var hasValue ??= "default Value";
+
 /// Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
 /// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program
 /// starts running with what's in its main function.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 1b1ba1be6d2ed0c13b4b058ca78f57061186b355 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Divay Prakash <divayprakash@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Feb 2020 17:37:13 +0530
Subject: Update dart.html.markdown

Fix spacing
---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index e6c66332..2672dc6a 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ contributors:
 **Dart** is a single threaded, general puprose programming languages.
 It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages.
 It supports Streams, Futures(known as Promises in JavaScript), Generics, First-class functions(closures) and static type checking.
-Dart can run in any platform such as Web, CLI,Desktop, Mobile and IoT devices.
+Dart can run in any platform such as Web, CLI, Desktop, Mobile and IoT devices.
 
 Dart's most controversial feature is its ~~Optional Typing~~ Static Type safety and [Sound Type checks](https://dart.dev/guides/language/sound-dart).
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From cfb34733963ed78cb134b9caff9bb0b0ba25aa34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Malev <playittodeath@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2020 13:44:54 +0300
Subject: Updated example 8

Updated const declaration and removed print addressing missing array.
---
 dart.html.markdown | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 2672dc6a..1e7233a4 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class GenericExample<T>{
 /// or outside of class have to be constant. Strings and numbers are constant
 /// by default. But arrays and maps are not. They can be made constant by
 /// declaring them "const". Kind of similar to Javascript's Object.freeze()
-const example8List = ["Example8 const array"],
+const example8List = ["Example8 const array"];
 const  example8Map = {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
 /// Declare List or Maps as Objects.
  List<String> explicitList = new List<String>();
@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ const  example8Map = {"someKey": "Example8 const map"};
 
  explicitList.add("SomeArray");
 example8() {
-  print(example8Array[0]);
   print(example8Map["someKey"]);
   print(explicitList[0]);
 }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2cbe4b53c60233755ee54478475b0155eacecdc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Malev <playittodeath@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2020 13:50:04 +0300
Subject: [dart/en-en] Updated example 9: made 'i' variable non-final

---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 2672dc6a..0a9140ac 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ var newExplicitLists = explicitList.toList() // Converts Iterable<E> to List<E>
 /// supported features, starting with forEach,map and where.
 var example9Array = const ["a", "b"];
 example9() {
-  for (final i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < example9Array.length; i++) {
     print("Example9 for loop '${example9Array[i]}'");
   }
   var i = 0;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 79561a4f43834edf47acf3e3d980aeacabe48d2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Malev <playittodeath@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2020 19:05:38 +0300
Subject: [dart/en-en] Updated example 33

`var hasValue ??= "default Value";`
doesn't work in dart 2.7.0
---
 dart.html.markdown | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 2672dc6a..3e50f75e 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -694,7 +694,6 @@ example33() {
 /// Dart has also added feature such as Null aware operators
 var isBool = true;
 var hasString = isBool ?? "default String";
-var hasValue ??= "default Value";
 
 /// Programs have only one entry point in the main function.
 /// Nothing is expected to be executed on the outer scope before a program
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 381d66fdef4c2d3eb7096b49bb0c6704eb9b2a43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophia Brandt <16630701+sophiabrandt@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 16:51:40 +0200
Subject: [fix] typo

Fix typo in introductory paragraph.
---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index 2672dc6a..e5f6fad5 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ contributors:
   - ["Vince Ramces Oliveros", "https://github.com/ram231"]
 ---
 
-**Dart** is a single threaded, general puprose programming languages.
+**Dart** is a single threaded, general purpose programming languages.
 It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages.
 It supports Streams, Futures(known as Promises in JavaScript), Generics, First-class functions(closures) and static type checking.
 Dart can run in any platform such as Web, CLI, Desktop, Mobile and IoT devices.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 5530cc0e2e5960ab862beca3daaa3890f77a012b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sophia Brandt <16630701+sophiabrandt@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Apr 2020 16:55:02 +0200
Subject: [fix] typo

fix another typo
---
 dart.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'dart.html.markdown')

diff --git a/dart.html.markdown b/dart.html.markdown
index e5f6fad5..ee695d33 100644
--- a/dart.html.markdown
+++ b/dart.html.markdown
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ contributors:
   - ["Vince Ramces Oliveros", "https://github.com/ram231"]
 ---
 
-**Dart** is a single threaded, general purpose programming languages.
+**Dart** is a single threaded, general purpose programming language.
 It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages.
 It supports Streams, Futures(known as Promises in JavaScript), Generics, First-class functions(closures) and static type checking.
 Dart can run in any platform such as Web, CLI, Desktop, Mobile and IoT devices.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3