From adc474c4c95ea18f12cab5e7d5c7d57598f0f18e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Spindler <25225092+s-spindler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 21:38:53 +0200
Subject: Add sets to empty things that are false

---
 python.html.markdown | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 0bd16a80..e8c7110a 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -153,13 +153,14 @@ None  # => None
 "etc" is None  # => False
 None is None   # => True
 
-# None, 0, and empty strings/lists/dicts/tuples all evaluate to False.
+# None, 0, and empty strings/lists/dicts/tuples/sets all evaluate to False.
 # All other values are True
-bool(0)   # => False
-bool("")  # => False
-bool([])  # => False
-bool({})  # => False
-bool(())  # => False
+bool(0)     # => False
+bool("")    # => False
+bool([])    # => False
+bool({})    # => False
+bool(())    # => False
+bool(set()) # => False
 
 ####################################################
 ## 2. Variables and Collections
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 6c2c6b10760ae786621438cfd60dfd326d48be41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Aug 2022 18:45:40 +0100
Subject: Clarify casting and move bool() method section

---
 python.html.markdown | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index e8c7110a..0b115c4e 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -85,12 +85,24 @@ False - 5   # => -5
 2 == True   # => False
 -5 != False # => True
 
-# Using boolean logical operators on ints casts them to booleans for evaluation, but their non-cast value is returned
-# Don't mix up with bool(ints) and bitwise and/or (&,|)
+# None, 0, and empty strings/lists/dicts/tuples/sets all evaluate to False.
+# All other values are True
 bool(0)     # => False
+bool("")    # => False
+bool([])    # => False
+bool({})    # => False
+bool(())    # => False
+bool(set()) # => False
 bool(4)     # => True
 bool(-6)    # => True
+
+# Using boolean logical operators on ints casts them to booleans for evaluation, but their non-cast value is returned
+# Don't mix up with bool(ints) and bitwise and/or (&,|)
+bool(0)     # => False
+bool(2)     # => True
 0 and 2     # => 0
+bool(-5)    # => True
+bool(2)     # => True
 -5 or 0     # => -5
 
 # Equality is ==
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 52617d5c82c0f5a8c50e9c75dde3918a3b81a869 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregory Inouye <48232124+gregoryinouye@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 11:56:59 -0700
Subject: remove duplicate truthy falsy explanation

---
 python.html.markdown | 9 ---------
 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 0b115c4e..4aeb93f4 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -165,15 +165,6 @@ None  # => None
 "etc" is None  # => False
 None is None   # => True
 
-# None, 0, and empty strings/lists/dicts/tuples/sets all evaluate to False.
-# All other values are True
-bool(0)     # => False
-bool("")    # => False
-bool([])    # => False
-bool({})    # => False
-bool(())    # => False
-bool(set()) # => False
-
 ####################################################
 ## 2. Variables and Collections
 ####################################################
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e3ee5b81faad348586ff50dda2100046bd17591f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 18:07:08 +0100
Subject: Update python.html.markdown

---
 python.html.markdown | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 4aeb93f4..4382181f 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Rommel Martinez", "https://ebzzry.io"]
     - ["Roberto Fernandez Diaz", "https://github.com/robertofd1995"]
     - ["caminsha", "https://github.com/caminsha"]
+    - ["Stanislav Modrak", "https://stanislav.gq"]
 filename: learnpython.py
 ---
 
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ False - 5   # => -5
 
 # Comparison operators look at the numerical value of True and False
 0 == False  # => True
-1 == True   # => True
+2 > True    # => True
 2 == True   # => False
 -5 != False # => True
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From c86c82f4b5081f542ea580088b53574c09b6688c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 18:36:17 +0100
Subject: Update python.html.markdown

---
 python.html.markdown | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 4aeb93f4..2f91d452 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
 
 """
 "range(number)" returns an iterable of numbers
-from zero to the given number
+from zero up to (but excluding) the given number
 prints:
     0
     1
@@ -628,6 +628,12 @@ def set_global_x(num):
 
 set_x(43)
 set_global_x(6)
+"""
+prints:
+    43
+    5
+    6
+"""
 
 
 # Python has first class functions
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 610676c76efa7532975cfcc8dc5b8b69cdce1a84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 18:37:42 +0100
Subject: Update python.html.markdown

---
 python.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 2f91d452..22827963 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Rommel Martinez", "https://ebzzry.io"]
     - ["Roberto Fernandez Diaz", "https://github.com/robertofd1995"]
     - ["caminsha", "https://github.com/caminsha"]
+    - ["Stanislav Modrak", "https://stanislav.gq"]
 filename: learnpython.py
 ---
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 25e194aa0fe8cb82ca8f68c14993d31bf55bf034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Oct 2022 19:30:44 +0100
Subject: Update python.html.markdown

---
 python.html.markdown | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 22827963..687529b5 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -613,15 +613,17 @@ y = 2
 x, y = swap(x, y)     # => x = 2, y = 1
 # (x, y) = swap(x,y)  # Again parenthesis have been excluded but can be included.
 
-# Function Scope
+# global scope
 x = 5
 
 def set_x(num):
-    # Local var x not the same as global variable x
+    # local scope begins here
+    # local var x not the same as global var x
     x = num    # => 43
     print(x)   # => 43
 
 def set_global_x(num):
+    # global indicates that particular var lives in the global scope
     global x
     print(x)   # => 5
     x = num    # global var x is now set to 6
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0dcfdfb4b4fe27dce599b10f915a55d162e6496c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norwid Behrnd <nbehrnd@yahoo.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Nov 2022 12:50:57 +0100
Subject: remove overly long lines by additional line breaks

The threshold of a line considered as too long is 80 characters
per line.  Changes introduced only alter the use of line breaks.
---
 python.html.markdown | 29 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 687529b5..72dd45a6 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ contributors:
 filename: learnpython.py
 ---
 
-Python was created by Guido van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular
-languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntactic clarity. It's basically
-executable pseudocode.
+Python was created by Guido van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the
+most popular languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its
+syntactic clarity. It's basically executable pseudocode.
 
-Note: This article applies to Python 3 specifically. Check out [here](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/pythonlegacy/) if you want to learn the old Python 2.7
+Note: This article applies to Python 3 specifically. Check out
+[here](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/pythonlegacy/) if you want to learn the
+old Python 2.7
 
 ```python
 
@@ -97,8 +99,9 @@ bool(set()) # => False
 bool(4)     # => True
 bool(-6)    # => True
 
-# Using boolean logical operators on ints casts them to booleans for evaluation, but their non-cast value is returned
-# Don't mix up with bool(ints) and bitwise and/or (&,|)
+# Using boolean logical operators on ints casts them to booleans for evaluation,
+# but their non-cast value is returned. Don't mix up with bool(ints) and bitwise
+# and/or (&,|)
 bool(0)     # => False
 bool(2)     # => True
 0 and 2     # => 0
@@ -348,7 +351,7 @@ del filled_dict["one"]  # Removes the key "one" from filled dict
 
 # Sets store ... well sets
 empty_set = set()
-# Initialize a set with a bunch of values. Yeah, it looks a bit like a dict. Sorry.
+# Initialize a set with a bunch of values.
 some_set = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4}  # some_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4}
 
 # Similar to keys of a dictionary, elements of a set have to be immutable.
@@ -533,8 +536,8 @@ our_iterable[1]  # Raises a TypeError
 # An iterable is an object that knows how to create an iterator.
 our_iterator = iter(our_iterable)
 
-# Our iterator is an object that can remember the state as we traverse through it.
-# We get the next object with "next()".
+# Our iterator is an object that can remember the state as we traverse through
+# it. We get the next object with "next()".
 next(our_iterator)  # => "one"
 
 # It maintains state as we iterate.
@@ -719,8 +722,8 @@ class Human:
     # Note that the double leading and trailing underscores denote objects
     # or attributes that are used by Python but that live in user-controlled
     # namespaces. Methods(or objects or attributes) like: __init__, __str__,
-    # __repr__ etc. are called special methods (or sometimes called dunder methods)
-    # You should not invent such names on your own.
+    # __repr__ etc. are called special methods (or sometimes called dunder
+    # methods). You should not invent such names on your own.
     def __init__(self, name):
         # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
         self.name = name
@@ -811,8 +814,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 # "species", "name", and "age", as well as methods, like "sing" and "grunt"
 # from the Human class, but can also have its own unique properties.
 
-# To take advantage of modularization by file you could place the classes above in their own files,
-# say, human.py
+# To take advantage of modularization by file you could place the classes above
+# in their own files, say, human.py
 
 # To import functions from other files use the following format
 # from "filename-without-extension" import "function-or-class"
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 3d0ea351cb733f081d63aff337544cd1bcba41e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norwid Behrnd <nbehrnd@yahoo.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Nov 2022 13:33:15 +0100
Subject: remove overly long lines by edit of content

Light rephrasing to stay within the constraint of 80 chars/line.
The cross links at the end of the document are not affected.
---
 python.html.markdown | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 72dd45a6..2247f263 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ b == a            # => True, a's and b's objects are equal
 # You can find the length of a string
 len("This is a string")  # => 16
 
-# You can also format using f-strings or formatted string literals (in Python 3.6+)
+# Since Python 3.6, you can use f-strings or formatted string literals.
 name = "Reiko"
 f"She said her name is {name}." # => "She said her name is Reiko"
-# You can basically put any Python expression inside the braces and it will be output in the string.
+# Any valid Python expression inside these braces is returned to the string.
 f"{name} is {len(name)} characters long." # => "Reiko is 5 characters long."
 
 # None is an object
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
 # Note keys for dictionaries have to be immutable types. This is to ensure that
 # the key can be converted to a constant hash value for quick look-ups.
 # Immutable types include ints, floats, strings, tuples.
-invalid_dict = {[1,2,3]: "123"}  # => Raises a TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
+invalid_dict = {[1,2,3]: "123"}  # => Yield a TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
 valid_dict = {(1,2,3):[1,2,3]}   # Values can be of any type, however.
 
 # Look up values with []
@@ -457,8 +457,7 @@ for i in range(4, 8, 2):
     print(i)
 
 """
-To loop over a list, and retrieve both the index and the value of each item in the list
-prints:
+Loop over a list to retrieve both the index and the value of each list item:
     0 dog
     1 cat
     2 mouse
@@ -485,10 +484,11 @@ try:
     # Use "raise" to raise an error
     raise IndexError("This is an index error")
 except IndexError as e:
-    pass                 # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
+    pass                 # Refrain from this, provide a recovery (next example).
 except (TypeError, NameError):
-    pass                 # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required.
-else:                    # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks
+    pass                 # Multiple exceptions can be processed jointly.
+else:                    # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow
+                         # all except blocks.
     print("All good!")   # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions
 finally:                 # Execute under all circumstances
     print("We can clean up resources here")
@@ -524,7 +524,8 @@ print(contents)
 
 filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
 our_iterable = filled_dict.keys()
-print(our_iterable)  # => dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three']). This is an object that implements our Iterable interface.
+print(our_iterable)  # => dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three']). This is an object
+                     # that implements our Iterable interface.
 
 # We can loop over it.
 for i in our_iterable:
@@ -544,7 +545,8 @@ next(our_iterator)  # => "one"
 next(our_iterator)  # => "two"
 next(our_iterator)  # => "three"
 
-# After the iterator has returned all of its data, it raises a StopIteration exception
+# After the iterator has returned all of its data, it raises a
+# StopIteration exception
 next(our_iterator)  # Raises StopIteration
 
 # We can also loop over it, in fact, "for" does this implicitly!
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@ our_iterator = iter(our_iterable)
 for i in our_iterator:
     print(i)  # Prints one, two, three
 
-# You can grab all the elements of an iterable or iterator by calling list() on it.
+# You can grab all the elements of an iterable or iterator by call of list().
 list(our_iterable)  # => Returns ["one", "two", "three"]
 list(our_iterator)  # => Returns [] because state is saved
 
@@ -602,9 +604,9 @@ all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
 # Use * to expand tuples and use ** to expand kwargs.
 args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
 kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
-all_the_args(*args)            # equivalent to all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
-all_the_args(**kwargs)         # equivalent to all_the_args(a=3, b=4)
-all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)  # equivalent to all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
+all_the_args(*args)            # equivalent: all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
+all_the_args(**kwargs)         # equivalent: all_the_args(a=3, b=4)
+all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)  # equivalent: all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
 
 # Returning multiple values (with tuple assignments)
 def swap(x, y):
@@ -614,7 +616,7 @@ def swap(x, y):
 x = 1
 y = 2
 x, y = swap(x, y)     # => x = 2, y = 1
-# (x, y) = swap(x,y)  # Again parenthesis have been excluded but can be included.
+# (x, y) = swap(x,y)  # Again the use of parenthesis is optional.
 
 # global scope
 x = 5
@@ -662,7 +664,7 @@ list(map(max, [1, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1]))  # => [4, 2, 3]
 list(filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]))  # => [6, 7]
 
 # We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters
-# List comprehension stores the output as a list which can itself be a nested list
+# List comprehension stores the output as a list (which itself may be nested).
 [add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]         # => [11, 12, 13]
 [x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5]  # => [6, 7]
 
@@ -777,7 +779,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     i.say("hi")                     # "Ian: hi"
     j = Human("Joel")
     j.say("hello")                  # "Joel: hello"
-    # i and j are instances of type Human, or in other words: they are Human objects
+    # i and j are instances of type Human; i.e., they are Human objects.
 
     # Call our class method
     i.say(i.get_species())          # "Ian: H. sapiens"
@@ -939,8 +941,8 @@ class Batman(Superhero, Bat):
         # However we are dealing with multiple inheritance here, and super()
         # only works with the next base class in the MRO list.
         # So instead we explicitly call __init__ for all ancestors.
-        # The use of *args and **kwargs allows for a clean way to pass arguments,
-        # with each parent "peeling a layer of the onion".
+        # The use of *args and **kwargs allows for a clean way to pass
+        # arguments, with each parent "peeling a layer of the onion".
         Superhero.__init__(self, 'anonymous', movie=True,
                            superpowers=['Wealthy'], *args, **kwargs)
         Bat.__init__(self, *args, can_fly=False, **kwargs)
@@ -1039,8 +1041,6 @@ print(say())                 # Can you buy me a beer?
 print(say(say_please=True))  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
 ```
 
-## Ready For More?
-
 ### Free Online
 
 * [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4d6309b2bde3c927691b15d049ef7a31c678e1f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcel Ribeiro Dantas <ribeirodantasdm@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Dec 2022 19:29:50 -0300
Subject: Add missing json import

---
 python.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 2247f263..175f17ec 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -503,6 +503,7 @@ contents = {"aa": 12, "bb": 21}
 with open("myfile1.txt", "w+") as file:
     file.write(str(contents))        # writes a string to a file
 
+import json
 with open("myfile2.txt", "w+") as file:
     file.write(json.dumps(contents)) # writes an object to a file
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 97806f674f78b9adffb51127039d98b02a666e60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: John Paul Wohlscheid <wohlschied@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 13:26:47 -0500
Subject: removed tutorial that no longer exists

---
 python.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 175f17ec..c157750f 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Roberto Fernandez Diaz", "https://github.com/robertofd1995"]
     - ["caminsha", "https://github.com/caminsha"]
     - ["Stanislav Modrak", "https://stanislav.gq"]
+    - ["John Paul Wohlscheid", "https://gitpi.us"]
 filename: learnpython.py
 ---
 
@@ -1045,7 +1046,6 @@ print(say(say_please=True))  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
 ### Free Online
 
 * [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
-* [Ideas for Python Projects](http://pythonpracticeprojects.com)
 * [The Official Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/)
 * [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](https://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
 * [Python Course](https://www.python-course.eu)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 73584a2e276cd52214f73443eda689c773973691 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2023 04:52:13 +0100
Subject: Clarify "Method Resolution Order" (#4687)

---
 python.html.markdown | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index d9eda60c..d9261ff2 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -876,7 +876,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
     if type(sup) is Superhero:
         print('I am a superhero')
 
-    # Get the Method Resolution search Order used by both getattr() and super()
+    # Get the "Method Resolution Order" used by both getattr() and super()
+    # (the order in which classes are searched for an attribute or method)
     # This attribute is dynamic and can be updated
     print(Superhero.__mro__)    # => (<class '__main__.Superhero'>,
                                 # => <class 'human.Human'>, <class 'object'>)
@@ -958,8 +959,7 @@ class Batman(Superhero, Bat):
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     sup = Batman()
 
-    # Get the Method Resolution search Order used by both getattr() and super().
-    # This attribute is dynamic and can be updated
+    # The Method Resolution Order
     print(Batman.__mro__)       # => (<class '__main__.Batman'>,
                                 # => <class 'superhero.Superhero'>,
                                 # => <class 'human.Human'>,
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7b2491ecd5b3370b7cc712fced32b948440ecb40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: triumphantomato <91909240+triumphantomato@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 22:29:58 -0700
Subject: [python/en] Updated Decorator and wrapping explanation (#4749)

Now it includes motivation, an explanation of functools.wraps, and demonstrates the utility of wrapping.
---
 python.html.markdown | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index d9261ff2..91a53360 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -1016,31 +1016,67 @@ gen_to_list = list(values)
 print(gen_to_list)  # => [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]
 
 
-# Decorators
-# In this example `beg` wraps `say`. If say_please is True then it
-# will change the returned message.
-from functools import wraps
+# Decorators are a form of syntactic sugar.
+# They make code easier to read while accomplishing clunky syntax.
 
+# Wrappers are one type of decorator.
+# They're really useful for adding logging to existing functions without needing to modify them.
 
-def beg(target_function):
-    @wraps(target_function)
+def log_function(func):
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-        msg, say_please = target_function(*args, **kwargs)
-        if say_please:
-            return "{} {}".format(msg, "Please! I am poor :(")
-        return msg
-
+        print("Entering function", func.__name__)
+        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        print("Exiting function", func.__name__)
+        return result
     return wrapper
 
+@log_function               # equivalent:
+def my_function(x,y):       # def my_function(x,y):
+    return x+y              #   return x+y
+                            # my_function = log_function(my_function)
+# The decorator @log_function tells us as we begin reading the function definition
+# for my_function that this function will be wrapped with log_function.
+# When function definitions are long, it can be hard to parse the non-decorated
+# assignment at the end of the definition.
+
+my_function(1,2) # => "Entering function my_function"
+                 # => "3"
+                 # => "Exiting function my_function"
+
+# But there's a problem.
+# What happens if we try to get some information about my_function?
+
+print(my_function.__name__) # => 'wrapper'
+print(my_function.__code__.co_argcount) # => 0. The argcount is 0 because both arguments in wrapper()'s signature are optional.
+
+# Because our decorator is equivalent to my_function = log_function(my_function)
+# we've replaced information about my_function with information from wrapper
+
+# Fix this using functools
+
+from functools import wraps
+
+def log_function(func):
+    @wraps(func) # this ensures docstring, function name, arguments list, etc. are all copied
+                 # to the wrapped function - instead of being replaced with wrapper's info
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        print("Entering function", func.__name__)
+        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        print("Exiting function", func.__name__)
+        return result
+    return wrapper
 
-@beg
-def say(say_please=False):
-    msg = "Can you buy me a beer?"
-    return msg, say_please
+@log_function               
+def my_function(x,y):       
+    return x+y              
+                            
+my_function(1,2) # => "Entering function my_function"
+                 # => "3"
+                 # => "Exiting function my_function"
 
+print(my_function.__name__) # => 'my_function'
+print(my_function.__code__.co_argcount) # => 2
 
-print(say())                 # Can you buy me a beer?
-print(say(say_please=True))  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
 ```
 
 ### Free Online
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e9f263a75f0ec9c2984307d0fd4503f8476c02fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: triumphantomato <91909240+triumphantomato@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 22:30:31 -0700
Subject: [python/en] add hint about leading underscore indicating internal use
 (#4748)

---
 python.html.markdown | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 91a53360..efeb0e86 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -733,7 +733,9 @@ class Human:
         self.name = name
 
         # Initialize property
-        self._age = 0
+        self._age = 0   # the leading underscore indicates the "age" property is 
+                        # intended to be used internally
+                        # do not rely on this to be enforced: it's a hint to other devs
 
     # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
     def say(self, msg):
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4c6be14b8acf5f0f3495d06249406edc5dde72f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: triumphantomato <91909240+triumphantomato@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2023 22:31:15 -0700
Subject: Update expected results for ceil and floor (#4747)

ceil and floor return ints not floats - check in repl or the python3 docs here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html
---
 python.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index efeb0e86..326ddb95 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -685,8 +685,8 @@ print(math.sqrt(16))  # => 4.0
 
 # You can get specific functions from a module
 from math import ceil, floor
-print(ceil(3.7))   # => 4.0
-print(floor(3.7))  # => 3.0
+print(ceil(3.7))   # => 4
+print(floor(3.7))  # => 3
 
 # You can import all functions from a module.
 # Warning: this is not recommended
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 38bf258ad82363e8a8eb06064b223aa2354b0186 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 2023 12:51:11 +0100
Subject: Fix incorrect expression description

---
 python.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 326ddb95..c9eac8ae 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ li[4]  # Raises an IndexError
 li[1:3]   # Return list from index 1 to 3 => [2, 4]
 li[2:]    # Return list starting from index 2 => [4, 3]
 li[:3]    # Return list from beginning until index 3  => [1, 2, 4]
-li[::2]   # Return list selecting every second entry => [1, 4]
+li[::2]   # Return list selecting elements with a step size of 2 => [1, 4]
 li[::-1]  # Return list in reverse order => [3, 4, 2, 1]
 # Use any combination of these to make advanced slices
 # li[start:end:step]
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0a0b3555d5e9923907bb2b8e953a11c5b94a1464 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Stanislav (Stanley) Modrak"
 <44023416+smith558@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Sep 2023 17:26:42 +0100
Subject: Clarify args and kwargs

---
 python.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index c9eac8ae..75b1ec85 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
 """
 
 # When calling functions, you can do the opposite of args/kwargs!
-# Use * to expand tuples and use ** to expand kwargs.
+# Use * to expand args (tuples) and use ** to expand kwargs (dictionaries).
 args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
 kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
 all_the_args(*args)            # equivalent: all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 9e87e133a35ba1033e2627ff0e2ad3f0f482ca0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Carlos Tafur <ctafur@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:23:10 +0100
Subject: Update python.html.markdown (#4228)

I read somewhere that conventions in naming variables are snake_case and camelCase.
---
 python.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 75b1ec85..49b46711 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ print("Hello, World", end="!")  # => Hello, World!
 input_string_var = input("Enter some data: ") # Returns the data as a string
 
 # There are no declarations, only assignments.
-# Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores
+# Convention in naming variables is snake_case style
 some_var = 5
 some_var  # => 5
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 05aa44a0419b735dcb6d5e63347c1e0d4ba9fc8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mohammed Ashour <m.aly.ashour@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 19:58:53 +0100
Subject: =?UTF-8?q?[python/en]=20adding=20an=20example=20for=20closures=20?=
 =?UTF-8?q?in=20python=20where=20we=20use=20the=20`nonlocal`=20=E2=80=A6?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20(#4033)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* adding an example for closures in python where we use the `nonlocal` keyword

Adding an example for the case of nested functions with closure scopes, when we use the python 3s keyword 'nonlocal' to point to the variables in the outer functions

* Formatting Comments
---
 python.html.markdown | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 49b46711..967c2bd7 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -655,6 +655,22 @@ def create_adder(x):
 add_10 = create_adder(10)
 add_10(3)   # => 13
 
+# Closures in nested functions:
+# We can use the nonlocal keyword to work with variables in nested scope which shouldn't be declared in the inner functions.
+def create_avg():
+    total = 0
+    count = 0
+    def avg(n):
+        nonlocal total, count
+        total += n
+        count += 1
+        return total/count
+    return avg
+avg = create_avg()
+avg(3) # => 3.0
+avg(5) # (3+5)/2 => 4.0
+avg(7) # (8+7)/2 => 5.0
+
 # There are also anonymous functions
 (lambda x: x > 2)(3)                  # => True
 (lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1)  # => 5
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e268272771f19189c758280b5b27aad39c94fef1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bkkavin <70782359+bkkavin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 21:00:36 +0530
Subject: typo in learn x in y minutes python page (#4812)

---
 python.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'python.html.markdown')

diff --git a/python.html.markdown b/python.html.markdown
index 967c2bd7..d863bcc3 100644
--- a/python.html.markdown
+++ b/python.html.markdown
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ def create_avg():
 avg = create_avg()
 avg(3) # => 3.0
 avg(5) # (3+5)/2 => 4.0
-avg(7) # (8+7)/2 => 5.0
+avg(7) # (8+7)/3 => 5.0
 
 # There are also anonymous functions
 (lambda x: x > 2)(3)                  # => True
-- 
cgit v1.2.3