From e8897e60e00425e59d705a320bac51dc561443aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Aug 2017 18:52:53 -0400
Subject: Comments and GNOME link

---
 vala.html.markdown | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 vala.html.markdown

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a5215bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+---
+language: vala
+contributors:
+    - ["Milo Gilad", "https://github.com/bigbash"]
+filename: LearnVala.vala
+---
+
+In GNOME's own words, "Vala is a programming language that aims to bring modern programming language features to GNOME developers without imposing any additional runtime requirements and without using a different ABI compared to applications and libraries written in C."
+
+Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be familiar to those who know either or.
+
+[Read more here.](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala)
+
+```vala
+// Single line comment
+
+/* Multiline
+Comment */
+
+/**
+* Documentation comment
+*/
+
+
+```
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ca5d90eb7d44439e40c4937dd5b4f55cd2994a74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2017 15:54:48 -0400
Subject: Finished basic datatypes and basic io

---
 vala.html.markdown | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 mode change 100644 => 100755 vala.html.markdown

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 9a5215bb..b6cbeb98
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -21,5 +21,31 @@ Comment */
 * Documentation comment
 */
 
+/*
+Data Types
+*/
+
+// Vala supports the data types supported by most other programming languages.
+
+char character = 'a'
+unichar unicode_character = 'u' // 32-bit unicode character
+
+int i; // ints can also have guaranteed sizes (e.g. int64, uint64)
+uint j;
+
+long k;
+
+short l;
+ushort m;
+
+
+
+/*
+Basic Syntax
+*/
+
+// Like in C#, scope is defined using braces.
+// An object or reference is only valid between braces.
+
 
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0c105ca0b23f5e5d83876d216be6a4812425954b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2017 16:10:16 -0400
Subject: Added arrays section

---
 vala.html.markdown | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index b6cbeb98..a8d90e47 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ---
 language: vala
 contributors:
-    - ["Milo Gilad", "https://github.com/bigbash"]
+    - ["Milo Gilad", "https://github.com/Myl0g"]
 filename: LearnVala.vala
 ---
 
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be familiar to those who know either o
 [Read more here.](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala)
 
 ```vala
+
 // Single line comment
 
 /* Multiline
@@ -21,31 +22,73 @@ Comment */
 * Documentation comment
 */
 
-/*
-Data Types
-*/
+/* Data Types */
 
 // Vala supports the data types supported by most other programming languages.
 
 char character = 'a'
 unichar unicode_character = 'u' // 32-bit unicode character
 
-int i; // ints can also have guaranteed sizes (e.g. int64, uint64)
-uint j;
+int i = 2; // ints can also have guaranteed sizes (e.g. int64, uint64)
+uint j = -6; // Won't compile; unsigned ints can only be positive
 
 long k;
 
 short l;
 ushort m;
 
+string text = "Hello,"; // Note that the == operator will check string content
 
+string verbatim = """This is a verbatim (a.k.a. raw) string. Special characters
+(e.g. \n) are not interpreted. They may also be multiple lines long.""";
 
-/*
-Basic Syntax
-*/
+// String Templates allow for easy string formatting
+string string_template = @"$text world"; // "$text" evaluates to "Hello"
+
+int test = 5;
+int test2 = 10;
+string template2 = @"$(test * test2) is a number."; // Expression evaluation
+
+string template_slice = string_template[7:12]; // => "world"
+
+// Most data types have methods for parsing.
+
+bool parse_bool = bool.parse("false"); // => false
+int parse_int = int.parse("-52");
+string parse_string = parse_int.to_string();
+
+/* Basic I/O */
+
+stdout.printf(parse_string); // Prints to console
+string input = stdin.read_line(); // Gets input from console
+
+stderr.printf("Error message"); // Error printing
+
+/* Arrays */
+
+int[] int_array = new int[10]; // Array of ints with 10 slots
+int[] int_array2 = {5, 10, 15, 20}; // Can be created on-the-fly
+
+int[] array_slice = int_array2[1:3]; // Slice (copy of data)
+unowned int[] array_slice_ref = int_array2[1:3]; // Reference to data
+
+// Multi-dimensional Arrays (defined with a number of commas in the brackets)
+
+int[,] multi_array = new int[6,4]; // 6 is the number of arrays, 4 is their size
+int[,] multi_array2 = {{7, 4, 6, 4},
+                       {3, 2, 4, 6},
+                       {5, 9, 5, 1}};
+multi_array2[2,3] = 12; // 2 is the array, 3 is the index in the array
 
-// Like in C#, scope is defined using braces.
-// An object or reference is only valid between braces.
+struct Closet {
+  public uint shirts;
+  public uint jackets;
+}
 
+enum HouseSize {
+  SMALL,
+  MODERATE,
+  BIG
+}
 
 ```
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8db305354698abed7c87b14e4958fb8b688cbfb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 07:46:56 -0400
Subject: Added more on arrays

---
 vala.html.markdown | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index a8d90e47..a296fe9e 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ stderr.printf("Error message"); // Error printing
 /* Arrays */
 
 int[] int_array = new int[10]; // Array of ints with 10 slots
+int_array.length; // => 10;
+
 int[] int_array2 = {5, 10, 15, 20}; // Can be created on-the-fly
 
 int[] array_slice = int_array2[1:3]; // Slice (copy of data)
@@ -79,6 +81,14 @@ int[,] multi_array2 = {{7, 4, 6, 4},
                        {3, 2, 4, 6},
                        {5, 9, 5, 1}};
 multi_array2[2,3] = 12; // 2 is the array, 3 is the index in the array
+int first_d = multi_array2.length[0] // => 3
+int second_d = multi_array2.length[1] // => 4
+
+// Stacked arrays (e.g. int[][]) where array lengths vary are not supported.
+
+// Multi-dimensional arrays cannot be sliced, nor can they be converted to one-
+// dimensional.
+
 
 struct Closet {
   public uint shirts;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 51eaad841657c263f2ec74449d83b956361833a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 08:08:38 -0400
Subject: Finished arrays section and added additional reading on GTK+ GUIs

---
 vala.html.markdown | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index a296fe9e..c091da05 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ filename: LearnVala.vala
 
 In GNOME's own words, "Vala is a programming language that aims to bring modern programming language features to GNOME developers without imposing any additional runtime requirements and without using a different ABI compared to applications and libraries written in C."
 
-Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be familiar to those who know either or.
+Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be natural to those who know either or.
 
 [Read more here.](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala)
 
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ stderr.printf("Error message"); // Error printing
 /* Arrays */
 
 int[] int_array = new int[10]; // Array of ints with 10 slots
+int better_int_array[10]; // Shorter way of making int array with 10 slots
 int_array.length; // => 10;
 
 int[] int_array2 = {5, 10, 15, 20}; // Can be created on-the-fly
@@ -89,6 +90,14 @@ int second_d = multi_array2.length[1] // => 4
 // Multi-dimensional arrays cannot be sliced, nor can they be converted to one-
 // dimensional.
 
+int[] add_to_array = {};
+add_to_array += 12; // Arrays can be dynamically added to
+
+add_to_array.resize(20); // Array now has 20 slots
+
+uint8[] chars = "test message".data;
+chars.move(5, 0, 7);
+print ((string) chars); // Casts the array to a string and prints "message"
 
 struct Closet {
   public uint shirts;
@@ -102,3 +111,5 @@ enum HouseSize {
 }
 
 ```
+
+* Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2d70b5123f670d4e33d09e9b87b807788f69e0bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 08:54:54 -0400
Subject: Added control flow section

---
 vala.html.markdown | 69 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index c091da05..7cc59670 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -99,6 +99,75 @@ uint8[] chars = "test message".data;
 chars.move(5, 0, 7);
 print ((string) chars); // Casts the array to a string and prints "message"
 
+/* Control Flow */
+
+var a = 1;
+var b = 2;
+int[] foreach_demo = {2, 4, 6, 8};
+
+while (b > a) { // While loop; checks if expression is true before executing
+  b--;
+}
+
+do {
+  b--;
+}
+while (b > a); // Do While loop; executes the code in "do" before while (b > a)
+
+for (a = 0; a < 10; a++) { stdout.printf("%d\n", a); } // for loop
+
+foreach (int foreach_demo_var in foreach_demo) {
+  stdout.printf("%d\n", foreach_demo_var);
+} // foreach works on any iterable collection
+
+if (a == 0) {
+  break;
+} else if (a > 1) {
+  stdout.printf("%d\n", a);
+} else {
+  break;
+} // if-then-else
+
+switch (a) {
+  case 1:
+    stdout.printf("A is 1\n");
+    break;
+  case 5:
+  case 10:
+    stdout.printf("A is 5 or 10\n");
+    break;
+  default:
+    stdout.printf("???\n")
+    break;
+} // switch statement
+
+/* Reference Types */
+
+// Reference types are classes.
+
+class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
+  public string sender; // a public field
+  public string text {get; set;} // a public property
+  private bool sent = false; // private field
+  public void send() { // public method
+    sent = true;
+  }
+
+}
+
+int cast_to_float = 10;
+float casted_float = (float) cast_to_float; // static casting; no runtime checks
+
+// For runtime checks, use dynamic casting.
+// Dynamically casted objects must meet the following:
+// - Object's class is the same class as the desired type
+// - Object's class is a subclass of the desired type
+// - Desired class is an interface implemented by the object's class
+
+float dyna_casted_float = cast_to_float as float // Won't compile
+
+var inferred_string = "hello"; // Type inference
+
 struct Closet {
   public uint shirts;
   public uint jackets;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0510b181f0987b516402e63270b062bdecd360f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 09:20:15 -0400
Subject: Added section on functions

---
 vala.html.markdown | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 7cc59670..73ffa55c 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -149,7 +149,8 @@ class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
   public string sender; // a public field
   public string text {get; set;} // a public property
   private bool sent = false; // private field
-  public void send() { // public method
+  public void send(string message_sender) { // public method
+    sender = message_sender;
     sent = true;
   }
 
@@ -168,6 +169,54 @@ float dyna_casted_float = cast_to_float as float // Won't compile
 
 var inferred_string = "hello"; // Type inference
 
+/* Methods (a.k.a. functions) */
+
+// Vala methods are C functions, and are bound by the same rules.
+
+int method_demo(string arg1, Object arg2) { // Returns int and takes args
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// Vala methods cannot be overloaded.
+
+void some_method(string text) { }
+void some_method(int number) { }  // Won't compile
+
+// To achieve similar functionality, use default argument values.
+
+void some_better_method(string text, int number = 0) { }
+
+// varargs (variable-length argument lists) are also supported.
+
+void method_with_varargs(int arg1, ...) {
+    var varargs_list = va_list(); // gets the varargs list
+    string arg_string = varargs_list.arg(); // gets arguments, one after another
+    int int_vararg = varargs_list.arg();
+    stdout.printf("%s, %d\n", arg_string, int_vararg)
+}
+
+string? ok_to_be_null(int? test_int) { } // "?" denotes possible null value
+
+// Delegates
+
+delegate void DelegateDemo(char char_a);
+
+void delegate_match(char char_a) { // Matches the delegate's signature
+  stdout.printf("%d\n");
+}
+
+void call_delegate(DelegateDemo d, char char_b) { // Takes a delegate arg
+  d(char_b) // calls delegate
+}
+
+void final_delegate_demo() {
+  call_delegate(delegate_match); // Passes matching method as argument
+}
+
+// Lambdas/Anonymous Methods are defined with "=>"
+
+(a) => { stdout.printf("%d\n", a); } // Prints "a"
+
 struct Closet {
   public uint shirts;
   public uint jackets;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 1abae4b25de43e05df3ba225986997bc72eb3f8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 10:11:24 -0400
Subject: Added namespaces, structs, began classes and OOP, and removed
 Reference Types.

---
 vala.html.markdown | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 73ffa55c..036e873d 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -141,20 +141,7 @@ switch (a) {
     break;
 } // switch statement
 
-/* Reference Types */
-
-// Reference types are classes.
-
-class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
-  public string sender; // a public field
-  public string text {get; set;} // a public property
-  private bool sent = false; // private field
-  public void send(string message_sender) { // public method
-    sender = message_sender;
-    sent = true;
-  }
-
-}
+/* Type Casting and Inference */
 
 int cast_to_float = 10;
 float casted_float = (float) cast_to_float; // static casting; no runtime checks
@@ -217,11 +204,54 @@ void final_delegate_demo() {
 
 (a) => { stdout.printf("%d\n", a); } // Prints "a"
 
+/* Namespaces */
+
+namespace NamespaceDemo {
+  // Allows you to organize variable names
+  int namespace_int = 12;
+}
+namespace_int += 5; // Won't compile
+
+using NamespaceDemo;
+namespace_int += 5; // Valid
+
+/* Structs */
+
 struct Closet {
-  public uint shirts;
+  public uint shirts; // Default access modifier is private
   public uint jackets;
 }
 
+Closet struct_init_1 = Closet(); // or Closet struct_init_1 = {};
+Closet struct_init_2 = {15, 3};
+var struct_init_3 = Closet() { // Type inference also works
+  shirts = 15;
+  jackets = 3;
+}
+
+/* Classes and Object-Oriented Programming */
+
+class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
+  private string sender; // a private field
+  public string text {get; set;} // a public property
+  internal bool sent = false; // internal (classes in same package) field
+
+  public void send(string message_sender) { // public method
+    sender = message_sender;
+    sent = true;
+  }
+
+  public Message() { // Constructor
+    // ...
+  }
+
+}
+
+interface InterfaceDemo { // Can be used as a mixin
+  // ...
+}
+
+
 enum HouseSize {
   SMALL,
   MODERATE,
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 35aa1410e2becb5d768b9c5142e069b4d0fc46df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 10:36:20 -0400
Subject: Finished basic OOP

---
 vala.html.markdown | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 036e873d..a65c528f 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -251,6 +251,25 @@ interface InterfaceDemo { // Can be used as a mixin
   // ...
 }
 
+// Since method overloading isn't possible, you can use named constructors
+// to get the same functionality.
+
+public class Calculator : GLib.Object {
+
+    public Calculator() {
+    }
+
+    public Calculator.with_name(string name) {
+    }
+
+    public Calculator.model(string model_id, string name = "") {
+      this.with_name(@"$model_id $name"); // Chained constructors with "this"
+    }
+    ~Calculator() { } // Only needed if you're using manual memory management
+}
+
+var calc1 = new Calculator.with_name("Temp");
+var calc2 = new Calculator.model("TI-84");
 
 enum HouseSize {
   SMALL,
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 09d8feda849561b1302cc0d53fee787112ae075b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 10:38:25 -0400
Subject: Moved enum into structs and renamed section to structs and enums

---
 vala.html.markdown | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index a65c528f..2711f078 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ namespace_int += 5; // Won't compile
 using NamespaceDemo;
 namespace_int += 5; // Valid
 
-/* Structs */
+/* Structs and Enums */
 
 struct Closet {
   public uint shirts; // Default access modifier is private
@@ -229,6 +229,13 @@ var struct_init_3 = Closet() { // Type inference also works
   jackets = 3;
 }
 
+enum HouseSize { // An example of an enum
+  SMALL,
+  MODERATE,
+  BIG
+}
+
+
 /* Classes and Object-Oriented Programming */
 
 class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
@@ -271,12 +278,6 @@ public class Calculator : GLib.Object {
 var calc1 = new Calculator.with_name("Temp");
 var calc2 = new Calculator.model("TI-84");
 
-enum HouseSize {
-  SMALL,
-  MODERATE,
-  BIG
-}
-
 ```
 
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a300e6d19c0139e1e883b0d06facef1ca2f01182 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 10:39:51 -0400
Subject: Added valadoc.org

---
 vala.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 2711f078..4072f3b3 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -279,5 +279,5 @@ var calc1 = new Calculator.with_name("Temp");
 var calc2 = new Calculator.model("TI-84");
 
 ```
-
+* More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4857a1342edc69a08ab48f7277cf0ff19b1a7c88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 12:07:21 -0400
Subject: General improvements

---
 vala.html.markdown | 37 +++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 4072f3b3..a0fbc5c1 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ filename: LearnVala.vala
 
 In GNOME's own words, "Vala is a programming language that aims to bring modern programming language features to GNOME developers without imposing any additional runtime requirements and without using a different ABI compared to applications and libraries written in C."
 
-Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be natural to those who know either or.
+Vala has aspects of Java and C#, so it'll be natural to those who know either.
 
 [Read more here.](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala)
 
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ Comment */
 
 /* Data Types */
 
-// Vala supports the data types supported by most other programming languages.
-
 char character = 'a'
 unichar unicode_character = 'u' // 32-bit unicode character
 
@@ -40,10 +38,10 @@ ushort m;
 string text = "Hello,"; // Note that the == operator will check string content
 
 string verbatim = """This is a verbatim (a.k.a. raw) string. Special characters
-(e.g. \n) are not interpreted. They may also be multiple lines long.""";
+(e.g. \n and "") are not interpreted. They may also be multiple lines long.""";
 
 // String Templates allow for easy string formatting
-string string_template = @"$text world"; // "$text" evaluates to "Hello"
+string string_template = @"$text world"; // "$text" evaluates to "Hello,"
 
 int test = 5;
 int test2 = 10;
@@ -54,8 +52,8 @@ string template_slice = string_template[7:12]; // => "world"
 // Most data types have methods for parsing.
 
 bool parse_bool = bool.parse("false"); // => false
-int parse_int = int.parse("-52");
-string parse_string = parse_int.to_string();
+int parse_int = int.parse("-52"); // => -52
+string parse_string = parse_int.to_string(); // => "-52"
 
 /* Basic I/O */
 
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ stderr.printf("Error message"); // Error printing
 /* Arrays */
 
 int[] int_array = new int[10]; // Array of ints with 10 slots
-int better_int_array[10]; // Shorter way of making int array with 10 slots
+int better_int_array[10]; // Above expression, shortened
 int_array.length; // => 10;
 
 int[] int_array2 = {5, 10, 15, 20}; // Can be created on-the-fly
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ unowned int[] array_slice_ref = int_array2[1:3]; // Reference to data
 int[,] multi_array = new int[6,4]; // 6 is the number of arrays, 4 is their size
 int[,] multi_array2 = {{7, 4, 6, 4},
                        {3, 2, 4, 6},
-                       {5, 9, 5, 1}};
+                       {5, 9, 5, 1}}; // new int[3,4]
 multi_array2[2,3] = 12; // 2 is the array, 3 is the index in the array
 int first_d = multi_array2.length[0] // => 3
 int second_d = multi_array2.length[1] // => 4
@@ -97,12 +95,12 @@ add_to_array.resize(20); // Array now has 20 slots
 
 uint8[] chars = "test message".data;
 chars.move(5, 0, 7);
-print ((string) chars); // Casts the array to a string and prints "message"
+stdout.printf((string) chars); // Casts the array to a string and prints it
 
 /* Control Flow */
 
-var a = 1;
-var b = 2;
+int a = 1;
+int b = 2;
 int[] foreach_demo = {2, 4, 6, 8};
 
 while (b > a) { // While loop; checks if expression is true before executing
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@ int cast_to_float = 10;
 float casted_float = (float) cast_to_float; // static casting; no runtime checks
 
 // For runtime checks, use dynamic casting.
-// Dynamically casted objects must meet the following:
+// Dynamically casted objects must be the following:
 // - Object's class is the same class as the desired type
 // - Object's class is a subclass of the desired type
 // - Desired class is an interface implemented by the object's class
@@ -158,8 +156,6 @@ var inferred_string = "hello"; // Type inference
 
 /* Methods (a.k.a. functions) */
 
-// Vala methods are C functions, and are bound by the same rules.
-
 int method_demo(string arg1, Object arg2) { // Returns int and takes args
     return 1;
 }
@@ -173,12 +169,17 @@ void some_method(int number) { }  // Won't compile
 
 void some_better_method(string text, int number = 0) { }
 
+some_better_method("text");
+some_better_method("text", 12);
+
 // varargs (variable-length argument lists) are also supported.
 
 void method_with_varargs(int arg1, ...) {
     var varargs_list = va_list(); // gets the varargs list
+
     string arg_string = varargs_list.arg(); // gets arguments, one after another
     int int_vararg = varargs_list.arg();
+
     stdout.printf("%s, %d\n", arg_string, int_vararg)
 }
 
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ void final_delegate_demo() {
   call_delegate(delegate_match); // Passes matching method as argument
 }
 
-// Lambdas/Anonymous Methods are defined with "=>"
+// Lambdas (a.k.a. Anonymous Methods) are defined with "=>"
 
 (a) => { stdout.printf("%d\n", a); } // Prints "a"
 
@@ -235,13 +236,13 @@ enum HouseSize { // An example of an enum
   BIG
 }
 
-
 /* Classes and Object-Oriented Programming */
 
 class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
   private string sender; // a private field
   public string text {get; set;} // a public property
-  internal bool sent = false; // internal (classes in same package) field
+  protected bool is_digital = true; // protected (this class and subclasses)
+  internal bool sent = false; // internal (classes in same package)
 
   public void send(string message_sender) { // public method
     sender = message_sender;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 81f58f4b0d101014fa1df81e2f48e123dd0dbcf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 12:26:44 -0400
Subject: Added section on Signals

---
 vala.html.markdown | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index a0fbc5c1..237d4a15 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -279,6 +279,29 @@ public class Calculator : GLib.Object {
 var calc1 = new Calculator.with_name("Temp");
 var calc2 = new Calculator.model("TI-84");
 
+// Signals (a.k.a. events or event listeners) are a way to execute multiple
+// methods with the same signature at the same time.
+
+public class SignalDemo : GLib.Object {
+  public signal void sig_demo(int sig_demo_int); // Must be public
+
+  public static int main(string[] args) {
+    // main method; program does not compile without it
+    var sig_demo_class = new SignalDemo(); // New instance of class
+
+    sig_demo_class.sig_demo.connect((ob, sig_int) => { // Lambda used as handler
+        stdout.printf("%d\n", sig_int); // "ob" is object on which it is emitted
+      });
+
+    sig_demo_class.sig_demo(27); // Signal is emitted
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+// You may use the connect() method and attach as many handlers as you'd like.
+// They'll all run when the signal is emitted.
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From fe5001ca964e048ea92f0f7b15f486e57bfb5235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 12:33:39 -0400
Subject: Added properties (get and set)

---
 vala.html.markdown | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 237d4a15..f0141eb4 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ enum HouseSize { // An example of an enum
 
 class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
   private string sender; // a private field
-  public string text {get; set;} // a public property
+  public string text {get; set;} // a public property (more on that later)
   protected bool is_digital = true; // protected (this class and subclasses)
   internal bool sent = false; // internal (classes in same package)
 
@@ -302,6 +302,24 @@ public class SignalDemo : GLib.Object {
 // You may use the connect() method and attach as many handlers as you'd like.
 // They'll all run when the signal is emitted.
 
+// Properties (getters and setters)
+
+class Animal : GLib.Object {
+  private int _legs; // prefixed with underscore to prevents name clashes
+
+  public int legs {
+    get { return _legs; }
+    set { _legs = value; }
+  }
+
+  public int eyes { get; set; default = 5; } // Shorter way
+}
+
+rabbit = new Animal();
+rabbit.legs = 2;
+rabbit.legs += 2;
+rabbit.eyes = 2;
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f560802e77202d249c024678308ee422480df0cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 13:03:09 -0400
Subject: Added more to Properties section

---
 vala.html.markdown | 24 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index f0141eb4..b87e16e6 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -313,12 +313,26 @@ class Animal : GLib.Object {
   }
 
   public int eyes { get; set; default = 5; } // Shorter way
-}
+  public int kingdom { get; private set; default = "Animalia"} // Read-only
+
+  public static void main(string args[]) {
+    rabbit = new Animal();
+
+    // All GLib.Objects have a signal "notify" emitted when a property changes.
+
+    // If you specify a specific property, replace all underscores with dashes
+    // to conform with the GObject naming convention.
 
-rabbit = new Animal();
-rabbit.legs = 2;
-rabbit.legs += 2;
-rabbit.eyes = 2;
+    rabbit.notify["eyes"].connect((s, p) => { // Remove the ["eyes"] for all
+      stdout.printf("Property '%s' has changed!\n", p.name);
+    });
+
+    rabbit.legs = 2;
+    rabbit.legs += 2;
+    rabbit.eyes = 2;
+
+  }
+}
 
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bf7ed153ee023ea2ba529ccf4ee486b1a59a183a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 13:14:24 -0400
Subject: Added inheritance

---
 vala.html.markdown | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index b87e16e6..11165aa4 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
   protected bool is_digital = true; // protected (this class and subclasses)
   internal bool sent = false; // internal (classes in same package)
 
-  public void send(string message_sender) { // public method
-    sender = message_sender;
+  public void send(string sender) { // public method
+    this.sender = sender;
     sent = true;
   }
 
@@ -334,6 +334,25 @@ class Animal : GLib.Object {
   }
 }
 
+// Inheritance: Vala classes may inherit 1 class. Inheritance is not implicit.
+
+class SuperDemo : GLib.Object {
+  public int data1;
+  protected int data2;
+  internal int data3;
+  private int data4;
+
+  public static void test_method {  } // Statics can be called w/out an object
+}
+class SubDemo : SuperDemo {
+  public static void main(string args[]) {
+    stdout.printf((string) data1); // Will compile
+    stdout.printf((string) data2); // Protected can be accessed by subclasses
+    stdout.printf((string) data3); // Internal is accessible to package
+    stdout.printf((string) data4); // Won't compile
+  }
+}
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a6359357fdc0cec3731a5f3088bb8d590b9cc744 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2017 13:24:01 -0400
Subject: Added section on abstract classes/methods

---
 vala.html.markdown | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 11165aa4..3103f9c5 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -353,6 +353,34 @@ class SubDemo : SuperDemo {
   }
 }
 
+// Abstract Classes and Methods
+
+public abstract class OperatingSystem : GLib.Object {
+  public void turn_on() {
+    stdout.printf("Booted successfully.\n");
+  }
+  public abstract void use_computer();
+}
+
+public class Ubuntu : OperatingSystem {
+  public override void use_computer() { // Abstract methods must be overridden
+    stdout.printf("Beep boop\n");
+  }
+}
+
+// Add default behavior to an abstract method by making it "virtual".
+
+public abstract class HardDrive : GLib.Object {
+  public virtual void die() {
+    stdout.printf("CLICK-CLICK-CLICK\n");
+  }
+}
+public class MyHD : HardDrive {
+  public override void die() {
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 82a37a456ab14869a0d78c859c2acc22bee06b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 08:30:30 -0400
Subject: removed break statements from if-then-else

---
 vala.html.markdown | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 3103f9c5..91059a92 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ foreach (int foreach_demo_var in foreach_demo) {
 } // foreach works on any iterable collection
 
 if (a == 0) {
-  break;
+  stdout.printf("%d\n", a);
 } else if (a > 1) {
   stdout.printf("%d\n", a);
 } else {
-  break;
+  stdout.printf("A is less than 0");
 } // if-then-else
 
 switch (a) {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From b86786023cce9b664dc7f529e1c7bea47356b8e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 08:49:38 -0400
Subject: Clarifications in delegates

---
 vala.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 91059a92..130ce7a9 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ string? ok_to_be_null(int? test_int) { } // "?" denotes possible null value
 
 delegate void DelegateDemo(char char_a);
 
-void delegate_match(char char_a) { // Matches the delegate's signature
+void delegate_match(char char_a) { // Matches DelegateDemo's signature
   stdout.printf("%d\n");
 }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 14c3fc4ffe96ec9c13469a6005ce4e1497c74358 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 08:57:34 -0400
Subject: fixed interface

---
 vala.html.markdown | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 130ce7a9..ac1f19eb 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -255,8 +255,9 @@ class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
 
 }
 
-interface InterfaceDemo { // Can be used as a mixin
-  // ...
+interface Laptop { // May only contain abstract methods
+  public abstract void turn_on();
+  public abstract void turn_off();
 }
 
 // Since method overloading isn't possible, you can use named constructors
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f6de93559f8d2b725d307675d4b333b37a2fd6bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 09:01:25 -0400
Subject: General spelling/grammer fixes

---
 vala.html.markdown | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index ac1f19eb..a7fd1131 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ public class SignalDemo : GLib.Object {
 
   public static int main(string[] args) {
     // main method; program does not compile without it
+
     var sig_demo_class = new SignalDemo(); // New instance of class
 
     sig_demo_class.sig_demo.connect((ob, sig_int) => { // Lambda used as handler
@@ -301,12 +302,12 @@ public class SignalDemo : GLib.Object {
 }
 
 // You may use the connect() method and attach as many handlers as you'd like.
-// They'll all run when the signal is emitted.
+// They'll all run at around the same time when the signal is emitted.
 
 // Properties (getters and setters)
 
 class Animal : GLib.Object {
-  private int _legs; // prefixed with underscore to prevents name clashes
+  private int _legs; // prefixed with underscore to prevent name clashes
 
   public int legs {
     get { return _legs; }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 68951045a37e01b677510cd44386850a69310325 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 09:05:24 -0400
Subject: Small improvements

---
 vala.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index a7fd1131..6e1a215f 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class Animal : GLib.Object {
     // All GLib.Objects have a signal "notify" emitted when a property changes.
 
     // If you specify a specific property, replace all underscores with dashes
-    // to conform with the GObject naming convention.
+    // to conform to the GObject naming convention.
 
     rabbit.notify["eyes"].connect((s, p) => { // Remove the ["eyes"] for all
       stdout.printf("Property '%s' has changed!\n", p.name);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ce745f43ed3deef655b232cb095e3d446db716a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 09:09:15 -0400
Subject: Moved interface into its own section and clarified constructor
 overloading

---
 vala.html.markdown | 17 ++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 6e1a215f..923b152e 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -255,13 +255,8 @@ class Message : GLib.Object { // Class Message extends GLib's Object
 
 }
 
-interface Laptop { // May only contain abstract methods
-  public abstract void turn_on();
-  public abstract void turn_off();
-}
-
-// Since method overloading isn't possible, you can use named constructors
-// to get the same functionality.
+// Since method overloading isn't possible, you can't overload constructors.
+// However, you can use named constructors to achieve the same functionality.
 
 public class Calculator : GLib.Object {
 
@@ -383,6 +378,14 @@ public class MyHD : HardDrive {
   }
 }
 
+// Interfaces: classes can implement any number of these.
+
+interface Laptop { // May only contain abstract methods
+  public abstract void turn_on();
+  public abstract void turn_off();
+}
+
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 41e5f956e1c3b351c85466d00c9f89d05ca7a84d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 10:34:16 -0400
Subject: Began interface section

---
 vala.html.markdown | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 923b152e..c329447d 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -380,11 +380,26 @@ public class MyHD : HardDrive {
 
 // Interfaces: classes can implement any number of these.
 
-interface Laptop { // May only contain abstract methods
+interface Laptop { // May only contain abstracts or virtuals
   public abstract void turn_on();
   public abstract void turn_off();
+
+  public abstract int cores; // Won't compile; fields cannot be abstract
+  public abstract int cores {get; set;} // Will compile
+
+  public virtual void keyboard() { // Virtuals are allowed (unlike Java/C#)
+    stdout.printf("Clickity-clack\n");
+  }
 }
 
+// The ability to use virtuals in Vala means that multiple inheritance is
+// possible (albeit somewhat confined)
+
+// Interfaces cannot implement interfaces, but they may specify that certain
+// interfaces or classes must be also implemented (pre-requisites).
+
+public interface CellPhone : Collection, GLib.Object {}
+
 
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 1b780b2d46bfad3084df5e454d5b5ca81601595a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 10:46:54 -0400
Subject: Getting type info dynamically

---
 vala.html.markdown | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index c329447d..51cb8dc0 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ public abstract class OperatingSystem : GLib.Object {
   public abstract void use_computer();
 }
 
-public class Ubuntu : OperatingSystem {
+public class Linux : OperatingSystem {
   public override void use_computer() { // Abstract methods must be overridden
     stdout.printf("Beep boop\n");
   }
@@ -400,6 +400,15 @@ interface Laptop { // May only contain abstracts or virtuals
 
 public interface CellPhone : Collection, GLib.Object {}
 
+// You can get the type info of a class at runtime dynamically.
+
+bool type_info = object is TypeName; // uses "is" to get a bool
+
+Type type_info2 = object.get_type();
+var type_name = type_info2.name();
+
+Type type_info3 = typeof(Linux);
+Linux type_demo = (Linux) Object.new(type_info3);
 
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a0095c2884580f5a479c677f08470c5aee4a7555 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 10:58:00 -0400
Subject: Added section on generics

---
 vala.html.markdown | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 51cb8dc0..350d3d88 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -410,6 +410,21 @@ var type_name = type_info2.name();
 Type type_info3 = typeof(Linux);
 Linux type_demo = (Linux) Object.new(type_info3);
 
+// Generics
+
+class Computer<OperatingSystem> : GLib.Object {
+  private OperatingSystem os;
+
+  public void install_os(OperatingSystem os) {
+    this.os = os;
+  }
+  public OperatingSystem retrieve_os() {
+    return this.os;
+  }
+}
+
+var new_computer = new Computer<Linux>();
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 07431ea0d249fedda5ab6dcfcbb825dff6c2c63d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 10:59:18 -0400
Subject: Added reading on GObject style construction

---
 vala.html.markdown | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 350d3d88..b9ec558d 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -427,4 +427,5 @@ var new_computer = new Computer<Linux>();
 
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
+* [Alternate construction syntax](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#GObject-Style_Construction) similar to GObject
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 374ce84fe9f672b49192ddff2f86d5e3f98d8491 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 11:11:22 -0400
Subject: Added other features: assertions & contract programming & error
 handling

---
 vala.html.markdown | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index b9ec558d..93ae6abd 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -425,7 +425,38 @@ class Computer<OperatingSystem> : GLib.Object {
 
 var new_computer = new Computer<Linux>();
 
+/* Other Features */
+
+// Assertions: crash if a statement is not true (at runtime)
+
+bool is_true = true;
+assert(is_true);
+
+// Contract Programming
+
+int contract_demo(int arg1, int arg2) {
+  requires(arg1 > 0 && arg1 < 10) // Notice the lack of semicolon
+  requires(arg2 >= 12)
+  ensures(result >= 0)
+}
+
+// Error Handling
+
+void error_demo(int int_ex) throws GError {
+  if (int_ex != 1) {
+    throw new GError("TEST MESSAGE");
+  }
+}
+void error_demo2() {
+  try {
+    error_demo(0);
+  } catch (GError ge) {
+    stdout.printf("%s\n", ge.message);
+  }
+}
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * [Alternate construction syntax](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#GObject-Style_Construction) similar to GObject
+* More on contract programming [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_programming)
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0fa0305aaeec6b94274a0f7f94f52cf407ac2575 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 11:25:20 -0400
Subject: Added main loop section and collections library/multithreading info

---
 vala.html.markdown | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 93ae6abd..5ff3486c 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -455,8 +455,30 @@ void error_demo2() {
   }
 }
 
+// Main Loop
+
+void main() {
+
+  var main_loop = new MainLoop();
+  var time = new TimeoutSource(2000);
+
+  time.set_callback(() => { // Executes the following lambda after 2000ms
+      stdout.printf("2000ms have passed\n");
+      main_loop.quit();
+      return false;
+  });
+
+  time.attach(main_loop.get_context());
+
+  loop.run();
+}
+
+// Pointers
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * [Alternate construction syntax](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#GObject-Style_Construction) similar to GObject
 * More on contract programming [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_programming)
+* Collections library can be found [here](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Collections)
+* [Multithreading](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Multi-Threading)
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 5eb6c15162a1a15507fb20497a02d17a7d6a926a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 11:30:06 -0400
Subject: added pointers section

---
 vala.html.markdown | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 5ff3486c..9a48aee9 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -473,7 +473,18 @@ void main() {
   loop.run();
 }
 
-// Pointers
+// Pointers (manual memory management)
+
+Object* pointer_obj = new Object(); // Creates Object instance and gives pointer
+
+pointer_obj->some_method(); // Executes some_method
+pointer_obj->some_data; // Returns some_data
+
+delete pointer_obj;
+
+int more = 57;
+int* more_pointer = &i; // & = address-of
+int indirection_demo = more_pointer*; // indirection
 
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From f5e226ae8a70917a3272f10b9f35b5eced085a04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Milo Gilad <milogaccnts@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2017 11:33:08 -0400
Subject: Added profiles and D-Bus integration reading

---
 vala.html.markdown | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

(limited to 'vala.html.markdown')

diff --git a/vala.html.markdown b/vala.html.markdown
index 9a48aee9..393578b0 100755
--- a/vala.html.markdown
+++ b/vala.html.markdown
@@ -486,6 +486,13 @@ int more = 57;
 int* more_pointer = &i; // & = address-of
 int indirection_demo = more_pointer*; // indirection
 
+// Profiles: affect which Vala features are avaliable and which libraries the
+// C-code will use.
+// - gobject (default)
+// posix
+// dova
+// Use "--profile=whatever" when compiling.
+
 ```
 * More Vala documentation can be found [here](https://valadoc.org/).
 * [Alternate construction syntax](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#GObject-Style_Construction) similar to GObject
@@ -493,3 +500,4 @@ int indirection_demo = more_pointer*; // indirection
 * Collections library can be found [here](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Collections)
 * [Multithreading](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Multi-Threading)
 * Read about building GUIs with GTK+ and Vala [here](http://archive.is/7C7bw).
+* D-Bus [integration](https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#D-Bus_Integration)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3