From 6b109e1460e11cb1030f4832ee67e89283cc6808 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Todd Gao Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2015 22:20:30 +0800 Subject: cp original file to zh-cn/ --- zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown | 427 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 427 insertions(+) create mode 100644 zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..519f36ce --- /dev/null +++ b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,427 @@ +--- +language: Groovy +filename: learngroovy.groovy +contributors: + - ["Roberto Pérez Alcolea", "http://github.com/rpalcolea"] +filename: learngroovy.groovy +--- + +Groovy - A dynamic language for the Java platform [Read more here.](http://www.groovy-lang.org/) + +```groovy + +/* + Set yourself up: + + 1) Install GVM - http://gvmtool.net/ + 2) Install Groovy: gvm install groovy + 3) Start the groovy console by typing: groovyConsole + +*/ + +// Single line comments start with two forward slashes +/* +Multi line comments look like this. +*/ + +// Hello World +println "Hello world!" + +/* + Variables: + + You can assign values to variables for later use +*/ + +def x = 1 +println x + +x = new java.util.Date() +println x + +x = -3.1499392 +println x + +x = false +println x + +x = "Groovy!" +println x + +/* + Collections and maps +*/ + +//Creating an empty list +def technologies = [] + +/*** Adding a elements to the list ***/ + +// As with Java +technologies.add("Grails") + +// Left shift adds, and returns the list +technologies << "Groovy" + +// Add multiple elements +technologies.addAll(["Gradle","Griffon"]) + +/*** Removing elements from the list ***/ + +// As with Java +technologies.remove("Griffon") + +// Subtraction works also +technologies = technologies - 'Grails' + +/*** Iterating Lists ***/ + +// Iterate over elements of a list +technologies.each { println "Technology: $it"} +technologies.eachWithIndex { it, i -> println "$i: $it"} + +/*** Checking List contents ***/ + +//Evaluate if a list contains element(s) (boolean) +contained = technologies.contains( 'Groovy' ) + +// Or +contained = 'Groovy' in technologies + +// Check for multiple contents +technologies.containsAll(['Groovy','Grails']) + +/*** Sorting Lists ***/ + +// Sort a list (mutates original list) +technologies.sort() + +// To sort without mutating original, you can do: +sortedTechnologies = technologies.sort( false ) + +/*** Manipulating Lists ***/ + +//Replace all elements in the list +Collections.replaceAll(technologies, 'Gradle', 'gradle') + +//Shuffle a list +Collections.shuffle(technologies, new Random()) + +//Clear a list +technologies.clear() + +//Creating an empty map +def devMap = [:] + +//Add values +devMap = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] +devMap.put('lastName','Perez') + +//Iterate over elements of a map +devMap.each { println "$it.key: $it.value" } +devMap.eachWithIndex { it, i -> println "$i: $it"} + +//Evaluate if a map contains a key +assert devMap.containsKey('name') + +//Evaluate if a map contains a value +assert devMap.containsValue('Roberto') + +//Get the keys of a map +println devMap.keySet() + +//Get the values of a map +println devMap.values() + +/* + Groovy Beans + + GroovyBeans are JavaBeans but using a much simpler syntax + + When Groovy is compiled to bytecode, the following rules are used. + + * If the name is declared with an access modifier (public, private or + protected) then a field is generated. + + * A name declared with no access modifier generates a private field with + public getter and setter (i.e. a property). + + * If a property is declared final the private field is created final and no + setter is generated. + + * You can declare a property and also declare your own getter or setter. + + * You can declare a property and a field of the same name, the property will + use that field then. + + * If you want a private or protected property you have to provide your own + getter and setter which must be declared private or protected. + + * If you access a property from within the class the property is defined in + at compile time with implicit or explicit this (for example this.foo, or + simply foo), Groovy will access the field directly instead of going though + the getter and setter. + + * If you access a property that does not exist using the explicit or + implicit foo, then Groovy will access the property through the meta class, + which may fail at runtime. + +*/ + +class Foo { + // read only property + final String name = "Roberto" + + // read only property with public getter and protected setter + String language + protected void setLanguage(String language) { this.language = language } + + // dynamically typed property + def lastName +} + +/* + Logical Branching and Looping +*/ + +//Groovy supports the usual if - else syntax +def x = 3 + +if(x==1) { + println "One" +} else if(x==2) { + println "Two" +} else { + println "X greater than Two" +} + +//Groovy also supports the ternary operator: +def y = 10 +def x = (y > 1) ? "worked" : "failed" +assert x == "worked" + +//For loop +//Iterate over a range +def x = 0 +for (i in 0 .. 30) { + x += i +} + +//Iterate over a list +x = 0 +for( i in [5,3,2,1] ) { + x += i +} + +//Iterate over an array +array = (0..20).toArray() +x = 0 +for (i in array) { + x += i +} + +//Iterate over a map +def map = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] +x = 0 +for ( e in map ) { + x += e.value +} + +/* + Operators + + Operator Overloading for a list of the common operators that Groovy supports: + http://www.groovy-lang.org/operators.html#Operator-Overloading + + Helpful groovy operators +*/ +//Spread operator: invoke an action on all items of an aggregate object. +def technologies = ['Groovy','Grails','Gradle'] +technologies*.toUpperCase() // = to technologies.collect { it?.toUpperCase() } + +//Safe navigation operator: used to avoid a NullPointerException. +def user = User.get(1) +def username = user?.username + + +/* + Closures + A Groovy Closure is like a "code block" or a method pointer. It is a piece of + code that is defined and then executed at a later point. + + More info at: http://www.groovy-lang.org/closures.html +*/ +//Example: +def clos = { println "Hello World!" } + +println "Executing the Closure:" +clos() + +//Passing parameters to a closure +def sum = { a, b -> println a+b } +sum(2,4) + +//Closures may refer to variables not listed in their parameter list. +def x = 5 +def multiplyBy = { num -> num * x } +println multiplyBy(10) + +// If you have a Closure that takes a single argument, you may omit the +// parameter definition of the Closure +def clos = { print it } +clos( "hi" ) + +/* + Groovy can memorize closure results [1][2][3] +*/ +def cl = {a, b -> + sleep(3000) // simulate some time consuming processing + a + b +} + +mem = cl.memoize() + +def callClosure(a, b) { + def start = System.currentTimeMillis() + mem(a, b) + println "Inputs(a = $a, b = $b) - took ${System.currentTimeMillis() - start} msecs." +} + +callClosure(1, 2) +callClosure(1, 2) +callClosure(2, 3) +callClosure(2, 3) +callClosure(3, 4) +callClosure(3, 4) +callClosure(1, 2) +callClosure(2, 3) +callClosure(3, 4) + +/* + Expando + + The Expando class is a dynamic bean so we can add properties and we can add + closures as methods to an instance of this class + + http://mrhaki.blogspot.mx/2009/10/groovy-goodness-expando-as-dynamic-bean.html +*/ + def user = new Expando(name:"Roberto") + assert 'Roberto' == user.name + + user.lastName = 'Pérez' + assert 'Pérez' == user.lastName + + user.showInfo = { out -> + out << "Name: $name" + out << ", Last name: $lastName" + } + + def sw = new StringWriter() + println user.showInfo(sw) + + +/* + Metaprogramming (MOP) +*/ + +//Using ExpandoMetaClass to add behaviour +String.metaClass.testAdd = { + println "we added this" +} + +String x = "test" +x?.testAdd() + +//Intercepting method calls +class Test implements GroovyInterceptable { + def sum(Integer x, Integer y) { x + y } + + def invokeMethod(String name, args) { + System.out.println "Invoke method $name with args: $args" + } +} + +def test = new Test() +test?.sum(2,3) +test?.multiply(2,3) + +//Groovy supports propertyMissing for dealing with property resolution attempts. +class Foo { + def propertyMissing(String name) { name } +} +def f = new Foo() + +assertEquals "boo", f.boo + +/* + TypeChecked and CompileStatic + Groovy, by nature, is and will always be a dynamic language but it supports + typechecked and compilestatic + + More info: http://www.infoq.com/articles/new-groovy-20 +*/ +//TypeChecked +import groovy.transform.TypeChecked + +void testMethod() {} + +@TypeChecked +void test() { + testMeethod() + + def name = "Roberto" + + println naameee + +} + +//Another example: +import groovy.transform.TypeChecked + +@TypeChecked +Integer test() { + Integer num = "1" + + Integer[] numbers = [1,2,3,4] + + Date date = numbers[1] + + return "Test" + +} + +//CompileStatic example: +import groovy.transform.CompileStatic + +@CompileStatic +int sum(int x, int y) { + x + y +} + +assert sum(2,5) == 7 + + +``` + +## Further resources + +[Groovy documentation](http://www.groovy-lang.org/documentation.html) + +[Groovy web console](http://groovyconsole.appspot.com/) + +Join a [Groovy user group](http://www.groovy-lang.org/usergroups.html) + +## Books + +* [Groovy Goodness] (https://leanpub.com/groovy-goodness-notebook) + +* [Groovy in Action] (http://manning.com/koenig2/) + +* [Programming Groovy 2: Dynamic Productivity for the Java Developer] (http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781937785307.do) + +[1] http://roshandawrani.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/groovy-new-feature-closures-can-now-memorize-their-results/ +[2] http://www.solutionsiq.com/resources/agileiq-blog/bid/72880/Programming-with-Groovy-Trampoline-and-Memoize +[3] http://mrhaki.blogspot.mx/2011/05/groovy-goodness-cache-closure-results.html + + + -- cgit v1.2.3 From 021c80723e3b28d81c852b6fd58b6ec9e34670ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Todd Gao Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2015 10:58:39 +0800 Subject: zh-cn translation for groovy --- zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown | 203 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown index 519f36ce..ccd48a4c 100644 --- a/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown @@ -1,36 +1,38 @@ --- language: Groovy -filename: learngroovy.groovy +filename: learngroovy-cn.groovy contributors: - ["Roberto Pérez Alcolea", "http://github.com/rpalcolea"] -filename: learngroovy.groovy +translators: + - ["Todd Gao", "http://github.com/7c00"] +lang: zh-cn --- -Groovy - A dynamic language for the Java platform [Read more here.](http://www.groovy-lang.org/) +Groovy - Java平台的动态语言。[了解更多。](http://www.groovy-lang.org/) ```groovy /* - Set yourself up: + 安装： - 1) Install GVM - http://gvmtool.net/ - 2) Install Groovy: gvm install groovy - 3) Start the groovy console by typing: groovyConsole + 1) 安装 GVM - http://gvmtool.net/ + 2) 安装 Groovy： gvm install groovy + 3) 启动 groovy 控制台，键入： groovyConsole */ -// Single line comments start with two forward slashes +// 双斜线开始的是单行注释 /* -Multi line comments look like this. +像这样的是多行注释 */ // Hello World println "Hello world!" /* - Variables: + 变量： - You can assign values to variables for later use + 可以给变量赋值，稍后再用 */ def x = 1 @@ -49,142 +51,137 @@ x = "Groovy!" println x /* - Collections and maps + 集合和map */ -//Creating an empty list +//创建一个空的列表 def technologies = [] -/*** Adding a elements to the list ***/ +/*** 往列表中增加一个元素 ***/ -// As with Java +// 和Java一样 technologies.add("Grails") -// Left shift adds, and returns the list +// 左移添加，返回该列表 technologies << "Groovy" -// Add multiple elements +// 增加多个元素 technologies.addAll(["Gradle","Griffon"]) -/*** Removing elements from the list ***/ +/*** 从列表中删除元素 ***/ -// As with Java +// 和Java一样 technologies.remove("Griffon") -// Subtraction works also +// 减法也行 technologies = technologies - 'Grails' -/*** Iterating Lists ***/ +/*** 遍历列表 ***/ -// Iterate over elements of a list +// 遍历列表中的元素 technologies.each { println "Technology: $it"} technologies.eachWithIndex { it, i -> println "$i: $it"} -/*** Checking List contents ***/ +/*** 检查列表内容 ***/ -//Evaluate if a list contains element(s) (boolean) +//判断列表是否包含某元素，返回boolean contained = technologies.contains( 'Groovy' ) -// Or +// 或 contained = 'Groovy' in technologies -// Check for multiple contents +// 检查多个元素 technologies.containsAll(['Groovy','Grails']) -/*** Sorting Lists ***/ +/*** 排序列表 ***/ -// Sort a list (mutates original list) +// 排序列表（修改原列表） technologies.sort() -// To sort without mutating original, you can do: +// 要想不修改原列表，可以这样： sortedTechnologies = technologies.sort( false ) -/*** Manipulating Lists ***/ +/*** 操作列表 ***/ -//Replace all elements in the list +//替换列表元素 Collections.replaceAll(technologies, 'Gradle', 'gradle') -//Shuffle a list +//打乱列表 Collections.shuffle(technologies, new Random()) -//Clear a list +//清空列表 technologies.clear() -//Creating an empty map +//创建空的map def devMap = [:] -//Add values +//增加值 devMap = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] devMap.put('lastName','Perez') -//Iterate over elements of a map +//遍历map元素 devMap.each { println "$it.key: $it.value" } devMap.eachWithIndex { it, i -> println "$i: $it"} -//Evaluate if a map contains a key +//判断map是否包含某键 assert devMap.containsKey('name') -//Evaluate if a map contains a value +//判断map是否包含某值 assert devMap.containsValue('Roberto') -//Get the keys of a map +//取得map所有的键 println devMap.keySet() -//Get the values of a map +//取得map所有的值 println devMap.values() /* Groovy Beans - GroovyBeans are JavaBeans but using a much simpler syntax + GroovyBeans 是 JavaBeans，但使用了更简单的语法 - When Groovy is compiled to bytecode, the following rules are used. + Groovy 被编译为字节码时，遵循下列规则。 - * If the name is declared with an access modifier (public, private or - protected) then a field is generated. + * 如果一个名字声明时带有访问修饰符（public, private, 或者 protected）， + 则会生成一个字段（field）。 - * A name declared with no access modifier generates a private field with - public getter and setter (i.e. a property). + * 名字声明时没有访问修饰符，则会生成一个带有public getter和setter的 + private字段，即属性（property）。 - * If a property is declared final the private field is created final and no - setter is generated. + * 如果一个属性声明为final，则会创建一个final的private字段，但不会生成setter。 - * You can declare a property and also declare your own getter or setter. + * 可以声明一个属性的同时定义自己的getter和setter。 - * You can declare a property and a field of the same name, the property will - use that field then. + * 可以声明具有相同名字的属性和字段，该属性会使用该字段。 - * If you want a private or protected property you have to provide your own - getter and setter which must be declared private or protected. + * 如果要定义private或protected属性，必须提供声明为private或protected的getter + 和setter。 - * If you access a property from within the class the property is defined in - at compile time with implicit or explicit this (for example this.foo, or - simply foo), Groovy will access the field directly instead of going though - the getter and setter. + * 如果使用显式或隐式的 this（例如 this.foo, 或者 foo）访问类的在编译时定义的属性， + Groovy会直接访问对应字段，而不是使用getter或者setter - * If you access a property that does not exist using the explicit or - implicit foo, then Groovy will access the property through the meta class, - which may fail at runtime. + * 如果使用显式或隐式的 foo 访问一个不存在的属性，Groovy会通过元类（meta class） + 访问它，这可能导致运行时错误。 */ class Foo { - // read only property + // 只读属性 final String name = "Roberto" - // read only property with public getter and protected setter + // 只读属性，有public getter和protected setter String language protected void setLanguage(String language) { this.language = language } - // dynamically typed property + // 动态类型属性 def lastName } /* - Logical Branching and Looping + 逻辑分支和循环 */ -//Groovy supports the usual if - else syntax +//Groovy支持常见的if - else语法 def x = 3 if(x==1) { @@ -195,32 +192,32 @@ if(x==1) { println "X greater than Two" } -//Groovy also supports the ternary operator: +//Groovy也支持三元运算符 def y = 10 def x = (y > 1) ? "worked" : "failed" assert x == "worked" -//For loop -//Iterate over a range +//for循环 +//使用区间（range）遍历 def x = 0 for (i in 0 .. 30) { x += i } -//Iterate over a list +//遍历列表 x = 0 for( i in [5,3,2,1] ) { x += i } -//Iterate over an array +//遍历数组 array = (0..20).toArray() x = 0 for (i in array) { x += i } -//Iterate over a map +//遍历map def map = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] x = 0 for ( e in map ) { @@ -228,54 +225,52 @@ for ( e in map ) { } /* - Operators + 运算符 - Operator Overloading for a list of the common operators that Groovy supports: + Groovy中下列运算符支持重载： http://www.groovy-lang.org/operators.html#Operator-Overloading - Helpful groovy operators + 实用的groovy运算符 */ -//Spread operator: invoke an action on all items of an aggregate object. +//展开（spread）运算符：对聚合对象的所有元素施加操作 def technologies = ['Groovy','Grails','Gradle'] -technologies*.toUpperCase() // = to technologies.collect { it?.toUpperCase() } +technologies*.toUpperCase() // 相当于 technologies.collect { it?.toUpperCase() } -//Safe navigation operator: used to avoid a NullPointerException. +//安全导航（safe navigation）运算符：用来避免NullPointerException def user = User.get(1) def username = user?.username /* - Closures - A Groovy Closure is like a "code block" or a method pointer. It is a piece of - code that is defined and then executed at a later point. + 闭包 + Groovy闭包好比代码块或者方法指针，它是一段定义稍后执行的代码。 - More info at: http://www.groovy-lang.org/closures.html + 更多信息见：http://www.groovy-lang.org/closures.html */ -//Example: +//例子： def clos = { println "Hello World!" } println "Executing the Closure:" clos() -//Passing parameters to a closure +//传参数给闭包 def sum = { a, b -> println a+b } sum(2,4) -//Closures may refer to variables not listed in their parameter list. +//闭包可以引用参数列表以外的变量 def x = 5 def multiplyBy = { num -> num * x } println multiplyBy(10) -// If you have a Closure that takes a single argument, you may omit the -// parameter definition of the Closure +// 只有一个参数的闭包可以省略参数的定义 def clos = { print it } clos( "hi" ) /* - Groovy can memorize closure results [1][2][3] + Groovy可以记忆闭包结果 [1][2][3] */ def cl = {a, b -> - sleep(3000) // simulate some time consuming processing + sleep(3000) // 模拟费时操作 a + b } @@ -300,8 +295,7 @@ callClosure(3, 4) /* Expando - The Expando class is a dynamic bean so we can add properties and we can add - closures as methods to an instance of this class + Expando类是一种动态bean类，可以给它的实例添加属性和添加闭包作为方法 http://mrhaki.blogspot.mx/2009/10/groovy-goodness-expando-as-dynamic-bean.html */ @@ -321,10 +315,10 @@ callClosure(3, 4) /* - Metaprogramming (MOP) + 元编程(MOP) */ -//Using ExpandoMetaClass to add behaviour +//使用ExpandoMetaClass增加行为 String.metaClass.testAdd = { println "we added this" } @@ -332,7 +326,7 @@ String.metaClass.testAdd = { String x = "test" x?.testAdd() -//Intercepting method calls +//方法调用注入 class Test implements GroovyInterceptable { def sum(Integer x, Integer y) { x + y } @@ -345,7 +339,7 @@ def test = new Test() test?.sum(2,3) test?.multiply(2,3) -//Groovy supports propertyMissing for dealing with property resolution attempts. +//Groovy支持propertyMissing，来处理属性解析尝试 class Foo { def propertyMissing(String name) { name } } @@ -354,13 +348,12 @@ def f = new Foo() assertEquals "boo", f.boo /* - TypeChecked and CompileStatic - Groovy, by nature, is and will always be a dynamic language but it supports - typechecked and compilestatic + 类型检查和静态编译 + Groovy天生是并将永远是一门静态语言，但也支持类型检查和静态编译 - More info: http://www.infoq.com/articles/new-groovy-20 + 更多： http://www.infoq.com/articles/new-groovy-20 */ -//TypeChecked +//类型检查 import groovy.transform.TypeChecked void testMethod() {} @@ -375,7 +368,7 @@ void test() { } -//Another example: +//另一例子 import groovy.transform.TypeChecked @TypeChecked @@ -390,7 +383,7 @@ Integer test() { } -//CompileStatic example: +//静态编译例子 import groovy.transform.CompileStatic @CompileStatic @@ -403,15 +396,15 @@ assert sum(2,5) == 7 ``` -## Further resources +## 进阶资源 -[Groovy documentation](http://www.groovy-lang.org/documentation.html) +[Groovy文档](http://www.groovy-lang.org/documentation.html) [Groovy web console](http://groovyconsole.appspot.com/) -Join a [Groovy user group](http://www.groovy-lang.org/usergroups.html) +加入[Groovy用户组](http://www.groovy-lang.org/usergroups.html) -## Books +## 图书 * [Groovy Goodness] (https://leanpub.com/groovy-goodness-notebook) -- cgit v1.2.3 From a6a498efab8b3ed2e8062a97e0fd47fb181b98f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Todd Gao Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2015 12:16:41 +0800 Subject: update Chinese translation --- zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown | 32 ++++++++++++++++---------------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown index ccd48a4c..562a0284 100644 --- a/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/groovy-cn.html.markdown @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ println "Hello world!" /* 变量： - 可以给变量赋值，稍后再用 + 可以给变量赋值，以便稍后使用 */ def x = 1 @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ x = "Groovy!" println x /* - 集合和map + 集合和映射 */ //创建一个空的列表 @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ technologies.addAll(["Gradle","Griffon"]) // 和Java一样 technologies.remove("Griffon") -// 减法也行 +// 减号也行 technologies = technologies - 'Grails' /*** 遍历列表 ***/ @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ contained = 'Groovy' in technologies // 检查多个元素 technologies.containsAll(['Groovy','Grails']) -/*** 排序列表 ***/ +/*** 列表排序 ***/ // 排序列表（修改原列表） technologies.sort() @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ technologies.sort() // 要想不修改原列表，可以这样： sortedTechnologies = technologies.sort( false ) -/*** 操作列表 ***/ +/*** 列表操作 ***/ //替换列表元素 Collections.replaceAll(technologies, 'Gradle', 'gradle') @@ -112,27 +112,27 @@ Collections.shuffle(technologies, new Random()) //清空列表 technologies.clear() -//创建空的map +//创建空的映射 def devMap = [:] //增加值 devMap = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] devMap.put('lastName','Perez') -//遍历map元素 +//遍历映射元素 devMap.each { println "$it.key: $it.value" } devMap.eachWithIndex { it, i -> println "$i: $it"} -//判断map是否包含某键 +//判断映射是否包含某键 assert devMap.containsKey('name') -//判断map是否包含某值 +//判断映射是否包含某值 assert devMap.containsValue('Roberto') -//取得map所有的键 +//取得映射所有的键 println devMap.keySet() -//取得map所有的值 +//取得映射所有的值 println devMap.values() /* @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ for (i in array) { x += i } -//遍历map +//遍历映射 def map = ['name':'Roberto', 'framework':'Grails', 'language':'Groovy'] x = 0 for ( e in map ) { @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ for ( e in map ) { /* 运算符 - Groovy中下列运算符支持重载： + 在Groovy中以下常用运算符支持重载： http://www.groovy-lang.org/operators.html#Operator-Overloading 实用的groovy运算符 @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def username = user?.username /* 闭包 - Groovy闭包好比代码块或者方法指针，它是一段定义稍后执行的代码。 + Groovy闭包好比代码块或者方法指针，它是一段代码定义，可以以后执行。 更多信息见：http://www.groovy-lang.org/closures.html */ @@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ String.metaClass.testAdd = { String x = "test" x?.testAdd() -//方法调用注入 +//拦截方法调用 class Test implements GroovyInterceptable { def sum(Integer x, Integer y) { x + y } @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ assertEquals "boo", f.boo /* 类型检查和静态编译 - Groovy天生是并将永远是一门静态语言，但也支持类型检查和静态编译 + Groovy天生是并将永远是一门动态语言，但也支持类型检查和静态编译 更多： http://www.infoq.com/articles/new-groovy-20 */ -- cgit v1.2.3 From abcb4e25de06ce4b295b1999fd251d76f60d5fc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guangming Mao Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2015 20:51:09 +0800 Subject: rust/zh Add chinese translation for rust --- zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown | 296 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 296 insertions(+) create mode 100644 zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f50c1566 --- /dev/null +++ b/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +--- +language: rust +contributors: + - ["P1start", "http://p1start.github.io/"] +translators: + - ["Guangming Mao", "http://maogm.com"] +filename: learnrust-cn.rs +lang: zh-cn +--- + +Rust 是由 Mozilla 研究院开发的编程语言。Rust 将底层的性能控制和高级语言的便利性和安全保障结合在了一起。 + +而 Rust 并不需要一个垃圾回收器或者运行时即可实现这个目的，这使得 Rust 库可以成为一种 C 语言的替代品。 + +Rust 第一版（0.1 版）发布于 2012 年 1 月，3 年以来一直在紧锣密鼓地迭代。 +因为更新太频繁，一般建议使用每夜构建版而不是稳定版，直到最近 1.0 版本的发布。 + +2015 年 3 月 15 日，Rust 1.0 发布，完美向后兼容，最新的每夜构建版提供了缩短编译时间等新特性。 +Rust 采用了持续迭代模型，每 6 周一个发布版。Rust 1.1 beta 版在 1.0 发布时同时发布。 + +尽管 Rust 相对来说是一门底层语言，它提供了一些常见于高级语言的函数式编程的特性。这让 Rust 不仅高效，并且易用。 + +```rust +// 这是注释，单行注释... +/* ...这是多行注释 */ + +/////////////// +// 1. 基础 // +/////////////// + +// 函数 (Functions) +// `i32` 是有符号 32 位整数类型(32-bit signed integers) +fn add2(x: i32, y: i32) -> i32 { + // 隐式返回 (不要分号) + x + y +} + +// 主函数(Main function) +fn main() { + // 数字 (Numbers) // + + // 不可变绑定 + let x: i32 = 1; + + // 整形/浮点型数 后缀 + let y: i32 = 13i32; + let f: f64 = 1.3f64; + + // 类型推导 + // 大部分时间，Rust 编译器会推导变量类型，所以不必把类型显式写出来。 + // 这个教程里面很多地方都显式写了类型，但是只是为了示范。 + // 绝大部分时间可以交给类型推导。 + let implicit_x = 1; + let implicit_f = 1.3; + + // 算术运算 + let sum = x + y + 13; + + // 可变变量 + let mut mutable = 1; + mutable = 4; + mutable += 2; + + // 字符串 (Strings) // + + // 字符串字面量 + let x: &str = "hello world!"; + + // 输出 + println!("{} {}", f, x); // 1.3 hello world + + // 一个 `String` – 在堆上分配空间的字符串 + let s: String = "hello world".to_string(); + + // 字符串分片(slice) - 另一个字符串的不可变视图 + // 基本上就是指向一个字符串的不可变指针，它不包含字符串里任何类容，只是一个指向某个东西的指针 + // 比如这里就是 `s` + let s_slice: &str = &s; + + println!("{} {}", s, s_slice); // hello world hello world + + // 数组 (Vectors/arrays) // + + // 长度固定的数组 (array) + let four_ints: [i32; 4] = [1, 2, 3, 4]; + + // 变长数组 (vector) + let mut vector: Vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4]; + vector.push(5); + + // 分片 - 某个数组(vector/array)的不可变视图 + // 和字符串分片基本一样，只不过是针对数组的 + let slice: &[i32] = &vector; + + // 使用 `{:?}` 按调试样式输出 + println!("{:?} {:?}", vector, slice); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] + + // 元组 (Tuples) // + + // 元组是固定大小的一组值，可以是不同类型 + let x: (i32, &str, f64) = (1, "hello", 3.4); + + // 解构 `let` + let (a, b, c) = x; + println!("{} {} {}", a, b, c); // 1 hello 3.4 + + // 索引 + println!("{}", x.1); // hello + + ////////////// + // 2. 类型 (Type) // + ////////////// + + // 结构体（Sturct) + struct Point { + x: i32, + y: i32, + } + + let origin: Point = Point { x: 0, y: 0 }; + + // 匿名成员结构体，又叫“元组结构体”（‘tuple struct’） + struct Point2(i32, i32); + + let origin2 = Point2(0, 0); + + // 基础的 C 风格枚举类型（enum） + enum Direction { + Left, + Right, + Up, + Down, + } + + let up = Direction::Up; + + // 有成员的枚举类型 + enum OptionalI32 { + AnI32(i32), + Nothing, + } + + let two: OptionalI32 = OptionalI32::AnI32(2); + let nothing = OptionalI32::Nothing; + + // 泛型 (Generics) // + + struct Foo { bar: T } + + // 这个在标准库里面有实现，叫 `Option` + enum Optional { + SomeVal(T), + NoVal, + } + + // 方法 (Methods) // + + impl Foo { + // 方法需要一个显式的 `self` 参数 + fn get_bar(self) -> T { + self.bar + } + } + + let a_foo = Foo { bar: 1 }; + println!("{}", a_foo.get_bar()); // 1 + + // 接口（Traits） （其他语言里叫 interfaces 或 typeclasses） // + + trait Frobnicate { + fn frobnicate(self) -> Option; + } + + impl Frobnicate for Foo { + fn frobnicate(self) -> Option { + Some(self.bar) + } + } + + let another_foo = Foo { bar: 1 }; + println!("{:?}", another_foo.frobnicate()); // Some(1) + + /////////////////////////////////// + // 3. 模板匹配 (Pattern matching) // + /////////////////////////////////// + + let foo = OptionalI32::AnI32(1); + match foo { + OptionalI32::AnI32(n) => println!("it’s an i32: {}", n), + OptionalI32::Nothing => println!("it’s nothing!"), + } + + // 高级模板匹配 + struct FooBar { x: i32, y: OptionalI32 } + let bar = FooBar { x: 15, y: OptionalI32::AnI32(32) }; + + match bar { + FooBar { x: 0, y: OptionalI32::AnI32(0) } => + println!("The numbers are zero!"), + FooBar { x: n, y: OptionalI32::AnI32(m) } if n == m => + println!("The numbers are the same"), + FooBar { x: n, y: OptionalI32::AnI32(m) } => + println!("Different numbers: {} {}", n, m), + FooBar { x: _, y: OptionalI32::Nothing } => + println!("The second number is Nothing!"), + } + + /////////////////////////////// + // 4. 条件控制 (Control flow) // + /////////////////////////////// + + // `for` 循环 + let array = [1, 2, 3]; + for i in array.iter() { + println!("{}", i); + } + + // 区间 (Ranges) + for i in 0u32..10 { + print!("{} ", i); + } + println!(""); + // 输出 `0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ` + + // `if` + if 1 == 1 { + println!("Maths is working!"); + } else { + println!("Oh no..."); + } + + // `if` 可以当表达式 + let value = if true { + "good" + } else { + "bad" + }; + + // `while` 循环 + while 1 == 1 { + println!("The universe is operating normally."); + } + + // 无限循环 + loop { + println!("Hello!"); + } + + //////////////////////////////////////////////// + // 5. 内存安全和指针 (Memory safety & pointers) // + //////////////////////////////////////////////// + + // 独占指针 (Owned pointer) - 同一时刻只能有一个对象能“拥有”这个指针 + // 意味着 `Box` 离开他的作用域后，会被安全的释放 + let mut mine: Box = Box::new(3); + *mine = 5; // 解引用 + // `now_its_mine` 获取了 `mine` 的所有权。换句话说，`mine` 移动 (move) 了 + let mut now_its_mine = mine; + *now_its_mine += 2; + + println!("{}", now_its_mine); // 7 + // println!("{}", mine); // 编译报错，因为现在 `now_its_mine` 独占那个指针 + + // 引用 (Reference) – 引用其他数据的不可变指针 + // 当引用指向某个值，我们称为“借用”这个值，因为是被不可变的借用，所以不能被修改，也不能移动 + // 借用一直持续到生命周期结束，即离开作用域 + let mut var = 4; + var = 3; + let ref_var: &i32 = &var; + + println!("{}", var); //不像 `box`, `var` 还可以继续使用 + println!("{}", *ref_var); + // var = 5; // 编译报错，因为 `var` 被借用了 + // *ref_var = 6; // 编译报错，因为 `ref_var` 是不可变引用 + + // 可变引用 (Mutable reference) + // 当一个变量被可变地借用时，也不可使用 + let mut var2 = 4; + let ref_var2: &mut i32 = &mut var2; + *ref_var2 += 2; + + println!("{}", *ref_var2); // 6 + // var2 = 2; // 编译报错，因为 `var2` 被借用了 +} +``` + +## 更深入的资料 + +Rust 还有很多很多其他类容 - 这只是 Rust 最基础的东西，帮助你了解 Rust 里面最重要的东西。 +如果想深入学习 Rust，可以去阅读 +[The Rust Programming Language](http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html) +或者上 reddit [/r/rust](http://reddit.com/r/rust) 订阅。 +同时 irc.mozilla.org 的 #rust 频道上的小伙伴们也非常欢迎新来的朋友。 + +你可以在这个在线编译器 [Rust playpen](http://play.rust-lang.org) 上尝试 Rust 的一些特性 +或者上[官方网站](http://rust-lang.org). -- cgit v1.2.3 From cf26b05a233950c4ae30e0915b6892399c7f0151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Guangming Mao Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2015 16:01:37 +0800 Subject: Refine some sentences and fix some typos --- zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown index f50c1566..17a897df 100644 --- a/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/rust-cn.html.markdown @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ filename: learnrust-cn.rs lang: zh-cn --- -Rust 是由 Mozilla 研究院开发的编程语言。Rust 将底层的性能控制和高级语言的便利性和安全保障结合在了一起。 +Rust 是由 Mozilla 研究院开发的编程语言。Rust 将底层的性能控制与高级语言的便利性和安全保障结合在了一起。 而 Rust 并不需要一个垃圾回收器或者运行时即可实现这个目的，这使得 Rust 库可以成为一种 C 语言的替代品。 @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn main() { let s: String = "hello world".to_string(); // 字符串分片(slice) - 另一个字符串的不可变视图 - // 基本上就是指向一个字符串的不可变指针，它不包含字符串里任何类容，只是一个指向某个东西的指针 + // 基本上就是指向一个字符串的不可变指针，它不包含字符串里任何内容，只是一个指向某个东西的指针 // 比如这里就是 `s` let s_slice: &str = &s; @@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn main() { println!("{:?}", another_foo.frobnicate()); // Some(1) /////////////////////////////////// - // 3. 模板匹配 (Pattern matching) // + // 3. 模式匹配 (Pattern matching) // /////////////////////////////////// let foo = OptionalI32::AnI32(1); @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn main() { OptionalI32::Nothing => println!("it’s nothing!"), } - // 高级模板匹配 + // 高级模式匹配 struct FooBar { x: i32, y: OptionalI32 } let bar = FooBar { x: 15, y: OptionalI32::AnI32(32) }; @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn main() { } /////////////////////////////// - // 4. 条件控制 (Control flow) // + // 4. 流程控制 (Control flow) // /////////////////////////////// // `for` 循环 @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn main() { //////////////////////////////////////////////// // 独占指针 (Owned pointer) - 同一时刻只能有一个对象能“拥有”这个指针 - // 意味着 `Box` 离开他的作用域后，会被安全的释放 + // 意味着 `Box` 离开他的作用域后，会被安全地释放 let mut mine: Box = Box::new(3); *mine = 5; // 解引用 // `now_its_mine` 获取了 `mine` 的所有权。换句话说，`mine` 移动 (move) 了 @@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ fn main() { ## 更深入的资料 -Rust 还有很多很多其他类容 - 这只是 Rust 最基础的东西，帮助你了解 Rust 里面最重要的东西。 -如果想深入学习 Rust，可以去阅读 +Rust 还有很多很多其他内容 - 这只是 Rust 最基本的功能，帮助你了解 Rust 里面最重要的东西。 +如果想深入学习 Rust，可以去读 [The Rust Programming Language](http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html) 或者上 reddit [/r/rust](http://reddit.com/r/rust) 订阅。 同时 irc.mozilla.org 的 #rust 频道上的小伙伴们也非常欢迎新来的朋友。 -- cgit v1.2.3 From 14c628e1d914a72c81daae92d204eb8892e12889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ftwbzhao Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2015 14:30:45 +0800 Subject: Update ruby-cn.html.markdown --- zh-cn/ruby-cn.html.markdown | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/ruby-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/ruby-cn.html.markdown index 99250b43..14d38137 100644 --- a/zh-cn/ruby-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/ruby-cn.html.markdown @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ contributors: - ["Joel Walden", "http://joelwalden.net"] - ["Luke Holder", "http://twitter.com/lukeholder"] - ["lidashuang", "https://github.com/lidashuang"] + - ["ftwbzhao", "https://github.com/ftwbzhao"] translators: - ["Lin Xiangyu", "https://github.com/oa414"] --- @@ -120,11 +121,11 @@ status == :approved #=> false # 数组 # 这是一个数组 -[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] +array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] # 数组可以包含不同类型的元素 -array = [1, "hello", false] #=> => [1, "hello", false] +[1, "hello", false] #=> [1, "hello", false] # 数组可以被索引 # 从前面开始 @@ -140,8 +141,8 @@ array.[] 12 #=> nil # 从尾部开始 array[-1] #=> 5 -# 同时指定开始的位置和结束的位置 -array[2, 4] #=> [3, 4, 5] +# 同时指定开始的位置和长度 +array[2, 3] #=> [3, 4, 5] # 或者指定一个范围 array[1..3] #=> [2, 3, 4] -- cgit v1.2.3 From 63a314bd07660f33664708cc3b9e6f02ca895931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ftwbzhao Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2015 15:44:47 +0800 Subject: Update go-cn.html.markdown --- zh-cn/go-cn.html.markdown | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/go-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/go-cn.html.markdown index 9f6a8c15..3a461efe 100644 --- a/zh-cn/go-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/go-cn.html.markdown @@ -283,4 +283,4 @@ Go的根源在[Go官方网站](http://golang.org/)。 强烈推荐阅读语言定义部分，很简单而且很简洁！(as language definitions go these days.) -学习Go还要阅读Go标准库的源代码，全部文档化了，可读性非常好，可以学到go，go style和go idioms。在文档中点击函数名，源代码就出来了！ +学习Go还要阅读Go[标准库的源代码](http://golang.org/src/)，全部文档化了，可读性非常好，可以学到go，go style和go idioms。在[文档](http://golang.org/pkg/)中点击函数名，源代码就出来了！ -- cgit v1.2.3 From cfb6c3a35ff52d706d337986d62104ecdb424d88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sdcuike <303286730@qq.com> Date: Fri, 7 Aug 2015 23:06:17 +0800 Subject: =?UTF-8?q?=20~=20=20=20=20=20=20=20=E5=8F=96=E5=8F=8D=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B1=82=E5=8F=8D=E7=A0=81?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'zh-cn') diff --git a/zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown b/zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown index f08d3507..12afa59a 100644 --- a/zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown +++ b/zh-cn/java-cn.html.markdown @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ public class LearnJava { // 位运算操作符 /* - ~ 补 + ~ 取反，求反码 << 带符号左移 >> 带符号右移 >>> 无符号右移 -- cgit v1.2.3