From 96f0b3b3903c6f619b4a964a98e1cb0a463c47e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 00:03:58 +0800
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+---
+language: python
+contributors:
+    - ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"]
+    - ["Amin Bandali", "http://aminbandali.com"]
+    - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
+    - ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
+translators:
+    - ["Michael Yeh", "https://github.com/hinet60613"]
+filename: learnpython.py
+---
+
+Python是在1990年代早期由Guido Van Rossum創建的。它是現在最流行的程式語言之一。我愛上Python是因為他極為清晰的語法，甚至可以說它就是可執行的虛擬碼。
+
+非常歡迎各位給我們任何回饋！ 你可以在[@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) 或 louiedinh [at] [google's email service]聯絡到我。
+
+註： 本篇文章適用的版本為Python 2.7，但大部分的Python 2.X版本應該都適用。 Python 2.7將會在2020年停止維護，因此建議您可以從Python 3開始學Python。
+Python 3.X可以看這篇[Python 3 教學 (英文)](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/python3/).
+
+讓程式碼同時支援Python 2.7和3.X是可以做到的，只要引入
+ [`__future__` imports](https://docs.python.org/2/library/__future__.html) 模組.
+ `__future__` 模組允許你撰寫可以在Python 2上執行的Python 3程式碼，詳細訊息請參考Python 3 教學。
+
+```python
+
+# 單行註解從井字號開始
+
+""" 多行字串可以用三個雙引號
+    包住，不過通常這種寫法會
+    被拿來當作多行註解
+"""
+
+####################################################
+## 1. 原始型別與運算元
+####################################################
+
+# 你可以使用數字
+3  # => 3
+
+# 還有四則運算
+1 + 1  # => 2
+8 - 1  # => 7
+10 * 2  # => 20
+35 / 5  # => 7
+
+# 除法比較麻煩，除以整數時會自動捨去小數位。
+5 / 2  # => 2
+
+# 要做精確的除法，我們需要浮點數
+2.0     # 浮點數
+11.0 / 4.0  # => 2.75 精確多了！
+
+# 整數除法的無條件捨去對正數或負數都適用
+5 // 3     # => 1
+5.0 // 3.0 # => 1.0 # 浮點數的整數也適用
+-5 // 3  # => -2
+-5.0 // 3.0 # => -2.0
+
+# 我們可以用除法模組(參考第六節:模組)，讓
+# 單一斜線代表普通除法，而非無條件捨去
+from __future__ import division
+11/4    # => 2.75  ...普通除法
+11//4   # => 2 ...無條件捨去
+
+# 取餘數
+7 % 3 # => 1
+
+# 指數 (x的y次方)
+2**4 # => 16
+
+# 括號即先乘除後加減
+(1 + 3) * 2  # => 8
+
+# 布林運算
+# 注意 "and" 和 "or" 的大小寫
+True and False #=> False
+False or True #=> True
+
+# 用整數與布林值做運算
+0 and 2 #=> 0
+-5 or 0 #=> -5
+0 == False #=> True
+2 == True #=> False
+1 == True #=> True
+
+# 用not取反向
+not True  # => False
+not False  # => True
+
+# 等於判斷是用 ==
+1 == 1  # => True
+2 == 1  # => False
+
+# 不等於判斷是用 !=
+1 != 1  # => False
+2 != 1  # => True
+
+# 更多比較
+1 < 10  # => True
+1 > 10  # => False
+2 <= 2  # => True
+2 >= 2  # => True
+
+# 比較是可以串接的
+1 < 2 < 3  # => True
+2 < 3 < 2  # => False
+
+# 字串用單引號 ' 或雙引號 " 建立
+"This is a string."
+'This is also a string.'
+
+# 字串相加會被串接再一起
+"Hello " + "world!"  # => "Hello world!"
+# 不用加號也可以做字串相加
+"Hello " "world!"  # => "Hello world!"
+
+# ... 也可以做相乘
+"Hello" * 3  # => "HelloHelloHello"
+
+# 字串可以被視為字元的陣列
+"This is a string"[0]  # => 'T'
+
+# 字串的格式化可以用百分之符號 %
+# 儘管在Python 3.1後這個功能被廢棄了，並且在
+# 之後的版本會被移除，但還是可以了解一下
+x = 'apple'
+y = 'lemon'
+z = "The items in the basket are %s and %s" % (x,y)
+
+# 新的格式化方式是使用format函式
+# 這個方式也是較為推薦的
+"{} is a {}".format("This", "placeholder")
+"{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted")
+# 你也可以用關鍵字，如果你不想數你是要用第幾個變數的話
+"{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna")
+
+# 無(None) 是一個物件
+None  # => None
+
+# 不要用等於符號 "==" 對 無(None)做比較
+# 用 "is" 
+"etc" is None  # => False
+None is None  # => True
+
+# The 'is' operator tests for object identity. This isn't
+# very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is
+# very useful when dealing with objects.
+
+# Any object can be used in a Boolean context.
+# The following values are considered falsey:
+#    - None
+#    - zero of any numeric type (e.g., 0, 0L, 0.0, 0j)
+#    - empty sequences (e.g., '', (), [])
+#    - empty containers (e.g., {}, set())
+#    - instances of user-defined classes meeting certain conditions
+#      see: https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__
+#
+# All other values are truthy (using the bool() function on them returns True).
+bool(0)  # => False
+bool("")  # => False
+
+
+####################################################
+## 2. Variables and Collections
+####################################################
+
+# Python has a print statement
+print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!" # => I'm Python. Nice to meet you!
+
+# Simple way to get input data from console
+input_string_var = raw_input("Enter some data: ") # Returns the data as a string
+input_var = input("Enter some data: ") # Evaluates the data as python code
+# Warning: Caution is recommended for input() method usage
+# Note: In python 3, input() is deprecated and raw_input() is renamed to input()
+
+# No need to declare variables before assigning to them.
+some_var = 5    # Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores
+some_var  # => 5
+
+# Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an exception.
+# See Control Flow to learn more about exception handling.
+some_other_var  # Raises a name error
+
+# if can be used as an expression
+# Equivalent of C's '?:' ternary operator
+"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2  # => "yahoo!"
+
+# Lists store sequences
+li = []
+# You can start with a prefilled list
+other_li = [4, 5, 6]
+
+# Add stuff to the end of a list with append
+li.append(1)    # li is now [1]
+li.append(2)    # li is now [1, 2]
+li.append(4)    # li is now [1, 2, 4]
+li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3]
+# Remove from the end with pop
+li.pop()        # => 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
+# Let's put it back
+li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
+
+# Access a list like you would any array
+li[0]  # => 1
+# Assign new values to indexes that have already been initialized with =
+li[0] = 42
+li[0]  # => 42
+li[0] = 1  # Note: setting it back to the original value
+# Look at the last element
+li[-1]  # => 3
+
+# Looking out of bounds is an IndexError
+li[4]  # Raises an IndexError
+
+# You can look at ranges with slice syntax.
+# (It's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)
+li[1:3]  # => [2, 4]
+# Omit the beginning
+li[2:]  # => [4, 3]
+# Omit the end
+li[:3]  # => [1, 2, 4]
+# Select every second entry
+li[::2]   # =>[1, 4]
+# Reverse a copy of the list
+li[::-1]   # => [3, 4, 2, 1]
+# Use any combination of these to make advanced slices
+# li[start:end:step]
+
+# Remove arbitrary elements from a list with "del"
+del li[2]   # li is now [1, 2, 3]
+
+# You can add lists
+li + other_li   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+# Note: values for li and for other_li are not modified.
+
+# Concatenate lists with "extend()"
+li.extend(other_li)   # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+# Remove first occurrence of a value
+li.remove(2)  # li is now [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+li.remove(2)  # Raises a ValueError as 2 is not in the list
+
+# Insert an element at a specific index
+li.insert(1, 2)  # li is now [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] again
+
+# Get the index of the first item found
+li.index(2)  # => 1
+li.index(7)  # Raises a ValueError as 7 is not in the list
+
+# Check for existence in a list with "in"
+1 in li   # => True
+
+# Examine the length with "len()"
+len(li)   # => 6
+
+
+# Tuples are like lists but are immutable.
+tup = (1, 2, 3)
+tup[0]   # => 1
+tup[0] = 3  # Raises a TypeError
+
+# You can do all those list thingies on tuples too
+len(tup)   # => 3
+tup + (4, 5, 6)   # => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+tup[:2]   # => (1, 2)
+2 in tup   # => True
+
+# You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables
+a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)     # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
+d, e, f = 4, 5, 6       # you can leave out the parentheses
+# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses
+g = 4, 5, 6             # => (4, 5, 6)
+# Now look how easy it is to swap two values
+e, d = d, e     # d is now 5 and e is now 4
+
+
+# Dictionaries store mappings
+empty_dict = {}
+# Here is a prefilled dictionary
+filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+
+# Look up values with []
+filled_dict["one"]   # => 1
+
+# Get all keys as a list with "keys()"
+filled_dict.keys()   # => ["three", "two", "one"]
+# Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.
+# Your results might not match this exactly.
+
+# Get all values as a list with "values()"
+filled_dict.values()   # => [3, 2, 1]
+# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.
+
+# Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with "in"
+"one" in filled_dict   # => True
+1 in filled_dict   # => False
+
+# Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError
+filled_dict["four"]   # KeyError
+
+# Use "get()" method to avoid the KeyError
+filled_dict.get("one")   # => 1
+filled_dict.get("four")   # => None
+# The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing
+filled_dict.get("one", 4)   # => 1
+filled_dict.get("four", 4)   # => 4
+# note that filled_dict.get("four") is still => None
+# (get doesn't set the value in the dictionary)
+
+# set the value of a key with a syntax similar to lists
+filled_dict["four"] = 4  # now, filled_dict["four"] => 4
+
+# "setdefault()" inserts into a dictionary only if the given key isn't present
+filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5)  # filled_dict["five"] is set to 5
+filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6)  # filled_dict["five"] is still 5
+
+
+# Sets store ... well sets (which are like lists but can contain no duplicates)
+empty_set = set()
+# Initialize a "set()" with a bunch of values
+some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4])   # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+# order is not guaranteed, even though it may sometimes look sorted
+another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1])  # another_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+# Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set
+filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4}   # => {1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+# Add more items to a set
+filled_set.add(5)   # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+
+# Do set intersection with &
+other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
+filled_set & other_set   # => {3, 4, 5}
+
+# Do set union with |
+filled_set | other_set   # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
+
+# Do set difference with -
+{1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5}   # => {1, 4}
+
+# Do set symmetric difference with ^
+{1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5}  # => {1, 4, 5}
+
+# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right
+{1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False
+
+# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right
+{1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True
+
+# Check for existence in a set with in
+2 in filled_set   # => True
+10 in filled_set   # => False
+
+
+####################################################
+## 3. Control Flow
+####################################################
+
+# Let's just make a variable
+some_var = 5
+
+# Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!
+# prints "some_var is smaller than 10"
+if some_var > 10:
+    print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
+elif some_var < 10:    # This elif clause is optional.
+    print "some_var is smaller than 10."
+else:           # This is optional too.
+    print "some_var is indeed 10."
+
+
+"""
+For loops iterate over lists
+prints:
+    dog is a mammal
+    cat is a mammal
+    mouse is a mammal
+"""
+for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
+    # You can use {0} to interpolate formatted strings. (See above.)
+    print "{0} is a mammal".format(animal)
+
+"""
+"range(number)" returns a list of numbers
+from zero to the given number
+prints:
+    0
+    1
+    2
+    3
+"""
+for i in range(4):
+    print i
+
+"""
+"range(lower, upper)" returns a list of numbers
+from the lower number to the upper number
+prints:
+    4
+    5
+    6
+    7
+"""
+for i in range(4, 8):
+    print i
+
+"""
+While loops go until a condition is no longer met.
+prints:
+    0
+    1
+    2
+    3
+"""
+x = 0
+while x < 4:
+    print x
+    x += 1  # Shorthand for x = x + 1
+
+# Handle exceptions with a try/except block
+
+# Works on Python 2.6 and up:
+try:
+    # Use "raise" to raise an error
+    raise IndexError("This is an index error")
+except IndexError as e:
+    pass    # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
+except (TypeError, NameError):
+    pass    # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required.
+else:   # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks
+    print "All good!"   # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions
+finally: #  Execute under all circumstances
+    print "We can clean up resources here"
+
+# Instead of try/finally to cleanup resources you can use a with statement
+with open("myfile.txt") as f:
+    for line in f:
+        print line
+
+####################################################
+## 4. Functions
+####################################################
+
+# Use "def" to create new functions
+def add(x, y):
+    print "x is {0} and y is {1}".format(x, y)
+    return x + y    # Return values with a return statement
+
+# Calling functions with parameters
+add(5, 6)   # => prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11
+
+# Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments
+add(y=6, x=5)   # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order.
+
+
+# You can define functions that take a variable number of
+# positional args, which will be interpreted as a tuple if you do not use the *
+def varargs(*args):
+    return args
+
+varargs(1, 2, 3)   # => (1, 2, 3)
+
+
+# You can define functions that take a variable number of
+# keyword args, as well, which will be interpreted as a dict if you do not use **
+def keyword_args(**kwargs):
+    return kwargs
+
+# Let's call it to see what happens
+keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness")   # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
+
+
+# You can do both at once, if you like
+def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
+    print args
+    print kwargs
+"""
+all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
+    (1, 2)
+    {"a": 3, "b": 4}
+"""
+
+# When calling functions, you can do the opposite of args/kwargs!
+# Use * to expand positional args and use ** to expand keyword args.
+args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
+kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
+all_the_args(*args)   # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
+all_the_args(**kwargs)   # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4)
+all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)   # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
+
+# you can pass args and kwargs along to other functions that take args/kwargs
+# by expanding them with * and ** respectively
+def pass_all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
+    all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)
+    print varargs(*args)
+    print keyword_args(**kwargs)
+
+# Function Scope
+x = 5
+
+def set_x(num):
+    # Local var x not the same as global variable x
+    x = num # => 43
+    print x # => 43
+
+def set_global_x(num):
+    global x
+    print x # => 5
+    x = num # global var x is now set to 6
+    print x # => 6
+
+set_x(43)
+set_global_x(6)
+
+# Python has first class functions
+def create_adder(x):
+    def adder(y):
+        return x + y
+    return adder
+
+add_10 = create_adder(10)
+add_10(3)   # => 13
+
+# There are also anonymous functions
+(lambda x: x > 2)(3)   # => True
+(lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1) # => 5
+
+# There are built-in higher order functions
+map(add_10, [1, 2, 3])   # => [11, 12, 13]
+map(max, [1, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1])   # => [4, 2, 3]
+
+filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7])   # => [6, 7]
+
+# We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters
+[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]  # => [11, 12, 13]
+[x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5]   # => [6, 7]
+
+
+####################################################
+## 5. Classes
+####################################################
+
+# We subclass from object to get a class.
+class Human(object):
+
+    # A class attribute. It is shared by all instances of this class
+    species = "H. sapiens"
+
+    # Basic initializer, this is called when this class is instantiated.
+    # Note that the double leading and trailing underscores denote objects
+    # or attributes that are used by python but that live in user-controlled
+    # namespaces. You should not invent such names on your own.
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
+        self.name = name
+
+        # Initialize property
+        self.age = 0
+
+
+    # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
+    def say(self, msg):
+        return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg)
+
+    # A class method is shared among all instances
+    # They are called with the calling class as the first argument
+    @classmethod
+    def get_species(cls):
+        return cls.species
+
+    # A static method is called without a class or instance reference
+    @staticmethod
+    def grunt():
+        return "*grunt*"
+
+    # A property is just like a getter.
+    # It turns the method age() into an read-only attribute
+    # of the same name.
+    @property
+    def age(self):
+        return self._age
+
+    # This allows the property to be set
+    @age.setter
+    def age(self, age):
+        self._age = age
+
+    # This allows the property to be deleted
+    @age.deleter
+    def age(self):
+        del self._age
+
+
+# Instantiate a class
+i = Human(name="Ian")
+print i.say("hi")     # prints out "Ian: hi"
+
+j = Human("Joel")
+print j.say("hello")  # prints out "Joel: hello"
+
+# Call our class method
+i.get_species()   # => "H. sapiens"
+
+# Change the shared attribute
+Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
+i.get_species()   # => "H. neanderthalensis"
+j.get_species()   # => "H. neanderthalensis"
+
+# Call the static method
+Human.grunt()   # => "*grunt*"
+
+# Update the property
+i.age = 42
+
+# Get the property
+i.age # => 42
+
+# Delete the property
+del i.age
+i.age  # => raises an AttributeError
+
+
+####################################################
+## 6. Modules
+####################################################
+
+# You can import modules
+import math
+print math.sqrt(16)  # => 4
+
+# You can get specific functions from a module
+from math import ceil, floor
+print ceil(3.7)  # => 4.0
+print floor(3.7)   # => 3.0
+
+# You can import all functions from a module.
+# Warning: this is not recommended
+from math import *
+
+# You can shorten module names
+import math as m
+math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16)   # => True
+# you can also test that the functions are equivalent
+from math import sqrt
+math.sqrt == m.sqrt == sqrt  # => True
+
+# Python modules are just ordinary python files. You
+# can write your own, and import them. The name of the
+# module is the same as the name of the file.
+
+# You can find out which functions and attributes
+# defines a module.
+import math
+dir(math)
+
+
+####################################################
+## 7. Advanced
+####################################################
+
+# Generators help you make lazy code
+def double_numbers(iterable):
+    for i in iterable:
+        yield i + i
+
+# A generator creates values on the fly.
+# Instead of generating and returning all values at once it creates one in each
+# iteration.  This means values bigger than 15 wont be processed in
+# double_numbers.
+# Note xrange is a generator that does the same thing range does.
+# Creating a list 1-900000000 would take lot of time and space to be made.
+# xrange creates an xrange generator object instead of creating the entire list
+# like range does.
+# We use a trailing underscore in variable names when we want to use a name that
+# would normally collide with a python keyword
+xrange_ = xrange(1, 900000000)
+
+# will double all numbers until a result >=30 found
+for i in double_numbers(xrange_):
+    print i
+    if i >= 30:
+        break
+
+
+# Decorators
+# in this example beg wraps say
+# Beg will call say. If say_please is True then it will change the returned
+# message
+from functools import wraps
+
+
+def beg(target_function):
+    @wraps(target_function)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        msg, say_please = target_function(*args, **kwargs)
+        if say_please:
+            return "{} {}".format(msg, "Please! I am poor :(")
+        return msg
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+@beg
+def say(say_please=False):
+    msg = "Can you buy me a beer?"
+    return msg, say_please
+
+
+print say()  # Can you buy me a beer?
+print say(say_please=True)  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
+```
+
+## Ready For More?
+
+### Free Online
+
+* [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
+* [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
+* [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/)
+* [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2/)
+* [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
+* [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/)
+* [A Crash Course in Python for Scientists](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/5920182)
+* [First Steps With Python](https://realpython.com/learn/python-first-steps/)
+
+### Dead Tree
+
+* [Programming Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596158106/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0596158106&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
+* [Dive Into Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1441413022/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1441413022&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
+* [Python Essential Reference](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0672329786/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0672329786&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 09cd1ab461ad8b560824f687cc818d7708aea427 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 00:40:41 +0800
Subject: Add lang of translation. Translate to Line 255

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 129 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 8381f325..8e9ca79a 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ contributors:
 translators:
     - ["Michael Yeh", "https://github.com/hinet60613"]
 filename: learnpython.py
+lang: zh-tw
 ---
 
 Python是在1990年代早期由Guido Van Rossum創建的。它是現在最流行的程式語言之一。我愛上Python是因為他極為清晰的語法，甚至可以說它就是可執行的虛擬碼。
@@ -142,115 +143,115 @@ None  # => None
 "etc" is None  # => False
 None is None  # => True
 
-# The 'is' operator tests for object identity. This isn't
-# very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is
-# very useful when dealing with objects.
-
-# Any object can be used in a Boolean context.
-# The following values are considered falsey:
-#    - None
-#    - zero of any numeric type (e.g., 0, 0L, 0.0, 0j)
-#    - empty sequences (e.g., '', (), [])
-#    - empty containers (e.g., {}, set())
-#    - instances of user-defined classes meeting certain conditions
-#      see: https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__
+# 'is' 運算元是用來識別物件的。對原始型別來說或許沒什麼用，
+# 但對物件來說是很有用的。
+
+# 任何物件都可以被當作布林值使用
+# 以下的值會被視為是False :
+#    - 無(None)
+#    - 任何型別的零 (例如: 0, 0L, 0.0, 0j)
+#    - 空序列 (例如: '', (), [])
+#    - 空容器 (例如: {}, set())
+#    - 自定義型別的實體，且滿足某些條件
+#      請參考文件: https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__
 #
-# All other values are truthy (using the bool() function on them returns True).
+# 其餘的值都會被視為True (用bool()函式讓他們回傳布林值).
 bool(0)  # => False
 bool("")  # => False
 
 
 ####################################################
-## 2. Variables and Collections
+## 2. 變數與集合
 ####################################################
 
-# Python has a print statement
+# Python的輸出很方便
 print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!" # => I'm Python. Nice to meet you!
 
-# Simple way to get input data from console
-input_string_var = raw_input("Enter some data: ") # Returns the data as a string
-input_var = input("Enter some data: ") # Evaluates the data as python code
-# Warning: Caution is recommended for input() method usage
-# Note: In python 3, input() is deprecated and raw_input() is renamed to input()
+# 從命令列獲得值也很方便
+input_string_var = raw_input("Enter some data: ") # 資料會被視為字串存進變數
+input_var = input("Enter some data: ") # 輸入的資料會被當作Python程式碼執行
+# 注意: 請謹慎使用input()函式
+# 註: 在Python 3中，input()已被棄用，raw_input()已被更名為input()
 
-# No need to declare variables before assigning to them.
-some_var = 5    # Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores
+# 使用變數前不需要先宣告
+some_var = 5    # 方便好用
+lower_case_with_underscores
 some_var  # => 5
 
-# Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an exception.
-# See Control Flow to learn more about exception handling.
-some_other_var  # Raises a name error
+# 存取沒有被賦值的變數會造成例外
+# 請參考錯誤流程部分做例外處理
+some_other_var  # 造成 NameError
 
-# if can be used as an expression
-# Equivalent of C's '?:' ternary operator
+# if可以當判斷式使用
+# 相當於C語言中的二元判斷式
 "yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2  # => "yahoo!"
 
-# Lists store sequences
+# 串列型態可以儲存集合
 li = []
-# You can start with a prefilled list
+# 你可以預先填好串列內容
 other_li = [4, 5, 6]
 
-# Add stuff to the end of a list with append
-li.append(1)    # li is now [1]
-li.append(2)    # li is now [1, 2]
-li.append(4)    # li is now [1, 2, 4]
-li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3]
-# Remove from the end with pop
+# 用append()在串列後新增東西 append
+li.append(1)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1]
+li.append(2)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2]
+li.append(4)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2, 4]
+li.append(3)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2, 4, 3]
+# 用pop()移除串列尾端的元素
 li.pop()        # => 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
-# Let's put it back
+# 然後再塞回去
 li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
 
-# Access a list like you would any array
+# 你可以像存取陣列一樣的存取串列
 li[0]  # => 1
-# Assign new values to indexes that have already been initialized with =
+# 用等號 = 給串列中特定索引的元素賦值
 li[0] = 42
 li[0]  # => 42
-li[0] = 1  # Note: setting it back to the original value
-# Look at the last element
+li[0] = 1  # 註: 將其設定回原本的值
+# 用 -1 索引值查看串列最後一個元素
 li[-1]  # => 3
 
-# Looking out of bounds is an IndexError
+# 存取超過範圍會產生IndexError
 li[4]  # Raises an IndexError
 
-# You can look at ranges with slice syntax.
-# (It's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)
+# 你可以用切片語法來存取特定範圍的值
+# (相當於數學中的左閉右開區間，即包含最左邊界，但不包含右邊界)
 li[1:3]  # => [2, 4]
-# Omit the beginning
+# 略過開頭元素
 li[2:]  # => [4, 3]
-# Omit the end
+# 略過結尾元素
 li[:3]  # => [1, 2, 4]
-# Select every second entry
+# 每隔兩個元素取值
 li[::2]   # =>[1, 4]
-# Reverse a copy of the list
+# 串列反轉
 li[::-1]   # => [3, 4, 2, 1]
-# Use any combination of these to make advanced slices
-# li[start:end:step]
+# 你可以任意組合來達到你想要的效果
+# li[開始索引:結束索引:間隔]
 
-# Remove arbitrary elements from a list with "del"
-del li[2]   # li is now [1, 2, 3]
+# 用 "del" 從串列中移除任意元素
+del li[2]   # 現在 li 內容為 [1, 2, 3]
 
-# You can add lists
+# 你可以做串列相加
 li + other_li   # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-# Note: values for li and for other_li are not modified.
+# 註: li 及 other_li 沒有被更動
 
-# Concatenate lists with "extend()"
-li.extend(other_li)   # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+# 用 "extend()" 做串列串接
+li.extend(other_li)   # 現在 li 內容為 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
-# Remove first occurrence of a value
-li.remove(2)  # li is now [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-li.remove(2)  # Raises a ValueError as 2 is not in the list
+# 移除特定值的第一次出現
+li.remove(2)  # 現在 li 內容為 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+li.remove(2)  # 2 不在串列中，造成 ValueError
 
-# Insert an element at a specific index
-li.insert(1, 2)  # li is now [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] again
+# 在特定位置插入值
+li.insert(1, 2)  # 現在 li 內容再次回復為 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
-# Get the index of the first item found
+# 取得特定值在串列中第一次出現的位置
 li.index(2)  # => 1
-li.index(7)  # Raises a ValueError as 7 is not in the list
+li.index(7)  # 7 不在串列中，造成 ValueError
 
-# Check for existence in a list with "in"
+# 用 "in" 檢查特定值是否出現在串列中
 1 in li   # => True
 
-# Examine the length with "len()"
+# 用 "len()" 取得串列長度
 len(li)   # => 6
 
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 6c9bf0dc5bccf644439346763f36b047a898a694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 02:06:40 +0800
Subject: Translate to Sec. 4 finished.

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 197 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 8e9ca79a..073c5e91 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
     - ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
 translators:
-    - ["Michael Yeh", "https://github.com/hinet60613"]
+    - ["Michael Yeh", "https://hinet60613.github.io/"]
 filename: learnpython.py
 lang: zh-tw
 ---
@@ -255,137 +255,139 @@ li.index(7)  # 7 不在串列中，造成 ValueError
 len(li)   # => 6
 
 
-# Tuples are like lists but are immutable.
+# 元組(Tuple，以下仍用原文)類似於串列，但是它是不可改變的
 tup = (1, 2, 3)
 tup[0]   # => 1
-tup[0] = 3  # Raises a TypeError
+tup[0] = 3  # 產生TypeError
 
-# You can do all those list thingies on tuples too
+# 能對串列做的東西都可以對tuple做
 len(tup)   # => 3
 tup + (4, 5, 6)   # => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
 tup[:2]   # => (1, 2)
 2 in tup   # => True
 
-# You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables
-a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)     # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
-d, e, f = 4, 5, 6       # you can leave out the parentheses
-# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses
+# 你可以把tuple拆開並分別將值存入不同變數
+a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)     # a 現在是 1, b 現在是 2, c 現在是 3
+d, e, f = 4, 5, 6       # 也可以不寫括號
+# 如果不加括號，預設會產生tuple
 g = 4, 5, 6             # => (4, 5, 6)
-# Now look how easy it is to swap two values
+# 你看，交換兩個值很簡單吧
 e, d = d, e     # d is now 5 and e is now 4
 
 
-# Dictionaries store mappings
+# 字典(Dictionary)用來儲存映射關係
 empty_dict = {}
-# Here is a prefilled dictionary
+# 你可以對字典做初始化
 filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
 
-# Look up values with []
+# 用 [] 取值
 filled_dict["one"]   # => 1
 
-# Get all keys as a list with "keys()"
+# 用 "keys()" 將所有的Key輸出到一個List中
 filled_dict.keys()   # => ["three", "two", "one"]
-# Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.
-# Your results might not match this exactly.
+# 註: 字典裡key的排序是不固定的
+# 你的執行結果可能與上面不同
+# 譯註: 只能保證所有的key都有出現，但不保證順序
 
-# Get all values as a list with "values()"
+# 用 "valuess()" 將所有的Value輸出到一個List中
 filled_dict.values()   # => [3, 2, 1]
-# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.
+# 註: 同上，不保證順序
 
-# Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with "in"
+# 用 "in" 來檢查指定的Key是否在字典中
 "one" in filled_dict   # => True
 1 in filled_dict   # => False
 
-# Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError
+# 查詢不存在的Key會造成KeyError
 filled_dict["four"]   # KeyError
 
-# Use "get()" method to avoid the KeyError
+# 用 "get()" 來避免KeyError
+# 若指定的Key不存在的話會得到None
 filled_dict.get("one")   # => 1
 filled_dict.get("four")   # => None
-# The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing
+# "get()" 函式支援預設值，當找不到指定的值時，會回傳指定的預設值
 filled_dict.get("one", 4)   # => 1
 filled_dict.get("four", 4)   # => 4
-# note that filled_dict.get("four") is still => None
-# (get doesn't set the value in the dictionary)
+# 注意此時 filled_dict.get("four") 仍然為 None
+# (get()此時並沒有產生出任何的值)
 
-# set the value of a key with a syntax similar to lists
-filled_dict["four"] = 4  # now, filled_dict["four"] => 4
+# 像操作list一樣，對指定的Key賦值
+filled_dict["four"] = 4  # 此時 filled_dict["four"] => 4
 
-# "setdefault()" inserts into a dictionary only if the given key isn't present
-filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5)  # filled_dict["five"] is set to 5
-filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6)  # filled_dict["five"] is still 5
+# "setdefault()" 只在指定的Key不存在時才會將值插入dictionary
+filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5)  # filled_dict["five"] 被指定為 5
+filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6)  # filled_dict["five"] 仍保持 5
 
 
-# Sets store ... well sets (which are like lists but can contain no duplicates)
+# 集合(Set)被用來儲存...集合。
+# 跟串列(List)有點像，但集合內不會有重複的元素
 empty_set = set()
-# Initialize a "set()" with a bunch of values
-some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4])   # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
+# 初始化 "set()" 並給定一些值
+some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4])   # 現在 some_set 為 set([1, 2, 3, 4])，注意重複的元素只有一個會被存入
 
-# order is not guaranteed, even though it may sometimes look sorted
-another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1])  # another_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
+# 一樣，不保證順序，就算真的有照順序排也只是你運氣好
+another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1])  # another_set 現在為 set([1, 2, 3, 4])
 
-# Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set
+# 從 Python 2.7 開始，可以使用大括號 {} 來宣告Set
 filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4}   # => {1, 2, 3, 4}
 
-# Add more items to a set
+# 加入更多元素進入Set
 filled_set.add(5)   # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 
-# Do set intersection with &
+# 用 & 來對兩個集合取交集
 other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
 filled_set & other_set   # => {3, 4, 5}
 
-# Do set union with |
+# 用 | 來對兩個集合取聯集
 filled_set | other_set   # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 
-# Do set difference with -
+# 用 - 來將第二個集合內有的元素移出第一個集合
 {1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5}   # => {1, 4}
 
-# Do set symmetric difference with ^
+# 用 ^ 來對兩個集合取差集
 {1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5}  # => {1, 4, 5}
 
-# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right
+# 檢查左邊是否為右邊的母集
 {1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False
 
-# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right
+# 檢查左邊是否為右邊的子集
 {1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True
 
-# Check for existence in a set with in
+# 用 in 來檢查某元素是否存在於集合內
 2 in filled_set   # => True
 10 in filled_set   # => False
 
 
 ####################################################
-## 3. Control Flow
+## 3. 控制流程
 ####################################################
 
-# Let's just make a variable
+# 首先，先宣告一個變數
 some_var = 5
 
-# Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!
-# prints "some_var is smaller than 10"
+# 這邊是 if 判斷式。注意，縮排對Python是很重要的。
+# 下面應該會印出 "some_var is smaller than 10"
 if some_var > 10:
     print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
-elif some_var < 10:    # This elif clause is optional.
+elif some_var < 10:    # elif 可有可無
     print "some_var is smaller than 10."
-else:           # This is optional too.
+else:           # else 也可有可無
     print "some_var is indeed 10."
 
 
 """
-For loops iterate over lists
-prints:
+For 迴圈會遞迴整的List
+下面的程式碼會輸出:
     dog is a mammal
     cat is a mammal
     mouse is a mammal
 """
 for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
-    # You can use {0} to interpolate formatted strings. (See above.)
+    # 你可以用{0}來組合0出格式化字串 (見上面.)
     print "{0} is a mammal".format(animal)
 
 """
-"range(number)" returns a list of numbers
-from zero to the given number
-prints:
+"range(number)" 回傳一個包含從0到給定值的數字List，
+下面的程式碼會輸出:
     0
     1
     2
@@ -395,9 +397,9 @@ for i in range(4):
     print i
 
 """
-"range(lower, upper)" returns a list of numbers
-from the lower number to the upper number
-prints:
+"range(lower, upper)" 回傳一個包含從給定的下限
+到給定的上限的數字List
+下面的程式碼會輸出:
     4
     5
     6
@@ -407,8 +409,8 @@ for i in range(4, 8):
     print i
 
 """
-While loops go until a condition is no longer met.
-prints:
+While迴圈會執行到條件不成立為止
+下面的程式碼會輸出:
     0
     1
     2
@@ -417,62 +419,62 @@ prints:
 x = 0
 while x < 4:
     print x
-    x += 1  # Shorthand for x = x + 1
+    x += 1  # x = x + 1 的簡寫
 
-# Handle exceptions with a try/except block
+# 用try/except處理例外
 
-# Works on Python 2.6 and up:
+# 適用Python 2.6及以上版本
 try:
-    # Use "raise" to raise an error
+    # 用 "raise" 來發起例外
     raise IndexError("This is an index error")
 except IndexError as e:
-    pass    # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
+    pass    # 毫無反應，就只是個什麼都沒做的pass。通常這邊會讓你做對例外的處理
 except (TypeError, NameError):
-    pass    # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required.
-else:   # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks
-    print "All good!"   # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions
-finally: #  Execute under all circumstances
+    pass    # 有需要的話，多種例外可以一起處理
+else:   # else 可有可無，但必須寫在所有的except後
+    print "All good!"   # 只有在try的時候沒有產生任何except才會被執行
+finally: # 不管什麼情況下一定會被執行
     print "We can clean up resources here"
 
-# Instead of try/finally to cleanup resources you can use a with statement
+# 除了try/finally以外，你可以用 with 來簡單的處理清理動作
 with open("myfile.txt") as f:
     for line in f:
         print line
 
 ####################################################
-## 4. Functions
+## 4. 函式
 ####################################################
 
-# Use "def" to create new functions
+# 用 "def" 來建立新函式
 def add(x, y):
     print "x is {0} and y is {1}".format(x, y)
-    return x + y    # Return values with a return statement
+    return x + y    # 用 "return" 來回傳值
 
-# Calling functions with parameters
-add(5, 6)   # => prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11
+# 用參數來呼叫韓式
+add(5, 6)   # => 輸出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 並回傳 11
 
-# Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments
-add(y=6, x=5)   # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order.
+# 你也可以寫上參數名稱來呼叫函式
+add(y=6, x=5)   # 這種狀況下，兩個參數的順序並不影響執行
 
 
-# You can define functions that take a variable number of
-# positional args, which will be interpreted as a tuple if you do not use the *
+# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照順序排序的
+# 如果不加*的話會被解讀為tuple
 def varargs(*args):
     return args
 
 varargs(1, 2, 3)   # => (1, 2, 3)
 
 
-# You can define functions that take a variable number of
-# keyword args, as well, which will be interpreted as a dict if you do not use **
+# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照keyword排序的
+# 如果不加**的話會被解讀為dictionary
 def keyword_args(**kwargs):
     return kwargs
 
-# Let's call it to see what happens
+# 呼叫看看會發生什麼事吧
 keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness")   # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
 
 
-# You can do both at once, if you like
+# 如果你想要，你也可以兩個同時用
 def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
     print args
     print kwargs
@@ -482,39 +484,40 @@ all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
     {"a": 3, "b": 4}
 """
 
-# When calling functions, you can do the opposite of args/kwargs!
-# Use * to expand positional args and use ** to expand keyword args.
+# 呼叫函式時，你可以做反向的操作
+# 用 * 將變數展開為順序排序的變數
+# 用 ** 將變數展開為Keyword排序的變數
 args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
 kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
-all_the_args(*args)   # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
-all_the_args(**kwargs)   # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4)
-all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)   # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
+all_the_args(*args)   # 等同於 foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
+all_the_args(**kwargs)   # 等同於 foo(a=3, b=4)
+all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)   # 等同於 foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
 
-# you can pass args and kwargs along to other functions that take args/kwargs
-# by expanding them with * and ** respectively
+# 你可以把args跟kwargs傳到下一個函式內
+# 分別用 * 跟 ** 將它展開就可以了
 def pass_all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
     all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)
     print varargs(*args)
     print keyword_args(**kwargs)
 
-# Function Scope
+# 函式範圍
 x = 5
 
 def set_x(num):
-    # Local var x not the same as global variable x
+    # 區域變數 x 和全域變數 x 不是同一個東西
     x = num # => 43
     print x # => 43
 
 def set_global_x(num):
     global x
     print x # => 5
-    x = num # global var x is now set to 6
+    x = num # 全域變數 x 在set_global_x(6)被設定為 6 
     print x # => 6
 
 set_x(43)
 set_global_x(6)
 
-# Python has first class functions
+# Python有一級函式
 def create_adder(x):
     def adder(y):
         return x + y
@@ -523,23 +526,23 @@ def create_adder(x):
 add_10 = create_adder(10)
 add_10(3)   # => 13
 
-# There are also anonymous functions
+# 也有匿名函式
 (lambda x: x > 2)(3)   # => True
 (lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1) # => 5
 
-# There are built-in higher order functions
+# 還有內建的高階函式
 map(add_10, [1, 2, 3])   # => [11, 12, 13]
 map(max, [1, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1])   # => [4, 2, 3]
 
 filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7])   # => [6, 7]
 
-# We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters
+# 我們可以用List列表的方式對map和filter等高階函式做更有趣的應用
 [add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]  # => [11, 12, 13]
 [x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5]   # => [6, 7]
 
 
 ####################################################
-## 5. Classes
+## 5. 類別
 ####################################################
 
 # We subclass from object to get a class.
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e2b93f579cbcbb58612081b46f4460cd0255edb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 02:18:21 +0800
Subject: Finish translation of Sec. 6

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 073c5e91..d113f90c 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -545,25 +545,25 @@ filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7])   # => [6, 7]
 ## 5. 類別
 ####################################################
 
-# We subclass from object to get a class.
+# 我們可以由object繼承出一個新的類別
 class Human(object):
 
-    # A class attribute. It is shared by all instances of this class
+    # 類別的參數，被所有這個類別的實體所共用
     species = "H. sapiens"
 
-    # Basic initializer, this is called when this class is instantiated.
-    # Note that the double leading and trailing underscores denote objects
-    # or attributes that are used by python but that live in user-controlled
-    # namespaces. You should not invent such names on your own.
+    # 基礎建構函式，當class被實體化的時候會被呼叫
+    # 注意前後的雙底線代表物件
+    # 還有被python用，但實際上是在使用者控制的命名
+    # 空間內的參數。你不應該自己宣告這樣的名稱。
     def __init__(self, name):
-        # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
+        # 將函式引入的參數 name 指定給實體的 name 參數
         self.name = name
 
-        # Initialize property
+        # 初始化屬性
         self.age = 0
 
 
-    # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
+    # 一個實體的方法(method)。 所有的method都以self為第一個參數
     def say(self, msg):
         return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg)
 
@@ -626,41 +626,41 @@ i.age  # => raises an AttributeError
 
 
 ####################################################
-## 6. Modules
+## 6. 模組
 ####################################################
 
-# You can import modules
+# 你可以引入模組來做使用
 import math
 print math.sqrt(16)  # => 4
+                     # math.sqrt()為取根號
 
-# You can get specific functions from a module
+# 你可以只從模組取出特定幾個函式
 from math import ceil, floor
 print ceil(3.7)  # => 4.0
 print floor(3.7)   # => 3.0
 
-# You can import all functions from a module.
-# Warning: this is not recommended
+# 你可以將所有的函式從模組中引入
+# 注意：不建議這麼做
 from math import *
 
-# You can shorten module names
+# 你可以用 as 簡寫模組名稱
 import math as m
 math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16)   # => True
-# you can also test that the functions are equivalent
+# 你也可以測試函示是否相等
 from math import sqrt
 math.sqrt == m.sqrt == sqrt  # => True
 
-# Python modules are just ordinary python files. You
-# can write your own, and import them. The name of the
-# module is the same as the name of the file.
+# Python的模組就只是一般的Python檔。
+# 你可以自己的模組自己寫、自己的模組自己引入
+# 模組的名稱和檔案名稱一樣
 
-# You can find out which functions and attributes
-# defines a module.
+# 你可以用dir()來查看有哪些可用函式和屬性
 import math
 dir(math)
 
 
 ####################################################
-## 7. Advanced
+## 7. 進階
 ####################################################
 
 # Generators help you make lazy code
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 3544a43d117d7b63de2c3443250270d92d00dce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 02:27:42 +0800
Subject: Finish Sec. 7 translation.

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 34 +++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index d113f90c..797fc6ed 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -663,34 +663,30 @@ dir(math)
 ## 7. 進階
 ####################################################
 
-# Generators help you make lazy code
+# 產生器(Generator)可以讓你寫更懶惰的程式碼
 def double_numbers(iterable):
     for i in iterable:
         yield i + i
 
-# A generator creates values on the fly.
-# Instead of generating and returning all values at once it creates one in each
-# iteration.  This means values bigger than 15 wont be processed in
-# double_numbers.
-# Note xrange is a generator that does the same thing range does.
-# Creating a list 1-900000000 would take lot of time and space to be made.
-# xrange creates an xrange generator object instead of creating the entire list
-# like range does.
-# We use a trailing underscore in variable names when we want to use a name that
-# would normally collide with a python keyword
+# 產生器可以讓你即時的產生值
+# 不是全部產生完之後再一次回傳，產生器會在每一個遞迴時
+# 產生值。 這也意味著大於15的值不會在double_numbers中產生。
+# 這邊，xrange()做的事情和range()一樣
+# 建立一個 1-900000000 的List會消耗很多時間和記憶體空間
+# xrange() 建立一個產生器物件，而不是如range()建立整個List
+# 我們用底線來避免可能和python的關鍵字重複的名稱
 xrange_ = xrange(1, 900000000)
 
-# will double all numbers until a result >=30 found
+# 下面的程式碼會把所有的值乘以兩倍，直到出現大於30的值
 for i in double_numbers(xrange_):
     print i
     if i >= 30:
         break
 
 
-# Decorators
-# in this example beg wraps say
-# Beg will call say. If say_please is True then it will change the returned
-# message
+# 裝飾子
+# 在這個範例中，beg會綁在say上
+# Beg會呼叫say。 如果say_please為True的話，它會更改回傳的訊息
 from functools import wraps
 
 
@@ -715,9 +711,9 @@ print say()  # Can you buy me a beer?
 print say(say_please=True)  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
 ```
 
-## Ready For More?
+## 準備好學更多了嗎?
 
-### Free Online
+### 線上免費資源
 
 * [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
 * [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
@@ -728,7 +724,7 @@ print say(say_please=True)  # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
 * [A Crash Course in Python for Scientists](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/5920182)
 * [First Steps With Python](https://realpython.com/learn/python-first-steps/)
 
-### Dead Tree
+### 或買本書?
 
 * [Programming Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596158106/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0596158106&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
 * [Dive Into Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1441413022/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1441413022&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2ecf370ce4e8b6644863e92652f9b63717ab3e6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 2 Nov 2015 02:32:25 +0800
Subject: Sec. 6 translated. All sections translated. Hooray.

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 29 ++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 797fc6ed..10b4669c 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -567,60 +567,59 @@ class Human(object):
     def say(self, msg):
         return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg)
 
-    # A class method is shared among all instances
-    # They are called with the calling class as the first argument
+    # 一個類別方法會被所有的實體所共用
+    # 他們會以類別為第一參數的方式被呼叫
     @classmethod
     def get_species(cls):
         return cls.species
 
-    # A static method is called without a class or instance reference
+    # 靜態方法
     @staticmethod
     def grunt():
         return "*grunt*"
 
-    # A property is just like a getter.
-    # It turns the method age() into an read-only attribute
-    # of the same name.
+    # 屬性就像是用getter取值一樣
+    # 它將方法 age() 轉為同名的、只能讀取的屬性
     @property
     def age(self):
         return self._age
 
-    # This allows the property to be set
+    # 這樣寫的話可以讓屬性被寫入新的值
     @age.setter
     def age(self, age):
         self._age = age
 
-    # This allows the property to be deleted
+    # 這樣寫的話允許屬性被刪除
     @age.deleter
     def age(self):
         del self._age
 
 
-# Instantiate a class
+# 將類別實體化
 i = Human(name="Ian")
 print i.say("hi")     # prints out "Ian: hi"
 
 j = Human("Joel")
 print j.say("hello")  # prints out "Joel: hello"
 
-# Call our class method
+# 呼叫類別方法
 i.get_species()   # => "H. sapiens"
 
-# Change the shared attribute
+# 更改共用的屬性
 Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
 i.get_species()   # => "H. neanderthalensis"
 j.get_species()   # => "H. neanderthalensis"
 
-# Call the static method
+# 呼叫靜態方法
 Human.grunt()   # => "*grunt*"
 
-# Update the property
+# 更新屬性
 i.age = 42
 
-# Get the property
+# 取得屬性
 i.age # => 42
 
-# Delete the property
+# 移除屬性
 del i.age
 i.age  # => raises an AttributeError
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a25d4db0bcfb9325f69f68a2532df6fd88f4e78d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rainjay <RainJay0117@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Nov 2015 11:09:19 +0800
Subject: fix typo

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 10b4669c..c4706c43 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def add(x, y):
     print "x is {0} and y is {1}".format(x, y)
     return x + y    # 用 "return" 來回傳值
 
-# 用參數來呼叫韓式
+# 用參數來呼叫函式
 add(5, 6)   # => 輸出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 並回傳 11
 
 # 你也可以寫上參數名稱來呼叫函式
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 73fbc7f75512ac61493e4f82f0fc5108229124f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Dec 2015 00:00:07 +0800
Subject: Rename file by adding -tw suffix.

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index c4706c43..472b39ab 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ contributors:
     - ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
 translators:
     - ["Michael Yeh", "https://hinet60613.github.io/"]
-filename: learnpython.py
+filename: learnpython-tw.py
 lang: zh-tw
 ---
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From b19714080a8ac76c027851e9b4c80372def81f7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Dec 2015 01:48:19 +0800
Subject: Fix some typo and non-fluency.

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 23 +++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index 472b39ab..f8602769 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ from __future__ import division
 # 指數 (x的y次方)
 2**4 # => 16
 
-# 括號即先乘除後加減
+# 用括號改變運算順序
 (1 + 3) * 2  # => 8
 
 # 布林運算
-# 注意 "and" 和 "or" 的大小寫
+# 注意 "and" 和 "or" 要用小寫
 True and False #=> False
 False or True #=> True
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ some_var = 5    # 方便好用
 lower_case_with_underscores
 some_var  # => 5
 
-# 存取沒有被賦值的變數會造成例外
+# 對沒有被賦值的變數取值會造成例外
 # 請參考錯誤流程部分做例外處理
 some_other_var  # 造成 NameError
 
@@ -191,15 +191,15 @@ li = []
 # 你可以預先填好串列內容
 other_li = [4, 5, 6]
 
-# 用append()在串列後新增東西 append
+# 用append()在串列後新增東西
 li.append(1)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1]
 li.append(2)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2]
 li.append(4)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2, 4]
 li.append(3)    # 此時 li 內容為 [1, 2, 4, 3]
 # 用pop()移除串列尾端的元素
-li.pop()        # => 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
+li.pop()        # => 3 ，此時 li 內容為 [1, 2, 4]
 # 然後再塞回去
-li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
+li.append(3)    # 此時 li 內容再次為 [1, 2, 4, 3]
 
 # 你可以像存取陣列一樣的存取串列
 li[0]  # => 1
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ d, e, f = 4, 5, 6       # 也可以不寫括號
 # 如果不加括號，預設會產生tuple
 g = 4, 5, 6             # => (4, 5, 6)
 # 你看，交換兩個值很簡單吧
-e, d = d, e     # d is now 5 and e is now 4
+e, d = d, e     # 此時 d 的值為 5 且 e 的值為 4
 
 
 # 字典(Dictionary)用來儲存映射關係
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ filled_dict.keys()   # => ["three", "two", "one"]
 # 你的執行結果可能與上面不同
 # 譯註: 只能保證所有的key都有出現，但不保證順序
 
-# 用 "valuess()" 將所有的Value輸出到一個List中
+# 用 "values()" 將所有的Value輸出到一個List中
 filled_dict.values()   # => [3, 2, 1]
 # 註: 同上，不保證順序
 
@@ -457,16 +457,14 @@ add(5, 6)   # => 輸出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 並回傳 11
 add(y=6, x=5)   # 這種狀況下，兩個參數的順序並不影響執行
 
 
-# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照順序排序的
-# 如果不加*的話會被解讀為tuple
+# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，用*來表示參數tuple
 def varargs(*args):
     return args
 
 varargs(1, 2, 3)   # => (1, 2, 3)
 
 
-# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照keyword排序的
-# 如果不加**的話會被解讀為dictionary
+# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，用**來表示參數dictionary
 def keyword_args(**kwargs):
     return kwargs
 
@@ -555,6 +553,7 @@ class Human(object):
     # 注意前後的雙底線代表物件
     # 還有被python用，但實際上是在使用者控制的命名
     # 空間內的參數。你不應該自己宣告這樣的名稱。
+    # 注意前後的雙底線代表此物件或屬性雖然在使用者控制的命名空間內，但是被python使用
     def __init__(self, name):
         # 將函式引入的參數 name 指定給實體的 name 參數
         self.name = name
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4b4024b49581d0f80aa3ce815b726bac1af99ef7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hinet60613 <hinet60613@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Dec 2015 01:51:19 +0800
Subject: Fix typo

---
 zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
index f8602769..553181d8 100644
--- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown
@@ -550,10 +550,8 @@ class Human(object):
     species = "H. sapiens"
 
     # 基礎建構函式，當class被實體化的時候會被呼叫
-    # 注意前後的雙底線代表物件
-    # 還有被python用，但實際上是在使用者控制的命名
-    # 空間內的參數。你不應該自己宣告這樣的名稱。
-    # 注意前後的雙底線代表此物件或屬性雖然在使用者控制的命名空間內，但是被python使用
+    # 注意前後的雙底線
+    # 代表此物件或屬性雖然在使用者控制的命名空間內，但是被python使用
     def __init__(self, name):
         # 將函式引入的參數 name 指定給實體的 name 參數
         self.name = name
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4daae2c6273ba4365937a81229981c225950f70e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tai An Su <i@taian.su>
Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2016 04:52:12 +0800
Subject: [Elixir/zh-Tw]Translation for Elixir of zh-tw

---
 zh-tw/elixir-tw.html.markdown | 413 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 413 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 zh-tw/elixir-tw.html.markdown

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/elixir-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/elixir-tw.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c15f90c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zh-tw/elixir-tw.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+---
+language: elixir
+contributors:
+    - ["Joao Marques", "http://github.com/mrshankly"]
+    - ["Dzianis Dashkevich", "https://github.com/dskecse"]
+translators:
+    - ["Tai An Su", "https://github.com/taiansu"]
+filename: learnelixir-tw.ex
+lang: zh-tw
+---
+
+Elixir 是一門建構在 Erlang 虛擬機上的現代函數式語言。它完全與 Erlang 相容，但
+採行了比較常見的語法，並提供更多的功能。
+
+```elixir
+
+# 單行註解以井字號開頭
+
+# 沒有多行註解的功能
+# 但你可以連續使用多個單行
+
+# 用 `iex` 來進入 elixir shell
+# 用 `elixirc` 來編譯你的模組
+
+# 如果你已成功安裝 elixir 的話，這兩個命令應已在你的 path 下。
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 基本型別
+## ---------------------------
+
+# 數字
+3    # 整數
+0x1F # 整數
+3.0  # 浮點數
+
+# 原子 (Atoms) 是不可變的字面常數，以 `:` 開頭。
+:hello # atom
+
+# 元組(Tuples) 會存在記憶體連續的區段裡。
+{1,2,3} # tuple
+
+# 我們可以用 `elem` 函式來取得 tuple 中的元素。
+elem({1, 2, 3}, 0) #=> 1
+
+# 串列 (List) 是用連結串列實作的。
+[1,2,3] # list
+
+# 我們可以這樣取得串列的頭尾元素：
+[head | tail] = [1,2,3]
+head #=> 1
+tail #=> [2,3]
+
+# 在 elixir 中，就如同 Erlang 裡一樣，`=` 代表的是模式比對，而非指派。
+#
+# 這代表將使用左手邊的模式 (pattern) 去與右手邊的值進行比對。
+#
+# 這也是先前取得串列的頭尾元素的運作原理
+
+# 當模式比對無法找到合適的配對時，將會回報錯誤，如下例中兩個 tuple 的大小不一致。
+# {a, b, c} = {1, 2} #=> ** (MatchError) no match of right hand side value: {1,2}
+
+# 還有二進位的型別
+<<1,2,3>> # binary
+
+# 字串與字母串列
+"hello" # string
+'hello' # char list
+
+# 多行字串
+"""
+I'm a multi-line
+string.
+"""
+#=> "I'm a multi-line\nstring.\n"
+
+# 字串皆使用 UTF-8 編碼
+"héllò" #=> "héllò"
+
+# 字串其實是以二進位實作，而字母串列就只是單純的串列。
+<<?a, ?b, ?c>> #=> "abc"
+[?a, ?b, ?c]   #=> 'abc'
+
+# `?a` 在 elixir 中會回傳字母 `a` 的 ASCII 整數
+?a #=> 97
+
+# 用 `++` 來合併串列，而合併二進位則要用 `<>`
+[1,2,3] ++ [4,5]     #=> [1,2,3,4,5]
+'hello ' ++ 'world'  #=> 'hello world'
+
+<<1,2,3>> <> <<4,5>> #=> <<1,2,3,4,5>>
+"hello " <> "world"  #=> "hello world"
+
+# 範圍 (Ranges) 則是以 `開頭..結尾`來宣告 (頭尾都包含在內)
+1..10 #=> 1..10
+lower..upper = 1..10 # 可以對 range 進行模式比對
+[lower, upper] #=> [1, 10]
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 運算元
+## ---------------------------
+
+# 簡單算數
+1 + 1  #=> 2
+10 - 5 #=> 5
+5 * 2  #=> 10
+10 / 2 #=> 5.0
+
+# 在 elixir 中， `/` 運算元永遠回傳浮點數。
+
+# 若需要回傳整數的除法，用 `div`
+div(10, 2) #=> 5
+
+# 要得到除法的餘數時，用 `rem`
+rem(10, 3) #=> 1
+
+# 還有布林運算元: `or`, `and` and `not`.
+# 這些運算元要求第一個參數必需為布林值。
+true and true #=> true
+false or true #=> true
+# 1 and true    #=> ** (ArgumentError) argument error
+
+# Elixir 也提供了 `||`, `&&` 及 `!`，它們接受任何型別的參數。
+# 除了 `false` 與 `nil` 之外的值都會被當做 true。
+1 || true  #=> 1
+false && 1 #=> false
+nil && 20  #=> nil
+!true #=> false
+
+# 用來比較的運算元有：`==`, `!=`, `===`, `!==`, `<=`, `>=`, `<` and `>`
+1 == 1 #=> true
+1 != 1 #=> false
+1 < 2  #=> true
+
+# `===` 和 `!==` 會嚴格比較整數與浮點數
+1 == 1.0  #=> true
+1 === 1.0 #=> false
+
+# 兩個不同的型別也可以比較
+1 < :hello #=> true
+
+# 所有型別的排序如下：
+# number < atom < reference < functions < port < pid < tuple < list < bit string
+
+# 引用 Joe Armstrong 的話： "實際排序的先後並不重要， 但有明確排出全體順序的定
+# 義才是重要的。"
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 控制流程
+## ---------------------------
+
+# `if` 表達式
+if false do
+  "This will never be seen"
+else
+  "This will"
+end
+
+# 也有 `unless`
+unless true do
+  "This will never be seen"
+else
+  "This will"
+end
+
+# 還記得模式比對嗎？Elixir 中許多控制流程的結構都依賴模式比對來運作。
+
+# `case` 讓我們可以將一個值與許多模式進行比對：
+case {:one, :two} do
+  {:four, :five} ->
+    "This won't match"
+  {:one, x} ->
+    "This will match and bind `x` to `:two` in this clause"
+  _ ->
+    "This will match any value"
+end
+
+# 當我們不需要某個值的時候，通常會將它比對成 `_`。
+# 例如我們只關心串列的第一個值的情況時：
+[head | _] = [1,2,3]
+head #=> 1
+
+# 若希望程式更好懂時，我們會這樣處理：
+[head | _tail] = [:a, :b, :c]
+head #=> :a
+
+# `cond` 讓我們可以同時檢測多個不同的值。
+# 用 `cond` 來代替巢狀的 `if` 表達式
+cond do
+  1 + 1 == 3 ->
+    "I will never be seen"
+  2 * 5 == 12 ->
+    "Me neither"
+  1 + 2 == 3 ->
+    "But I will"
+end
+
+# 把最後一個條件設為 `true` 來捕捉剩下的所有情況是很常見的作法。
+cond do
+  1 + 1 == 3 ->
+    "I will never be seen"
+  2 * 5 == 12 ->
+    "Me neither"
+  true ->
+    "But I will (this is essentially an else)"
+end
+
+# `try/catch` 用來捕捉拋出的值，它也提供 `after` 子句，無論是否有接到拋出的值，
+# 最後都會調用其下的程式。
+try do
+  throw(:hello)
+catch
+  message -> "Got #{message}."
+after
+  IO.puts("I'm the after clause.")
+end
+#=> I'm the after clause
+# "Got :hello"
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 模組與函式
+## ---------------------------
+
+# 匿名函式 (注意那個句點)
+square = fn(x) -> x * x end
+square.(5) #=> 25
+
+# 匿名函式也接受多個子句及防衛(guards)
+# Guards 可以進行模式比對
+# 用 `when` 來描述 guards
+f = fn
+  x, y when x > 0 -> x + y
+  x, y -> x * y
+end
+
+f.(1, 3)  #=> 4
+f.(-1, 3) #=> -3
+
+# Elixir 也提供許多內建的函式
+# 這些在預設的作用域下都可以使用
+is_number(10)    #=> true
+is_list("hello") #=> false
+elem({1,2,3}, 0) #=> 1
+
+# 你可以用模組將多個的函式集合在一起。在模組裡，用 `def` 來定義函式。
+defmodule Math do
+  def sum(a, b) do
+    a + b
+  end
+
+  def square(x) do
+    x * x
+  end
+end
+
+Math.sum(1, 2)  #=> 3
+Math.square(3) #=> 9
+
+# 要編譯我們的 Math 模組時，先將它存成 `math.ex`，再用 `elixirc` 進行編譯。
+# 在終端機輸入： elixirc math.ex
+
+# 在模組中我們可以用 `def` 宣告函式，及用 `defp` 宣告私有 (private) 函式。
+# 使用 `def` 定義的函式可以在其它的模組中被調用。
+# 私有的函式只能在這個模組內部調用。
+defmodule PrivateMath do
+  def sum(a, b) do
+    do_sum(a, b)
+  end
+
+  defp do_sum(a, b) do
+    a + b
+  end
+end
+
+PrivateMath.sum(1, 2)    #=> 3
+# PrivateMath.do_sum(1, 2) #=> ** (UndefinedFunctionError)
+
+# 函式宣告也支援用防衛條件及多個條件子句
+defmodule Geometry do
+  def area({:rectangle, w, h}) do
+    w * h
+  end
+
+  def area({:circle, r}) when is_number(r) do
+    3.14 * r * r
+  end
+end
+
+Geometry.area({:rectangle, 2, 3}) #=> 6
+Geometry.area({:circle, 3})       #=> 28.25999999999999801048
+# Geometry.area({:circle, "not_a_number"})
+#=> ** (FunctionClauseError) no function clause matching in Geometry.area/1
+
+# 由於不可變特性 (immutability)，遞迴在 elixir 中扮演重要的角色。
+defmodule Recursion do
+  def sum_list([head | tail], acc) do
+    sum_list(tail, acc + head)
+  end
+
+  def sum_list([], acc) do
+    acc
+  end
+end
+
+Recursion.sum_list([1,2,3], 0) #=> 6
+
+# Elixir 模組也支援屬性，模組有內建一些屬性，而你也可以定義自己的屬性。
+defmodule MyMod do
+  @moduledoc """
+  這是內建的屬性，模組文件
+  """
+
+  @my_data 100 # 這是自訂的屬性
+  IO.inspect(@my_data) #=> 100
+end
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 結構與例外 (Structs and Exceptions)
+## ---------------------------
+
+# 結構 (structs) 是 maps 的擴展。是 Elixir 裡可以有預設值，編譯期檢查及
+# 多形 (polymorphism) 的資料結構。
+defmodule Person do
+  defstruct name: nil, age: 0, height: 0
+end
+
+joe_info = %Person{ name: "Joe", age: 30, height: 180 }
+#=> %Person{age: 30, height: 180, name: "Joe"}
+
+# 取得 name 的值
+joe_info.name #=> "Joe"
+
+# 更新 age 的值
+older_joe_info = %{ joe_info | age: 31 }
+#=> %Person{age: 31, height: 180, name: "Joe"}
+
+# The `try` block with the `rescue` keyword is used to handle exceptions
+# 帶有 `rescue` 關鍵字的 `try` 區塊是用來進行例外處理的。
+try do
+  raise "some error"
+rescue
+  RuntimeError -> "rescued a runtime error"
+  _error -> "this will rescue any error"
+end
+#=> "rescued a runtime error"
+
+# 所有的異常都有帶著一個訊息
+try do
+  raise "some error"
+rescue
+  x in [RuntimeError] ->
+    x.message
+end
+#=> "some error"
+
+## ---------------------------
+## -- 平行處理
+## ---------------------------
+
+# Elixir 依靠 actor 模式來進行平行處理。在 elixir 中要寫出平行處理程式，
+# 只需要三個基本要素：建立行程，發送訊息及接收訊息。
+
+# 我們用 `spawn` 函式來建立行程，它接收一個函式當參數。
+f = fn -> 2 * 2 end #=> #Function<erl_eval.20.80484245>
+spawn(f) #=> #PID<0.40.0>
+
+# `spawn` 會回傳一個 pid (行程識別碼)，你可以利用這個 pid 來對該行程傳送訊息。
+# 我們會使用 `send` 運算元來傳送訊息。但首先我們要讓該行程可以接收訊息。這要用
+# 到 `receive` 機制來達成。
+
+# `receive` 區塊能讓行程監聽接收到的訊息。每個 `receive do` 區塊只能接收一條
+# 訊息。若要接收多條訊息時，含有 `receive do` 的函式必須要在接到訊息後，遞迴呼
+# 叫自己以再次進入 `receive do` 區塊。
+
+defmodule Geometry do
+  def area_loop do
+    receive do
+      {:rectangle, w, h} ->
+        IO.puts("Area = #{w * h}")
+        area_loop()
+      {:circle, r} ->
+        IO.puts("Area = #{3.14 * r * r}")
+        area_loop()
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# 編譯模組，並在 shell 中創造一個行程來執行 `area_loop`。
+pid = spawn(fn -> Geometry.area_loop() end) #=> #PID<0.40.0>
+# 更簡潔的替代寫法
+pid = spawn(Geometry, :area_loop, [])
+
+# 對 `pid` 傳送訊息，則會與接收區塊進行樣式比對。
+send pid, {:rectangle, 2, 3}
+#=> Area = 6
+#   {:rectangle,2,3}
+
+send pid, {:circle, 2}
+#=> Area = 12.56000000000000049738
+#   {:circle,2}
+
+# The shell is also a process, you can use `self` to get the current pid
+# shell 也是一個行程 (process)，你可以用 `self` 拿到目前的 pid
+self() #=> #PID<0.27.0>
+```
+
+## 參考資料
+
+* [Getting started guide](http://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/introduction.html) from the [Elixir website](http://elixir-lang.org)
+* [Elixir Documentation](http://elixir-lang.org/docs/master/)
+* ["Programming Elixir"](https://pragprog.com/book/elixir/programming-elixir) by Dave Thomas
+* [Elixir Cheat Sheet](http://media.pragprog.com/titles/elixir/ElixirCheat.pdf)
+* ["Learn You Some Erlang for Great Good!"](http://learnyousomeerlang.com/) by Fred Hebert
+* ["Programming Erlang: Software for a Concurrent World"](https://pragprog.com/book/jaerlang2/programming-erlang) by Joe Armstrong
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 83bca498968c24262780de32e5b5e2d2ac0318bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Weihang Lo <b01605002@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 31 Jul 2016 13:37:09 +0800
Subject: [bash/zh-tw] add zh-tw translation

---
 zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown | 376 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 376 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f195d273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+---
+category: tool
+tool: bash
+contributors:
+    - ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
+    - ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"]
+    - ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"]
+    - ["Denis Arh", "https://github.com/darh"]
+    - ["akirahirose", "https://twitter.com/akirahirose"]
+    - ["Anton Strömkvist", "http://lutic.org/"]
+    - ["Rahil Momin", "https://github.com/iamrahil"]
+    - ["Gregrory Kielian", "https://github.com/gskielian"]
+    - ["Etan Reisner", "https://github.com/deryni"]
+    - ["Jonathan Wang", "https://github.com/Jonathansw"]   
+    - ["Leo Rudberg", "https://github.com/LOZORD"]
+    - ["Betsy Lorton", "https://github.com/schbetsy"]
+    - ["John Detter", "https://github.com/jdetter"]
+translators:
+    - ["Jinchang Ye", "https://github.com/Alwayswithme"]
+    - ["Chunyang Xu", "https://github.com/XuChunyang"]
+    - ["Weihang Lo", "https://github.com/weihanglo"]
+filename: LearnBash-tw.sh
+lang: zh-tw
+---
+
+Bash 是一個爲 GNU 計劃編寫的 Unix shell，是 Linux 和 Mac OS X 下預設的 shell。
+以下大多數例子可以作爲腳本的一部分運行，也可直接在 shell 下互動執行。
+
+[更多資訊](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# 腳本的第一行叫 shebang，用來告知系統如何執行該腳本:
+# 參見： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
+# 如你所見，註釋以 # 開頭，shebang 也是註釋。
+
+# 顯示 “Hello world!”
+echo Hello world!
+
+# 每一句指令以換行或分號隔開：
+echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
+
+# 宣告一個變數：
+Variable="Some string"
+
+# 下面是錯誤的做法：
+Variable = "Some string"
+# Bash 會把 Variable 當做一個指令，由於找不到該指令，因此這裡會報錯。
+
+# 也不可以這樣：
+Variable= 'Some string'
+# Bash 會認爲 'Some string' 是一條指令，由於找不到該指令，這裡會再次報錯。
+# （這個例子中 'Variable=' 這部分會被當作僅對 'Some string' 起作用的賦值。）
+
+# 使用變數：
+echo $Variable
+echo "$Variable"
+echo '$Variable'
+# 當你賦值 (assign) 、匯出 (export)，或者以其他方式使用變數時，變數名前不加 $。
+# 如果要使用變數的值， 則要加 $。
+# 注意： ' (單引號) 不會展開變數。
+
+# 參數展開式 ${}:
+echo ${Variable}
+# 這是一個參數展開的簡單用法
+# 使用參數展開會得到該變數的值，也就是會「展開」或印出該值。
+# 在展開期間，可以修改該值或該參數。
+# 以下是修改參數展開式的範例：
+
+# 在變數內部進行字串代換
+echo ${Variable/Some/A}
+# 會把 Variable 中首次出現的 "some" 替換成 “A”。
+
+# 變數的截取
+Length=7
+echo ${Variable:0:Length}
+# 這樣僅會返回變數值的前7個字元
+
+# 變數的預設值
+echo ${Foo:-"DefaultValueIfFooIsMissingOrEmpty"}
+# 對 null (Foo=) 和空字串 (Foo="") 起作用； 零（Foo=0）時返回0
+# 注意這僅返回預設值而不是改變變數的值
+
+# 括號展開 { }
+# 用以產生任意的字串
+echo {1..10}
+echo {a..z}
+# 這將會輸出該範圍內的起始值到最終值。
+
+# 內建變數：
+# 下面的內建變數很有用
+echo "Last program's return value: $?"
+echo "Script's PID: $$"
+echo "Number of arguments: $#"
+echo "Scripts arguments: $@"
+echo "Scripts arguments separated in different variables: $1 $2..."
+
+# 現在，我們知道變數如何使用與印出
+# 讓我們開始學習其他Bash基礎吧！
+
+# 使用 `pwd` 指令，可以得知當前工作目錄
+# `pwd` 意指 「印出工作目錄」(print working directory)。
+# 我們也可使用內建變數 `$PWD`。
+# 下列兩行指令等價：
+echo "I'm in $(pwd)" # 執行 `pwd` 且將該值內插至輸出中
+echo "I'm in $PWD" # 直接內插 `$PWD` 變數
+
+# 如果終端機上有太多輸出，`clear` 指令可以清除螢幕先前的輸出
+clear
+# Ctrl-L 也有相同的效果
+
+# 讀取輸入：
+echo "What's your name?"
+read Name # 這裡不需要宣告新變數
+echo Hello, $Name!
+
+# 一般 if 結構看起來像這樣：
+# 'man test' 可查看更多的信息
+if [ $Name != $USER ]
+then
+    echo "Your name isn't your username"
+else
+    echo "Your name is your username"
+fi
+
+# 注意： 如果 $Name 為空，bash會將該條件式解讀成：
+if [ != USER ]
+# 這是一個錯誤的語法
+# 所以，安全避免空變數的方法如下：
+if [ "$Name" != $USER ] ...
+# 如果 $Name 為空，該條件式將被視為：
+if [ "" != $USER]
+# 此條件式可正常運作
+
+
+# 根據上一個指令執行結果決定是否執行下一個指令
+echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fails"
+echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
+
+# 在 if 語句中使用 && 和 || 需要多對方括號
+if [ $Name == "Steve" ] && [ $Age -eq 15 ]
+then
+    echo "This will run if $Name is Steve AND $Age is 15."
+fi
+
+if [ $Name == "Daniya" ] || [ $Name == "Zach" ]
+then
+    echo "This will run if $Name is Daniya OR Zach."
+fi
+
+# 表達式的格式如下:
+echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
+
+# 與其他程式語言不同的是，bash 運行時依賴上下文。比如，使用 ls 時，列出當前目錄。
+ls
+
+# 指令可以帶有選項：
+ls -l # 列出文件和目錄的詳細信息
+ls -t # 以最後修改時間，對文件與目錄排序
+ls -R # 遞迴列出目錄與次目錄的內容
+
+# 前一個指令的輸出可以當作後一個指令的輸入。grep 用來匹配字串。
+# 用下面的指令列出當前目錄下所有的 txt 文件：
+ls -l | grep "\.txt"
+
+# 使用 `cat` 將檔案印出在標準輸出中：
+cat file.txt
+
+# 使用 `cat` 讀取檔案
+Contents=$(cat file.txt)
+echo "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE"
+
+# 使用 `cp` 複製檔案或目錄，`cp` 會創建新版本的來源檔案／目錄
+# 所以，編輯副本不會影響到初始來源（反之亦然）。
+# 注意，如果目的地已存在該檔案／目錄，該檔案／目錄將會被覆寫
+cp srcFile.txt clone.txt
+cp -r srcDirectory/ dst/ # 遞迴複製
+
+#  `scp` or `sftp` if you plan on exchanging files between computers.
+# 如需在兩台電腦間交換檔案，請查看 `scp` 或 `sftp`。
+# `scp` 與 `cp` 相似。
+# `sftp` 則有更高的互動性（與 `ftp` 相似）。
+
+# 使用 `mv` 來移動目錄與檔案。
+# `mv` 與 `cp` 相似，但會刪除來源。
+# `mv` 也可以用來重新命名檔案／目錄！
+mv s0urc3.txt dst.txt
+
+# 由於 bash 運行時依賴當前目錄的上下文，
+# 需要在其他目錄執行指令時，可使用 `cd` 改變當前目錄：
+cd ~    # 到家目錄
+cd ..   # 到上一層目錄
+        # (^^例如, 從 /home/username/Downloads 到 /home/username)
+cd /home/username/Documents   # 到指定目錄
+cd ~/Documents/..    # 仍位於家目錄，不是嗎？
+
+# 使用子殼程式 (subshells) 在不同目錄間工作
+(echo "First, I'm here: $PWD") && (cd someDir; echo "Then, I'm here: $PWD")
+pwd # 仍在第一個目錄
+
+# 使用 `mkdir` 來建立新的目錄
+mkdir myNewDir
+# 使用 `-p` 選項參數，將會自動創建路徑中不存在的目錄
+mkdir -p myNewDir/with/intermediate/directories
+
+# 將指令的輸出輸入重新導向（標準輸入、標準輸出、標準錯誤輸出）。
+# 從標準輸入讀取資料，直到 ^EOF$ （End-of-file)，且將讀取的資料覆寫至hello.py
+cat > hello.py << EOF
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import print_function
+import sys
+print("#stdout", file=sys.stdout)
+print("#stderr", file=sys.stderr)
+for line in sys.stdin:
+    print(line, file=sys.stdout)
+EOF
+
+# 重新導向可以到標準輸出（stdout），標準輸入（stdin）和標準錯誤輸出（stderr）。
+python hello.py < "input.in"
+python hello.py > "output.out"
+python hello.py 2> "error.err"
+python hello.py > "output-and-error.log" 2>&1
+python hello.py > /dev/null 2>&1
+# `>` 會覆蓋已存在的文件， `>>` 會以累加的方式輸出文件中。
+python hello.py >> "output.out" 2>> "error.err"
+
+# 覆蓋 output.out , 追加 error.err 並統計行數
+info bash 'Basic Shell Features' 'Redirections' > output.out 2>> error.err
+wc -l output.out error.err
+
+# 運行指令並印出文件描述 （比如 /dev/fd/123）
+# 具體可查看： man fd
+echo <(echo "#helloworld")
+
+# 以 "#helloworld" 覆蓋 output.out:
+cat > output.out <(echo "#helloworld")
+echo "#helloworld" > output.out
+echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out
+echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
+
+# 清理臨時文件並顯示詳情（增加 '-i' 選項啓用互動模式）
+rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
+
+# 一個指令可用 $( ) 嵌套在另一個指令內部：
+# 以下的指令會印出當前目錄下的目錄和文件總數
+echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
+
+# 反引號 `` 起相同作用，但不允許嵌套
+# 優先使用 $(  ).
+echo "There are `ls | wc -l` items here."
+
+# Bash 的 case 語句與 Java 和 C++ 中的 switch 語句類似:
+case "$Variable" in
+    # 列出需要匹配的字串
+    0) echo "There is a zero.";;
+    1) echo "There is a one.";;
+    *) echo "It is not null.";;
+esac
+
+# 循環遍歷給定的參數序列:
+# 變數$Variable 的值會被印出 3 次。
+for Variable in {1..3}
+do
+    echo "$Variable"
+done
+
+# 或傳統的 “for循環” ：
+for ((a=1; a <= 3; a++))
+do
+    echo $a
+done
+
+# 也可以用於文件
+# 用 cat 輸出 file1 和 file2 內容
+for Variable in file1 file2
+do
+    cat "$Variable"
+done
+
+# 或作用於其他命令的輸出
+# 對 ls 輸出的文件執行 cat 指令。
+for Output in $(ls)
+do
+    cat "$Output"
+done
+
+# while 循環：
+while [ true ]
+do
+    echo "loop body here..."
+    break
+done
+
+# 你也可以使用函數
+# 定義函數：
+function foo ()
+{
+    echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@"
+    echo "And: $1 $2..."
+    echo "This is a function"
+    return 0
+}
+
+# 更簡單的方法
+bar ()
+{
+    echo "Another way to declare functions!"
+    return 0
+}
+
+# 呼叫函數
+foo "My name is" $Name
+
+# 有很多有用的指令需要學習:
+# 打印 file.txt 的最後 10 行
+tail -n 10 file.txt
+# 印出 file.txt 的前 10 行
+head -n 10 file.txt
+# 將 file.txt 按行排序
+sort file.txt
+# 報告或忽略重複的行，用選項 -d 印出重複的行
+uniq -d file.txt
+# 打印每行中 ',' 之前內容
+cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
+# 將 file.txt 文件所有 'okay' 替換爲 'great', （兼容正規表達式）
+sed -i 's/okay/great/g' file.txt
+# 將 file.txt 中匹配正則的行打印到標準輸出
+# 這裡印出以 "foo" 開頭, "bar" 結尾的行
+grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+# 使用選項 "-c" 統計行數
+grep -c "^foo.*bar$" file.txt
+# 其他實用的選項參數
+grep -r "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # 遞迴的 `grep`
+grep -n "^foo.*bar$" file.txt # 顯示行數
+grep -rI "^foo.*bar$" someDir/ # 遞迴的 `grep`, 但忽略二進位檔案
+# 同樣的搜尋，再過濾包含「baz」的行
+grep "^foo.*bar$" file.txt | grep -v "baz"
+
+# 如果要搜尋字面上的字串而不是用正規表達式，使用 `fgrep` 或 `grep -F`
+fgrep "foobar" file.txt
+
+# trap command allows you to execute a command when a signal is received by your script.
+# `trap` 可以在一個script運行，接收到特定信號時，執行對應的指令
+# `trap` 接收到 `SIGHUP`、`SIGINT`、`SIGTERM` 信號時，會移除 $TEMP_FILE
+trap "rm $TEMP_FILE; exit" SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM
+
+# `sudo` 可用於以superuser的身分執行指令
+$NAME1=$(whoami)
+$NAME2=$(sudo whoami)
+echo "Was $NAME1, then became more powerful $NAME2"
+
+# 以 bash 內建的 'help' 指令閱讀 Bash 內建文件：
+help
+help help
+help for
+help return
+help source
+help .
+
+# 用 man 指令閱讀相關的 Bash 手冊
+apropos bash
+man 1 bash
+man bash
+
+# 用 info 指令查閱命令的 info 文件 （info 中按 ? 顯示幫助信息）
+apropos info | grep '^info.*('
+man info
+info info
+info 5 info
+
+# 閱讀 Bash 的 info 文件：
+info bash
+info bash 'Bash Features'
+info bash 6
+info --apropos bash
+```
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From fdc1cf944dbafd7ee89c421c871e70f57e5aacb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Weihang Lo <b01605002@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2016 01:45:22 +0800
Subject: [bash/zh-tw] add missing line for rm command

---
 zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
index f195d273..3210f001 100644
--- a/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
@@ -239,7 +239,9 @@ echo "#helloworld" | cat > output.out
 echo "#helloworld" | tee output.out >/dev/null
 
 # 清理臨時文件並顯示詳情（增加 '-i' 選項啓用互動模式）
+# 警告： `rm` 指令無法復原
 rm -v output.out error.err output-and-error.log
+rm -r tempDir/ # 遞迴刪除
 
 # 一個指令可用 $( ) 嵌套在另一個指令內部：
 # 以下的指令會印出當前目錄下的目錄和文件總數
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 7d585f8174d4abbe9dd3f4707f937c23ad8c5d51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Weihang Lo <b01605002@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Aug 2016 02:05:09 +0800
Subject: [bash/zh-tw] delete extra line

---
 zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'zh-tw')

diff --git a/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
index 3210f001..78b39f2d 100644
--- a/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
+++ b/zh-tw/bash-tw.html.markdown
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ echo "START OF FILE\n$Contents\nEND OF FILE"
 cp srcFile.txt clone.txt
 cp -r srcDirectory/ dst/ # 遞迴複製
 
-#  `scp` or `sftp` if you plan on exchanging files between computers.
 # 如需在兩台電腦間交換檔案，請查看 `scp` 或 `sftp`。
 # `scp` 與 `cp` 相似。
 # `sftp` 則有更高的互動性（與 `ftp` 相似）。
-- 
cgit v1.2.3