---
language: D 
filename: learnd.d 
contributors:
    - ["Nick Papanastasiou", "www.nickpapanastasiou.github.io"]
lang: en
---

```d
// You know what's coming...
module hello;

import std.stdio;

// args is optional
void main(string[] args) {
    writeln("Hello, World!");
}
```

If you're like me and spend way too much time on the internet, odds are you've heard 
about [D](http://dlang.org/). The D programming language is a modern, general-purpose,
multi-paradigm language with support for everything from low-level features to 
expressive high-level abstractions.

D is actively developed by Walter Bright and Andrei Alexandrescu, two super smart, really cool
dudes. With all that out of the way, let's look at some examples!

```d
import std.stdio;

void main() {

    // Conditionals and loops work as expected.
    for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
        writeln(i);
    }

    auto n = 1; // use auto for type inferred variables
    
    // Numeric literals can use _ as a digit seperator for clarity
    while(n < 10_000) {
        n += n;
    }

    do {
        n -= (n / 2);
    } while(n > 0);

    // For and while are nice, but in D-land we prefer foreach
    // The .. creates a continuous range, excluding the end
    foreach(i; 1..1_000_000) { 
        if(n % 2 == 0)
            writeln(i);
    }

    foreach_reverse(i; 1..int.max) {
        if(n % 2 == 1) {
            writeln(i);
        } else {
            writeln("No!");
        }
    }
}
```

We can define new types with `struct`, `class`, `union`, and `enum`. Structs and unions
are passed to functions by value (i.e. copied) and classes are passed by reference. Futhermore,
we can use templates to parameterize all of these on both types and values!

```d
// Here, T is a type parameter. Think <T> from C++/C#/Java
struct LinkedList(T) {
    T data = null;
    LinkedList!(T)* next; // The ! is used to instaniate a parameterized type. Again, think <T> 
}

class BinTree(T) {
    T data = null;
    
    // If there is only one template parameter, we can omit parens
    BinTree!T left;
    BinTree!T right;
}

enum Day {
    Sunday,
    Monday,
    Tuesday,
    Wednesday,
    Thursday,
    Friday,
    Saturday,
}

// Use alias to create abbreviations for types

alias IntList = LinkedList!int;
alias NumTree = BinTree!double;

// We can create function templates as well!

T max(T)(T a, T b) {
    if(a < b) 
        return b;

    return a;
}

// Use the ref keyword to ensure pass by referece.
// That is, even if a and b are value types, they
// will always be passed by reference to swap
void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) {
    auto temp = a;

    a = b;
    b = temp; 
}

// With templates, we can also parameterize on values, not just types
class Matrix(uint m, uint n, T = int) {
    T[m] rows;
    T[n] columns;
}

auto mat = new Matrix!(3, 3); // We've defaulted type T to int

```

Speaking of classes, let's talk about properties for a second. A property
is roughly a function that may act like an lvalue, so we can
have the syntax of POD structures (`structure.x = 7`) with the semantics of
getter and setter methods (`object.setX(7)`)!

```d
// Consider a class parameterized on a types T, U

class MyClass(T, U) {
    T _data;
    U _other;

}

// And "getter" and "setter" methods like so
class MyClass(T, U) {
    T _data;
    U _other;
    
    // Constructors are always named `this`
    this(T t, U u) {
        data = t;
        other = u;
    }
    
    // getters
    @property T data() {
        return _data;
    }

    @property U other() {
        return _other;
    }

    // setters    
    @property void data(T t) {
        _data = t;
    }

    @property void other(U u) {
        _other = u;
    }
}
// And we use them in this manner

void main() {
    auto mc = MyClass!(int, string);

    mc.data = 7;
    mc.other = "seven";
    
    writeln(mc.data);
    writeln(mc.other);
}
```

With properties, we can add any amount of logic to
our getter and setter methods, and keep the clean syntax of
accessing members directly!

Other object-oriented goodies at our disposal
include `interface`s, `abstract class`es,
and `override`ing methods. D does inheritance just like Java:
Extend one class, implement as many interfaces as you please.

We've seen D's OOP facilities, but let's switch gears. D offers
functional programming with first-class functions, `pure` 
functions, and immutable data. In addition, all of your favorite
functional algorithms (map, filter, reduce and friends) can be
found in the wonderful `std.algorithm` module!

```d
import std.algorithm : map, filter, reduce;
import std.range : iota; // builds an end-exclusive range

void main() {
    // We want to print the sum of a list of squares of even ints
    // from 1 to 100. Easy!
    
    // Just pass lambda expressions as template parameters!
    // You can pass any old function you like, but lambdas are convenient here.
    auto num = iota(1, 101).filter!(x => x % 2 == 0)
                           .map!(y => y ^^ 2)
                           .reduce!((a, b) => a + b);

    writeln(num);
}
```

Notice how we got to build a nice Haskellian pipeline to compute num? 
That's thanks to a D innovation know as Uniform Function Call Syntax.
With UFCS, we can choose whether to write a function call as a method
or free function call! Walter wrote a nice article on this [http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/uniform-function-call-syntax/232700394](here.) In short, you can call functions whose first parameter 
is of some type A on any expression of type A as a method.