--- language: nix filename: learn.nix contributors: - ["Chris Martin", "http://chris-martin.org/"] - ["Rommel Martinez", "https://ebzzry.io"] - ["Javier Candeira", "https://candeira.com/"] --- Nix is a simple functional language developed for the [Nix package manager](https://nixos.org/nix/) and [NixOS](https://nixos.org/). You can evaluate Nix expressions using [nix-instantiate](https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#sec-nix-instantiate) or [`nix repl`](https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#ssec-relnotes-2.0). ``` with builtins; [ # Comments #========================================= # Inline comments look like this. /* Multi-line comments look like this. */ # Booleans #========================================= (true && false) # And #=> false (true || false) # Or #=> true (if 3 < 4 then "a" else "b") # Conditional #=> "a" # Integers and Floats #========================================= # There are two numeric types: integers and floats 1 0 42 (-3) # Some integers 123.43 .27e13 # A couple of floats # Operations will preserve numeric type (4 + 6 + 12 - 2) # Addition #=> 20 (4 - 2.5) #=> 1.5 (7 / 2) # Division #=> 3 (7 / 2.0) #=> 3.5 # Strings #========================================= "Strings literals are in double quotes." " String literals can span multiple lines. " '' This is called an "indented string" literal. It intelligently strips leading whitespace. '' '' a b '' #=> "a\n b" ("ab" + "cd") # String concatenation #=> "abcd" # Antiquotation lets you embed values into strings. ("Your home directory is ${getEnv "HOME"}") #=> "Your home directory is /home/alice" # Paths #========================================= # Nix has a primitive data type for paths. /tmp/tutorials/learn.nix # A relative path is resolved to an absolute path at parse # time, relative to the file in which it occurs. tutorials/learn.nix #=> /the-base-path/tutorials/learn.nix # A path must contain at least one slash, so a relative # path for a file in the same directory needs a ./ prefix, ./learn.nix #=> /the-base-path/learn.nix # The / operator must be surrounded by whitespace if # you want it to signify division. 7/2 # This is a path literal (7 / 2) # This is integer division # Imports #========================================= # A nix file contains a single top-level expression with no free # variables. An import expression evaluates to the value of the # file that it imports. (import /tmp/foo.nix) # Imports can also be specified by strings. (import "/tmp/foo.nix") # Import paths must be absolute. Path literals # are automatically resolved, so this is fine. (import ./foo.nix) # But this does not happen with strings. (import "./foo.nix") #=> error: string ‘foo.nix’ doesn't represent an absolute path # Let #========================================= # `let` blocks allow us to bind values to variables. (let x = "a"; in x + x + x) #=> "aaa" # Bindings can refer to each other, and their order does not matter. (let y = x + "b"; x = "a"; in y + "c") #=> "abc" # Inner bindings shadow outer bindings. (let a = 1; in let a = 2; in a) #=> 2 # Functions #========================================= (n: n + 1) # Function that adds 1 ((n: n + 1) 5) # That same function, applied to 5 #=> 6 # There is no syntax for named functions, but they # can be bound by `let` blocks like any other value. (let succ = (n: n + 1); in succ 5) #=> 6 # A function has exactly one argument. # Multiple arguments can be achieved with currying. ((x: y: x + "-" + y) "a" "b") #=> "a-b" # We can also have named function arguments, # which we'll get to later after we introduce sets. # Lists #========================================= # Lists are denoted by square brackets. (length [1 2 3 "x"]) #=> 4 ([1 2 3] ++ [4 5]) #=> [1 2 3 4 5] (concatLists [[1 2] [3 4] [5]]) #=> [1 2 3 4 5] (head [1 2 3]) #=> 1 (tail [1 2 3]) #=> [2 3] (elemAt ["a" "b" "c" "d"] 2) #=> "c" (elem 2 [1 2 3]) #=> true (elem 5 [1 2 3]) #=> false (filter (n: n < 3) [1 2 3 4]) #=> [ 1 2 ] # Sets #========================================= # A "set" is an unordered mapping with string keys. { foo = [1 2]; bar = "x"; } # The . operator pulls a value out of a set. { a = 1; b = 2; }.a #=> 1 # The ? operator tests whether a key is present in a set. ({ a = 1; b = 2; } ? a) #=> true ({ a = 1; b = 2; } ? c) #=> false # The // operator merges two sets. ({ a = 1; } // { b = 2; }) #=> { a = 1; b = 2; } # Values on the right override values on the left. ({ a = 1; b = 2; } // { a = 3; c = 4; }) #=> { a = 3; b = 2; c = 4; } # The rec keyword denotes a "recursive set", # in which attributes can refer to each other. (let a = 1; in { a = 2; b = a; }.b) #=> 1 (let a = 1; in rec { a = 2; b = a; }.b) #=> 2 # Nested sets can be defined in a piecewise fashion. { a.b = 1; a.c.d = 2; a.c.e = 3; }.a.c #=> { d = 2; e = 3; } # Sets are immutable, so you can't redefine an attribute: { a = { b = 1; }; a.b = 2; } #=> attribute 'a.b' at (string):3:5 already defined at (string):2:11 # However, an attribute's set members can also be defined piecewise # way even if the attribute itself has been directly assigned. { a = { b = 1; }; a.c = 2; } #=> { a = { b = 1; c = 2; }; } # With #========================================= # The body of a `with` block is evaluated with # a set's mappings bound to variables. (with { a = 1; b = 2; }; a + b) # => 3 # Inner bindings shadow outer bindings. (with { a = 1; b = 2; }; (with { a = 5; }; a + b)) #=> 7 # This first line of tutorial starts with "with builtins;" # because builtins is a set that contains all of the built-in # functions (length, head, tail, filter, etc.). This saves # us from having to write, for example, "builtins.length" # instead of just "length". # Set patterns #========================================= # Sets are useful when we need to pass multiple values # to a function. (args: args.x + "-" + args.y) { x = "a"; y = "b"; } #=> "a-b" # This can be written more clearly using set patterns. ({x, y}: x + "-" + y) { x = "a"; y = "b"; } #=> "a-b" # By default, the pattern fails on sets containing extra keys. ({x, y}: x + "-" + y) { x = "a"; y = "b"; z = "c"; } #=> error: anonymous function called with unexpected argument ‘z’ # Adding ", ..." allows ignoring extra keys. ({x, y, ...}: x + "-" + y) { x = "a"; y = "b"; z = "c"; } #=> "a-b" # Errors #========================================= # `throw` causes evaluation to abort with an error message. (2 + (throw "foo")) #=> error: foo # `tryEval` catches thrown errors. (tryEval 42) #=> { success = true; value = 42; } (tryEval (2 + (throw "foo"))) #=> { success = false; value = false; } # `abort` is like throw, but it's fatal; it cannot be caught. (tryEval (abort "foo")) #=> error: evaluation aborted with the following error message: ‘foo’ # `assert` evaluates to the given value if true; # otherwise it throws a catchable exception. (assert 1 < 2; 42) #=> 42 (assert 1 > 2; 42) #=> error: assertion failed at (string):1:1 (tryEval (assert 1 > 2; 42)) #=> { success = false; value = false; } # Impurity #========================================= # Because repeatability of builds is critical to the Nix package # manager, functional purity is emphasized in the Nix language # used to describe Nix packages. But there are a few impurities. # You can refer to environment variables. (getEnv "HOME") #=> "/home/alice" # The trace function is used for debugging. It prints the first # argument to stderr and evaluates to the second argument. (trace 1 2) #=> trace: 1 #=> 2 # You can write files into the Nix store. Although impure, this is # fairly safe because the file name is derived from the hash of # its contents. You can read files from anywhere. In this example, # we write a file into the store, and then read it back out. (let filename = toFile "foo.txt" "hello!"; in [filename (readFile filename)]) #=> [ "/nix/store/ayh05aay2anx135prqp0cy34h891247x-foo.txt" "hello!" ] # We can also download files into the Nix store. (fetchurl "https://example.com/package-1.2.3.tgz") #=> "/nix/store/2drvlh8r57f19s9il42zg89rdr33m2rm-package-1.2.3.tgz" ] ``` ### Further Reading * [Nix Manual - Nix expression language] (https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#ch-expression-language) * [James Fisher - Nix by example - Part 1: The Nix expression language] (https://medium.com/@MrJamesFisher/nix-by-example-a0063a1a4c55) * [Susan Potter - Nix Cookbook - Nix By Example] (https://ops.functionalalgebra.com/nix-by-example/) * [Rommel Martinez - A Gentle Introduction to the Nix Family] (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121042658/https://ebzzry.io/en/nix/#nix)