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authorBoris Verkhovskiy <boris.verk@gmail.com>2024-06-03 06:02:10 -0600
committerGitHub <noreply@github.com>2024-06-03 06:02:10 -0600
commit29bf4c1b9f353fa3321f663dc52c1b227a1ed9e5 (patch)
tree3318d101fa778d39a000445891dc4bcecadad6a8
parentf18b36c3bff0082f08524718481f21e36a244ac1 (diff)
[java/fa] delete (#4967)
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----
-language: java
-lang: fa-ir
-contributors:
- - ["Jake Prather", "https://github.com/JakeHP"]
- - ["Jakukyo Friel", "https://weakish.github.io"]
- - ["Madison Dickson", "https://github.com/mix3d"]
- - ["Simon Morgan", "https://sjm.io/"]
- - ["Zachary Ferguson", "https://github.com/zfergus2"]
- - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "https://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
- - ["Rachel Stiyer", "https://github.com/rstiyer"]
- - ["Michael Dähnert", "https://github.com/JaXt0r"]
- - ["Rob Rose", "https://github.com/RobRoseKnows"]
- - ["Sean Nam", "https://github.com/seannam"]
-translators:
- - ["ghaseminya", "https://github.com/ghaseminya"]
-filename: LearnJava-fa.java
----
-
-جاوا یک زبان برنامه نویسی کامپیوتری چند منظوره، با قابلیت همزمانی، برپایه کلاس و شی گرایی می باشد.
-[مطالعه بیشتر.](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
-
-```java
-// Single-line comments start with //
-
-/*
-Multi-line comments look like this.
-*/
-
-/**
- * JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
- * attributes of a Class.
- * Main attributes:
- *
- * @author @ghaseminya
- * @version v1.0
-*/
-
-// Import ArrayList class inside of the java.util package
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-// Import all classes inside of java.security package
-import java.security.*;
-
-// Each .java file contains one outer-level public class, with the same name
-// as the file.
-public class LearnJava {
-
- // In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry
- // point.
- public static void main (String[] args) {
-
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- // Input/Output
- ///////////////////////////////////////
-
- /*
- * Output
- */
-
- // Use System.out.println() to print lines.
- System.out.println("Hello World!");
- System.out.println(
- "Integer: " + 10 +
- " Double: " + 3.14 +
- " Boolean: " + true);
-
- // To print without a newline, use System.out.print().
- System.out.print("Hello ");
- System.out.print("World");
-
- // Use System.out.printf() for easy formatted printing.
- System.out.printf("pi = %.5f", Math.PI); // => pi = 3.14159
-
- /*
- * Input
- */
-
- // use Scanner to read input
- // must import java.util.Scanner;
- Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
-
- // read string input
- String name = scanner.next();
-
- // read byte input
- byte numByte = scanner.nextByte();
-
- // read int input
- int numInt = scanner.nextInt();
-
- // read long input
- float numFloat - scanner.nextFloat();
-
- // read double input
- double numDouble = scanner.nextDouble();
-
- // read boolean input
- boolean bool = scanner.nextBoolean();
-
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- // Variables
- ///////////////////////////////////////
-
- /*
- * Variable Declaration
- */
- // Declare a variable using <type> <name>
- int fooInt;
- // Declare multiple variables of the same
- // type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
- int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
-
- /*
- * Variable Initialization
- */
-
- // Initialize a variable using <type> <name> = <val>
- int barInt = 1;
- // Initialize multiple variables of same type with same
- // value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3> = <val>
- int barInt1, barInt2, barInt3;
- barInt1 = barInt2 = barInt3 = 1;
-
- /*
- * Variable types
- */
- // Byte - 8-bit signed two's complement integer
- // (-128 <= byte <= 127)
- byte fooByte = 100;
-
- // If you would like to interpret a byte as an unsigned integer
- // then this simple operation can help
- int unsignedIntLessThan256 = 0xff & fooByte;
- // this contrasts a cast which can be negative.
- int signedInt = (int) fooByte;
-
- // Short - 16-bit signed two's complement integer
- // (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
- short fooShort = 10000;
-
- // Integer - 32-bit signed two's complement integer
- // (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
- int bazInt = 1;
-
- // Long - 64-bit signed two's complement integer
- // (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
- long fooLong = 100000L;
- // L is used to denote that this variable value is of type Long;
- // anything without is treated as integer by default.
-
- // Note: byte, short, int and long are signed. They can have positive and negative values.
- // There are no unsigned variants.
- // char, however, is 16-bit unsigned.
-
- // Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
- // 2^-149 <= float <= (2-2^-23) * 2^127
- float fooFloat = 234.5f;
- // f or F is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
- // otherwise it is treated as double.
-
- // Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
- // 2^-1074 <= x <= (2-2^-52) * 2^1023
- double fooDouble = 123.4;
-
- // Boolean - true & false
- boolean fooBoolean = true;
- boolean barBoolean = false;
-
- // Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
- char fooChar = 'A';
-
- // final variables can't be reassigned to another object,
- final int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
- // but they can be initialized later.
- final double E;
- E = 2.71828;
-
- // BigInteger - Immutable arbitrary-precision integers
- //
- // BigInteger is a data type that allows programmers to manipulate
- // integers longer than 64-bits. Integers are stored as an array of
- // of bytes and are manipulated using functions built into BigInteger
- //
- // BigInteger can be initialized using an array of bytes or a string.
- BigInteger fooBigInteger = new BigInteger(fooByteArray);
-
- // BigDecimal - Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal number
- //
- // A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer
- // unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale
- //
- // BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
- // rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values
- // and where exact decimal precision is required.
- //
- // BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
- // or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
- BigDecimal fooBigDecimal = new BigDecimal(fooBigInteger, fooInt);
-
- // Be wary of the constructor that takes a float or double as
- // the inaccuracy of the float/double will be copied in BigDecimal.
- // Prefer the String constructor when you need an exact value.
- BigDecimal tenCents = new BigDecimal("0.1");
-
- // Strings
- String fooString = "My String Is Here!";
-
- // \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
- String barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
- // \t is an escaped character that adds a tab character
- String bazString = "Do you want to add a tab?\tNo Problem!";
- System.out.println(fooString);
- System.out.println(barString);
- System.out.println(bazString);
-
- // String Building
- // #1 - with plus operator
- // That's the basic way to do it (optimized under the hood)
- String plusConcatenated = "Strings can " + "be concatenated " + "via + operator.";
- System.out.println(plusConcatenated);
- // Output: Strings can be concatenated via + operator.
-
- // #2 - with StringBuilder
- // This way doesn't create any intermediate strings. It just stores the string pieces, and ties them together
- // when toString() is called.
- // Hint: This class is not thread safe. A thread-safe alternative (with some impact on performance) is StringBuffer.
- StringBuilder builderConcatenated = new StringBuilder();
- builderConcatenated.append("You ");
- builderConcatenated.append("can use ");
- builderConcatenated.append("the StringBuilder class.");
- System.out.println(builderConcatenated.toString()); // only now is the string built
- // Output: You can use the StringBuilder class.
-
- // StringBuilder is efficient when the fully constructed String is not required until the end of some processing.
- StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
- String inefficientString = "";
- for(int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++){
- stringBuilder.append(i).append(" ");
- inefficientString += i + " ";
- }
- System.out.println(inefficientString);
- System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
- // inefficientString requires a lot more work to produce, as it generates a String on every loop iteration.
- // Simple concatenation with + is compiled to a StringBuilder and toString()
- // Avoid string concatenation in loops.
-
- // #3 - with String formatter
- // Another alternative way to create strings. Fast and readable.
- String.format("%s may prefer %s.", "Or you", "String.format()");
- // Output: Or you may prefer String.format().
-
- // Arrays
- // The array size must be decided upon instantiation
- // The following formats work for declaring an array
- // <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
- // <datatype> <var name>[] = new <datatype>[<array size>];
- int[] intArray = new int[10];
- String[] stringArray = new String[1];
- boolean boolArray[] = new boolean[100];
-
- // Another way to declare & initialize an array
- int[] y = {9000, 1000, 1337};
- String names[] = {"Bob", "John", "Fred", "Juan Pedro"};
- boolean bools[] = {true, false, false};
-
- // Indexing an array - Accessing an element
- System.out.println("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
-
- // Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
- intArray[1] = 1;
- System.out.println("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
-
- // Other data types worth checking out
- // ArrayLists - Like arrays except more functionality is offered, and
- // the size is mutable.
- // LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
- // operations perform as could be expected for a
- // doubly-linked list.
- // Maps - A set of objects that map keys to values. Map is
- // an interface and therefore cannot be instantiated.
- // The type of keys and values contained in a Map must
- // be specified upon instantiation of the implementing
- // class. Each key may map to only one corresponding value,
- // and each key may appear only once (no duplicates).
- // HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
- // interface. This allows the execution time of basic
- // operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
- // constant even for large sets.
- // TreeMap - This class is a sorted tree structure. It implements a red
- // black tree and sorts the entries based on the key value or
- // the comparator provided while creating the object
-
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- // Operators
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- System.out.println("\n->Operators");
-
- int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
-
- // Arithmetic is straightforward
- System.out.println("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
- System.out.println("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
- System.out.println("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
- System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (int/int returns int)
- System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / (double)i2)); // => 0.5
-
- // Modulo
- System.out.println("11%3 = "+(11 % 3)); // => 2
-
- // Comparison operators
- System.out.println("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
- System.out.println("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
- System.out.println("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
- System.out.println("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
- System.out.println("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
- System.out.println("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
-
- // Boolean operators
- System.out.println("3 > 2 && 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) && (2 > 3))); // => false
- System.out.println("3 > 2 || 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) || (2 > 3))); // => true
- System.out.println("!(3 == 2)? " + (!(3 == 2))); // => true
-
- // Bitwise operators!
- /*
- ~ Unary bitwise complement
- << Signed left shift
- >> Signed/Arithmetic right shift
- >>> Unsigned/Logical right shift
- & Bitwise AND
- ^ Bitwise exclusive OR
- | Bitwise inclusive OR
- */
-
- // Increment operators
- int i = 0;
- System.out.println("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
- // The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 respectively.
- // If they are placed before the variable, they increment then return;
- // after the variable they return then increment.
- System.out.println(i++); // i = 1, prints 0 (post-increment)
- System.out.println(++i); // i = 2, prints 2 (pre-increment)
- System.out.println(i--); // i = 1, prints 2 (post-decrement)
- System.out.println(--i); // i = 0, prints 0 (pre-decrement)
-
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- // Control Structures
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- System.out.println("\n->Control Structures");
-
- // If statements are c-like
- int j = 10;
- if (j == 10) {
- System.out.println("I get printed");
- } else if (j > 10) {
- System.out.println("I don't");
- } else {
- System.out.println("I also don't");
- }
-
- // While loop
- int fooWhile = 0;
- while(fooWhile < 100) {
- System.out.println(fooWhile);
- // Increment the counter
- // Iterated 100 times, fooWhile 0,1,2...99
- fooWhile++;
- }
- System.out.println("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
-
- // Do While Loop
- int fooDoWhile = 0;
- do {
- System.out.println(fooDoWhile);
- // Increment the counter
- // Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
- fooDoWhile++;
- } while(fooDoWhile < 100);
- System.out.println("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
-
- // For Loop
- // for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
- for (int fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++) {
- System.out.println(fooFor);
- // Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
- }
- System.out.println("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
-
- // Nested For Loop Exit with Label
- outer:
- for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
- for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
- if (i == 5 && j ==5) {
- break outer;
- // breaks out of outer loop instead of only the inner one
- }
- }
- }
-
- // For Each Loop
- // The for loop is also able to iterate over arrays as well as objects
- // that implement the Iterable interface.
- int[] fooList = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
- // for each loop structure => for (<object> : <iterable>)
- // reads as: for each element in the iterable
- // note: the object type must match the element type of the iterable.
- for (int bar : fooList) {
- System.out.println(bar);
- //Iterates 9 times and prints 1-9 on new lines
- }
-
- // Switch Case
- // A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
- // It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the
- // String class, and a few special classes that wrap primitive types:
- // Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
- int month = 3;
- String monthString;
- switch (month) {
- case 1: monthString = "January";
- break;
- case 2: monthString = "February";
- break;
- case 3: monthString = "March";
- break;
- default: monthString = "Some other month";
- break;
- }
- System.out.println("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
-
- // Starting in Java 7 and above, switching Strings works like this:
- String myAnswer = "maybe";
- switch(myAnswer) {
- case "yes":
- System.out.println("You answered yes.");
- break;
- case "no":
- System.out.println("You answered no.");
- break;
- case "maybe":
- System.out.println("You answered maybe.");
- break;
- default:
- System.out.println("You answered " + myAnswer);
- break;
- }
-
-
- // Try-with-resources (Java 7+)
- // Try-catch-finally statements work as expected in Java but in Java 7+
- // the try-with-resources statement is also available. Try-with-resources
- // simplifies try-catch-finally statements be closing resources
- // automatically.
-
- // In order to use a try-with-resources, include a an instance of a class
- // in the try statement. The class must implement java.lang.AutoCloseable.
- try(BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("foo.txt"))) {
- // You can attempt to do something that could throw an exception.
- System.out.println(br.readLine());
- // In Java 7, the resource will always be closed, even if it throws
- // an Exception.
- } catch (Exception ex) {
- //The resource will be closed before the catch statement executes.
- System.out.println("readLine() failed.");
- }
- // No need for a finally statement in this case, the BufferedReader is
- // already closed. This can be used to avoid certain edge cases where
- // a finally statement might not be called.
- // To learn more:
- // https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/tryResourceClose.html
-
-
- // Conditional Shorthand
- // You can use the '?' operator for quick assignments or logic forks.
- // Reads as "If (statement) is true, use <first value>, otherwise, use
- // <second value>"
- int foo = 5;
- String bar = (foo < 10) ? "A" : "B";
- System.out.println(bar); // Prints A, because the statement is true
-
- ////////////////////////////////////////
- // Converting Data Types And Typecasting
- ////////////////////////////////////////
-
- // Converting data
-
- // Convert String To Integer
- Integer.parseInt("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
-
- // Convert Integer To String
- Integer.toString(123);//returns a string version of 123
-
- // For other conversions check out the following classes:
- // Double
- // Long
- // String
-
- // Typecasting
- // You can also cast Java objects, there's a lot of details and deals
- // with some more intermediate concepts. Feel free to check it out here:
- // https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
-
- ///////////////////////////////////////
- // Classes And Functions
- ///////////////////////////////////////
-
- System.out.println("\n->Classes & Functions");
-
- // (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
-
- // Use new to instantiate a class
- Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
-
- // Call object methods
- trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
- trek.setCadence(100);
-
- // toString returns this Object's string representation.
- System.out.println("trek info: " + trek.toString());
-
- // Double Brace Initialization
- // The Java Language has no syntax for how to create static Collections
- // in an easy way. Usually you end up in the following way:
- private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>();
- static {
- COUNTRIES.add("DENMARK");
- COUNTRIES.add("SWEDEN");
- COUNTRIES.add("FINLAND");
- }
-
- // But there's a nifty way to achieve the same thing in an
- // easier way, by using something that is called Double Brace
- // Initialization.
- private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>() {{
- add("DENMARK");
- add("SWEDEN");
- add("FINLAND");
- }}
-
- // The first brace is creating a new AnonymousInnerClass and the
- // second one declares an instance initializer block. This block
- // is called when the anonymous inner class is created.
- // This does not only work for Collections, it works for all
- // non-final classes.
-
- } // End main method
-} // End LearnJava class
-
-// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
-// but it is not good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
-
-// Class Declaration Syntax:
-// <public/private/protected> class <class name> {
-// // data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
-// // functions are called as methods in Java.
-// }
-
-class Bicycle {
-
- // Bicycle's Fields/Variables
- public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
- private int speed; // Private: Only accessible from within the class
- protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
- String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
- static String className; // Static class variable
-
- // Static block
- // Java has no implementation of static constructors, but
- // has a static block that can be used to initialize class variables
- // (static variables).
- // This block will be called when the class is loaded.
- static {
- className = "Bicycle";
- }
-
- // Constructors are a way of creating classes
- // This is a constructor
- public Bicycle() {
- // You can also call another constructor:
- // this(1, 50, 5, "Bontrager");
- gear = 1;
- cadence = 50;
- speed = 5;
- name = "Bontrager";
- }
- // This is a constructor that takes arguments
- public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
- String name) {
- this.gear = startGear;
- this.cadence = startCadence;
- this.speed = startSpeed;
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- // Method Syntax:
- // <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
- // Java classes often implement getters and setters for their fields
-
- // Method declaration syntax:
- // <access modifier> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
- public int getCadence() {
- return cadence;
- }
-
- // void methods require no return statement
- public void setCadence(int newValue) {
- cadence = newValue;
- }
- public void setGear(int newValue) {
- gear = newValue;
- }
- public void speedUp(int increment) {
- speed += increment;
- }
- public void slowDown(int decrement) {
- speed -= decrement;
- }
- public void setName(String newName) {
- name = newName;
- }
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- //Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
- @Override // Inherited from the Object class.
- public String toString() {
- return "gear: " + gear + " cadence: " + cadence + " speed: " + speed +
- " name: " + name;
- }
-} // end class Bicycle
-
-// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
-class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
- // (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
- // They have no gears.)
-
- public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed) {
- // Call the parent constructor with super
- super(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing");
- }
-
- // You should mark a method you're overriding with an @annotation.
- // To learn more about what annotations are and their purpose check this
- // out: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/
- @Override
- public void setGear(int gear) {
- this.gear = 0;
- }
-}
-
-// Interfaces
-// Interface declaration syntax
-// <access-level> interface <interface-name> extends <super-interfaces> {
-// // Constants
-// // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Example - Food:
-public interface Edible {
- public void eat(); // Any class that implements this interface, must
- // implement this method.
-}
-
-public interface Digestible {
- public void digest();
- // In Java 8, interfaces can have default method.
- // public void digest() {
- // System.out.println("digesting ...");
- // }
-}
-
-// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.
-public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
- @Override
- public void eat() {
- // ...
- }
-
- @Override
- public void digest() {
- // ...
- }
-}
-
-// In Java, you can extend only one class, but you can implement many
-// interfaces. For example:
-public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
- InterfaceTwo {
- @Override
- public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
- }
-
- @Override
- public void InterfaceTwoMethod() {
- }
-
-}
-
-// Abstract Classes
-
-// Abstract Class declaration syntax
-// <access-level> abstract <abstract-class-name> extends <super-abstract-classes> {
-// // Constants and variables
-// // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains abstract methods that
-// must be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes
-// cannot be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract
-// methods defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a
-// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
-// mixture of unless the method is static, and variables are final by default,
-// unlike an abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
-public abstract class Animal
-{
- public abstract void makeSound();
-
- // Method can have a body
- public void eat()
- {
- System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");
- // Note: We can access private variable here.
- age = 30;
- }
-
- // No need to initialize, however in an interface
- // a variable is implicitly final and hence has
- // to be initialized.
- protected int age;
-
- public void printAge()
- {
- System.out.println(age);
- }
-
- // Abstract classes can have main function.
- public static void main(String[] args)
- {
- System.out.println("I am abstract");
- }
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal
-{
- // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
- // abstract class.
- @Override
- public void makeSound()
- {
- System.out.println("Bark");
- // age = 30; ==> ERROR! age is private to Animal
- }
-
- // NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
- // @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
- // overriding of static methods.
- // What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
- // Check out this SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
- public static void main(String[] args)
- {
- Dog pluto = new Dog();
- pluto.makeSound();
- pluto.eat();
- pluto.printAge();
- }
-}
-
-// Final Classes
-
-// Final Class declaration syntax
-// <access-level> final <final-class-name> {
-// // Constants and variables
-// // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Final classes are classes that cannot be inherited from and are therefore a
-// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
-// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
-// extended.
-public final class SaberToothedCat extends Animal
-{
- // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
- // abstract class.
- @Override
- public void makeSound()
- {
- System.out.println("Roar");
- }
-}
-
-// Final Methods
-public abstract class Mammal()
-{
- // Final Method Syntax:
- // <access modifier> final <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
- // Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child
- // class, and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
- public final boolean isWarmBlooded()
- {
- return true;
- }
-}
-
-// Enum Type
-//
-// An enum type is a special data type that enables for a variable to be a set
-// of predefined constants. The variable must be equal to one of the values
-// that have been predefined for it. Because they are constants, the names of
-// an enum type's fields are in uppercase letters. In the Java programming
-// language, you define an enum type by using the enum keyword. For example,
-// you would specify a days-of-the-week enum type as:
-public enum Day {
- SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
- THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
-}
-
-// We can use our enum Day like that:
-public class EnumTest {
- // Variable Enum
- Day day;
-
- public EnumTest(Day day) {
- this.day = day;
- }
-
- public void tellItLikeItIs() {
- switch (day) {
- case MONDAY:
- System.out.println("Mondays are bad.");
- break;
- case FRIDAY:
- System.out.println("Fridays are better.");
- break;
- case SATURDAY:
- case SUNDAY:
- System.out.println("Weekends are best.");
- break;
- default:
- System.out.println("Midweek days are so-so.");
- break;
- }
- }
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- EnumTest firstDay = new EnumTest(Day.MONDAY);
- firstDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Mondays are bad.
- EnumTest thirdDay = new EnumTest(Day.WEDNESDAY);
- thirdDay.tellItLikeItIs(); // => Midweek days are so-so.
- }
-}
-
-// Enum types are much more powerful than we show above.
-// The enum body can include methods and other fields.
-// You can see more at https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/enum.html
-```
-
-## مطالب بیشتر
-
-لینکهای زیر را می توانید برای پیگیرهای بیشتر استفاده کنید.
-البته همیشه گوگل را در کنار دستتان داشته باشید!
-
-**سایت های راهنمای اصلی**:
-
-* [Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)
-
-* [Java Access level modifiers](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)
-
-* [Object-Oriented Programming Concepts](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):
- * [Inheritance](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
- * [Polymorphism](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
- * [Abstraction](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)
-
-* [Exceptions](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
-
-* [Interfaces](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)
-
-* [Generics](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
-
-* [Java Code Conventions](https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html)
-
-* New features in Java 8:
- * [Lambda expressions (functional programming)](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/lambdaexpressions.html)
- * [Date and time API (java.time package)](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html)
-
-**راهنما و سایت های آموزشی**
-
-* [Learneroo.com - Learn Java](http://www.learneroo.com)
-
-* [Codingbat.com](http://codingbat.com/java)
-
-**کتاب‌ها**:
-
-* [Head First Java](http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/)
-
-* [Thinking in Java](https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Java-4th-Bruce-Eckel/dp/0131872486/)
-
-* [Objects First with Java](https://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-Introduction/dp/0132492660)
-
-* [Java The Complete Reference](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)