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----
-language: java
-contributors:
-    - ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"]
-    - ["Jakukyo Friel", "http://weakish.github.io"]
-    - ["Madison Dickson", "http://github.com/mix3d"]
-    - ["Simon Morgan", "http://sjm.io/"]
-    - ["Zachary Ferguson", "http://github.com/zfergus2"]
-    - ["Cameron Schermerhorn", "http://github.com/cschermerhorn"]
-filename: LearnJava.java
----
-
-Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer
-programming language.
-[Read more here.](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/)
-
-```java
-// Single-line comments start with //
-/*
-Multi-line comments look like this.
-*/
-/**
-JavaDoc comments look like this. Used to describe the Class or various
-attributes of a Class.
-*/
-
-// Import ArrayList class inside of the java.util package
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-// Import all classes inside of java.security package
-import java.security.*;
-
-// Each .java file contains one outer-level public class, with the same name as
-// the file.
-public class LearnJava {
-
-    // In order to run a java program, it must have a main method as an entry point.
-    public static void main (String[] args) {
-
-        // Use System.out.println() to print lines.
-        System.out.println("Hello World!");
-        System.out.println(
-            "Integer: " + 10 +
-            " Double: " + 3.14 +
-            " Boolean: " + true);
-
-        // To print without a newline, use System.out.print().
-        System.out.print("Hello ");
-        System.out.print("World");
-
-        // Use System.out.printf() for easy formatted printing.
-        System.out.printf("pi = %.5f", Math.PI); // => pi = 3.14159
-
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        // Variables
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-        /*
-        *  Variable Declaration
-        */
-        // Declare a variable using <type> <name>
-        int fooInt;
-        // Declare multiple variables of the same type <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3>
-        int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
-
-        /*
-        *  Variable Initialization
-        */
-
-        // Initialize a variable using <type> <name> = <val>
-        int fooInt = 1;
-        // Initialize multiple variables of same type with same value <type> <name1>, <name2>, <name3> = <val>
-        int fooInt1, fooInt2, fooInt3;
-        fooInt1 = fooInt2 = fooInt3 = 1;
-
-        /*
-        *  Variable types
-        */
-        // Byte - 8-bit signed two's complement integer
-        // (-128 <= byte <= 127)
-        byte fooByte = 100;
-
-        // Short - 16-bit signed two's complement integer
-        // (-32,768 <= short <= 32,767)
-        short fooShort = 10000;
-
-        // Integer - 32-bit signed two's complement integer
-        // (-2,147,483,648 <= int <= 2,147,483,647)
-        int fooInt = 1;
-
-        // Long - 64-bit signed two's complement integer
-        // (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 <= long <= 9,223,372,036,854,775,807)
-        long fooLong = 100000L;
-        // L is used to denote that this variable value is of type Long;
-        // anything without is treated as integer by default.
-
-        // Note: Java has no unsigned types.
-
-        // Float - Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
-        // 2^-149 <= float <= (2-2^-23) * 2^127
-        float fooFloat = 234.5f;
-        // f or F is used to denote that this variable value is of type float;
-        // otherwise it is treated as double.
-
-        // Double - Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 Floating Point
-        // 2^-1074 <= x <= (2-2^-52) * 2^1023
-        double fooDouble = 123.4;
-
-        // Boolean - true & false
-        boolean fooBoolean = true;
-        boolean barBoolean = false;
-
-        // Char - A single 16-bit Unicode character
-        char fooChar = 'A';
-
-        // final variables can't be reassigned to another object,
-        final int HOURS_I_WORK_PER_WEEK = 9001;
-        // but they can be initialized later.
-        final double E;
-        E = 2.71828;
-
-
-        // BigInteger - Immutable arbitrary-precision integers
-        //
-        // BigInteger is a data type that allows programmers to manipulate
-        // integers longer than 64-bits. Integers are stored as an array of
-        // of bytes and are manipulated using functions built into BigInteger
-        //
-        // BigInteger can be initialized using an array of bytes or a string.
-        
-        BigInteger fooBigInteger = new BigDecimal(fooByteArray);
-
-
-        // BigDecimal - Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal number
-        //
-        // A BigDecimal takes two parts: an arbitrary precision integer 
-        // unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale
-        //
-        // BigDecimal allows the programmer complete control over decimal
-        // rounding. It is recommended to use BigDecimal with currency values
-        // and where exact decimal percision is required.
-        //
-        // BigDecimal can be initialized with an int, long, double or String
-        // or by initializing the unscaled value (BigInteger) and scale (int).
-
-        BigDecimal fooBigDecimal = new BigDecimal(fooBigInteger, fooInt);
-
-
-
-        // Strings
-        String fooString = "My String Is Here!";
-
-        // \n is an escaped character that starts a new line
-        String barString = "Printing on a new line?\nNo Problem!";
-        // \t is an escaped character that adds a tab character
-        String bazString = "Do you want to add a tab?\tNo Problem!";
-        System.out.println(fooString);
-        System.out.println(barString);
-        System.out.println(bazString);
-
-        // Arrays
-        // The array size must be decided upon instantiation
-        // The following formats work for declaring an array
-        // <datatype>[] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
-        // <datatype> <var name>[] = new <datatype>[<array size>];
-        int[] intArray = new int[10];
-        String[] stringArray = new String[1];
-        boolean boolArray[] = new boolean[100];
-
-        // Another way to declare & initialize an array
-        int[] y = {9000, 1000, 1337};
-        String names[] = {"Bob", "John", "Fred", "Juan Pedro"};
-        boolean bools[] = new boolean[] {true, false, false};
-
-        // Indexing an array - Accessing an element
-        System.out.println("intArray @ 0: " + intArray[0]);
-
-        // Arrays are zero-indexed and mutable.
-        intArray[1] = 1;
-        System.out.println("intArray @ 1: " + intArray[1]); // => 1
-
-        // Others to check out
-        // ArrayLists - Like arrays except more functionality is offered, and
-        //              the size is mutable.
-        // LinkedLists - Implementation of doubly-linked list. All of the
-        //               operations perform as could be expected for a
-        //               doubly-linked list.
-        // Maps - A set of objects that maps keys to values. A map cannot
-        //        contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value.
-        // HashMaps - This class uses a hashtable to implement the Map
-        //            interface. This allows the execution time of basic
-        //            operations, such as get and insert element, to remain
-        //            constant even for large sets.
-
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        // Operators
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        System.out.println("\n->Operators");
-
-        int i1 = 1, i2 = 2; // Shorthand for multiple declarations
-
-        // Arithmetic is straightforward
-        System.out.println("1+2 = " + (i1 + i2)); // => 3
-        System.out.println("2-1 = " + (i2 - i1)); // => 1
-        System.out.println("2*1 = " + (i2 * i1)); // => 2
-        System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / i2)); // => 0 (0.5 truncated down)
-        System.out.println("1/2 = " + (i1 / (i2*1.0))); // => 0.5
-
-        // Modulo
-        System.out.println("11%3 = "+(11 % 3)); // => 2
-
-        // Comparison operators
-        System.out.println("3 == 2? " + (3 == 2)); // => false
-        System.out.println("3 != 2? " + (3 != 2)); // => true
-        System.out.println("3 > 2? " + (3 > 2)); // => true
-        System.out.println("3 < 2? " + (3 < 2)); // => false
-        System.out.println("2 <= 2? " + (2 <= 2)); // => true
-        System.out.println("2 >= 2? " + (2 >= 2)); // => true
-
-        // Boolean operators
-        System.out.println("3 > 2 && 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) && (2 > 3))); // => false
-        System.out.println("3 > 2 || 2 > 3? " + ((3 > 2) || (2 > 3))); // => true
-        System.out.println("!(3 == 2)? " + (!(3 == 2))); // => true
-
-        // Bitwise operators!
-        /*
-        ~      Unary bitwise complement
-        <<     Signed left shift
-        >>     Signed/Arithmetic right shift
-        >>>    Unsigned/Logical right shift
-        &      Bitwise AND
-        ^      Bitwise exclusive OR
-        |      Bitwise inclusive OR
-        */
-
-        // Incrementations
-        int i = 0;
-        System.out.println("\n->Inc/Dec-rementation");
-        // The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement by 1 respectively.
-        // If they are placed before the variable, they increment then return;
-        // after the variable they return then increment.
-        System.out.println(i++); // i = 1, prints 0 (post-increment)
-        System.out.println(++i); // i = 2, prints 2 (pre-increment)
-        System.out.println(i--); // i = 1, prints 2 (post-decrement)
-        System.out.println(--i); // i = 0, prints 0 (pre-decrement)
-
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        // Control Structures
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        System.out.println("\n->Control Structures");
-
-        // If statements are c-like
-        int j = 10;
-        if (j == 10){
-            System.out.println("I get printed");
-        } else if (j > 10) {
-            System.out.println("I don't");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("I also don't");
-        }
-
-        // While loop
-        int fooWhile = 0;
-        while(fooWhile < 100) {
-            System.out.println(fooWhile);
-            // Increment the counter
-            // Iterated 100 times, fooWhile 0,1,2...99
-            fooWhile++;
-        }
-        System.out.println("fooWhile Value: " + fooWhile);
-
-        // Do While Loop
-        int fooDoWhile = 0;
-        do {
-            System.out.println(fooDoWhile);
-            // Increment the counter
-            // Iterated 99 times, fooDoWhile 0->99
-            fooDoWhile++;
-        } while(fooDoWhile < 100);
-        System.out.println("fooDoWhile Value: " + fooDoWhile);
-
-        // For Loop
-        // for loop structure => for(<start_statement>; <conditional>; <step>)
-        for (int fooFor = 0; fooFor < 10; fooFor++) {
-            System.out.println(fooFor);
-            // Iterated 10 times, fooFor 0->9
-        }
-        System.out.println("fooFor Value: " + fooFor);
-
-        // For Each Loop
-        // The for loop is also able to iterate over arrays as well as objects
-        // that implement the Iterable interface.
-        int[] fooList = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
-        // for each loop structure => for (<object> : <iterable>)
-        // reads as: for each element in the iterable
-        // note: the object type must match the element type of the iterable.
-
-        for (int bar : fooList) {
-            System.out.println(bar);
-            //Iterates 9 times and prints 1-9 on new lines
-        }
-
-        // Switch Case
-        // A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int data types.
-        // It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the
-        // String class, and a few special classes that wrap primitive types:
-        // Character, Byte, Short, and Integer.
-        int month = 3;
-        String monthString;
-        switch (month) {
-            case 1: monthString = "January";
-                    break;
-            case 2: monthString = "February";
-                    break;
-            case 3: monthString = "March";
-                    break;
-            default: monthString = "Some other month";
-                     break;
-        }
-        System.out.println("Switch Case Result: " + monthString);
-        
-        // Starting in Java 7 and above, switching Strings works like this:
-        String myAnswer = "maybe";
-        switch(myAnswer){
-            case "yes":
-                System.out.println("You answered yes.");
-                break;
-            case "no":
-                System.out.println("You answered no.");
-                break;
-            case "maybe":
-                System.out.println("You answered maybe.");
-                break;
-            default:
-                System.out.println("You answered " + myAnswer);
-                break;
-        }
-
-        // Conditional Shorthand
-        // You can use the '?' operator for quick assignments or logic forks.
-        // Reads as "If (statement) is true, use <first value>, otherwise, use
-        // <second value>"
-        int foo = 5;
-        String bar = (foo < 10) ? "A" : "B";
-        System.out.println(bar); // Prints A, because the statement is true
-
-
-        ////////////////////////////////////////
-        // Converting Data Types And Typecasting
-        ////////////////////////////////////////
-
-        // Converting data
-
-        // Convert String To Integer
-        Integer.parseInt("123");//returns an integer version of "123"
-
-        // Convert Integer To String
-        Integer.toString(123);//returns a string version of 123
-
-        // For other conversions check out the following classes:
-        // Double
-        // Long
-        // String
-
-        // Typecasting
-        // You can also cast Java objects, there's a lot of details and deals
-        // with some more intermediate concepts. Feel free to check it out here:
-        // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html
-
-
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-        // Classes And Functions
-        ///////////////////////////////////////
-
-        System.out.println("\n->Classes & Functions");
-
-        // (definition of the Bicycle class follows)
-
-        // Use new to instantiate a class
-        Bicycle trek = new Bicycle();
-
-        // Call object methods
-        trek.speedUp(3); // You should always use setter and getter methods
-        trek.setCadence(100);
-
-        // toString returns this Object's string representation.
-        System.out.println("trek info: " + trek.toString());
-
-        // Double Brace Initialization
-        // The Java Language has no syntax for how to create static Collections
-        // in an easy way. Usually you end up in the following way:
-
-        private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = new HashSet<String>();
-        static {
-           validCodes.add("DENMARK");
-           validCodes.add("SWEDEN");
-           validCodes.add("FINLAND");
-        }
-
-        // But there's a nifty way to achieve the same thing in an
-        // easier way, by using something that is called Double Brace
-        // Initialization.
-
-        private static final Set<String> COUNTRIES = HashSet<String>() {{
-            add("DENMARK");
-            add("SWEDEN");
-            add("FINLAND");
-        }}
-
-        // The first brace is creating a new AnonymousInnerClass and the
-        // second one declares an instance initializer block. This block
-        // is called when the anonymous inner class is created.
-        // This does not only work for Collections, it works for all
-        // non-final classes.
-
-    } // End main method
-} // End LearnJava class
-
-
-// You can include other, non-public outer-level classes in a .java file,
-// but it is good practice. Instead split classes into separate files.
-
-
-// Class Declaration Syntax:
-// <public/private/protected> class <class name> {
-//    // data fields, constructors, functions all inside.
-//    // functions are called as methods in Java.
-// }
-
-class Bicycle {
-
-    // Bicycle's Fields/Variables
-    public int cadence; // Public: Can be accessed from anywhere
-    private int speed;  // Private: Only accessible from within the class
-    protected int gear; // Protected: Accessible from the class and subclasses
-    String name; // default: Only accessible from within this package
-
-    // Constructors are a way of creating classes
-    // This is a constructor
-    public Bicycle() {
-        // You can also call another constructor:
-        // this(1, 50, 5, "Bontrager");
-        gear = 1;
-        cadence = 50;
-        speed = 5;
-        name = "Bontrager";
-    }
-
-    // This is a constructor that takes arguments
-    public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear,
-        String name) {
-        this.gear = startGear;
-        this.cadence = startCadence;
-        this.speed = startSpeed;
-        this.name = name;
-    }
-
-    // Method Syntax:
-    // <public/private/protected> <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
-    // Java classes often implement getters and setters for their fields
-
-    // Method declaration syntax:
-    // <access modifier> <return type> <method name>(<args>)
-    public int getCadence() {
-        return cadence;
-    }
-
-    // void methods require no return statement
-    public void setCadence(int newValue) {
-        cadence = newValue;
-    }
-
-    public void setGear(int newValue) {
-        gear = newValue;
-    }
-
-    public void speedUp(int increment) {
-        speed += increment;
-    }
-
-    public void slowDown(int decrement) {
-        speed -= decrement;
-    }
-
-    public void setName(String newName) {
-        name = newName;
-    }
-
-    public String getName() {
-        return name;
-    }
-
-    //Method to display the attribute values of this Object.
-    @Override // Inherited from the Object class.
-    public String toString() {
-        return "gear: " + gear + " cadence: " + cadence + " speed: " + speed +
-            " name: " + name;
-    }
-} // end class Bicycle
-
-// PennyFarthing is a subclass of Bicycle
-class PennyFarthing extends Bicycle {
-    // (Penny Farthings are those bicycles with the big front wheel.
-    // They have no gears.)
-
-    public PennyFarthing(int startCadence, int startSpeed){
-        // Call the parent constructor with super
-        super(startCadence, startSpeed, 0, "PennyFarthing");
-    }
-
-    // You should mark a method you're overriding with an @annotation.
-    // To learn more about what annotations are and their purpose check this
-    // out: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/
-    @Override
-    public void setGear(int gear) {
-        gear = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-// Interfaces
-// Interface declaration syntax
-// <access-level> interface <interface-name> extends <super-interfaces> {
-//     // Constants
-//     // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Example - Food:
-public interface Edible {
-    public void eat(); // Any class that implements this interface, must
-                       // implement this method.
-}
-
-public interface Digestible {
-    public void digest();
-}
-
-
-// We can now create a class that implements both of these interfaces.
-public class Fruit implements Edible, Digestible {
-  
-    @Override
-    public void eat() {
-        // ...
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void digest() {
-        // ...
-    }
-}
-
-// In Java, you can extend only one class, but you can implement many
-// interfaces. For example:
-public class ExampleClass extends ExampleClassParent implements InterfaceOne,
-    InterfaceTwo {
-
-    @Override
-    public void InterfaceOneMethod() {
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void InterfaceTwoMethod() {
-    }
-
-}
-
-// Abstract Classes
-
-// Abstract Class declaration syntax
-// <access-level> abstract <abstract-class-name> extends <super-abstract-classes> {
-//     // Constants and variables
-//     // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Marking a class as abstract means that it contains abstract methods that must
-// be defined in a child class. Similar to interfaces, abstract classes cannot
-// be instantiated, but instead must be extended and the abstract methods
-// defined. Different from interfaces, abstract classes can contain a mixture of
-// concrete and abstract methods. Methods in an interface cannot have a body,
-// unless the method is static, and variables are final by default, unlike an
-// abstract class. Also abstract classes CAN have the "main" method.
-
-public abstract class Animal
-{
-    public abstract void makeSound();
-
-    // Method can have a body
-    public void eat()
-    {
-        System.out.println("I am an animal and I am Eating.");  
-        // Note: We can access private variable here.
-        age = 30;
-    }
-
-    // No need to initialize, however in an interface
-    // a variable is implicitly final and hence has
-    // to be initialized.
-    protected int age;
-
-    public void printAge()
-    {
-        System.out.println(age);  
-    }
-
-    // Abstract classes can have main function.
-    public static void main(String[] args)
-    {
-        System.out.println("I am abstract");
-    }
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal
-{
-    // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
-    // abstract class.
-    @Override
-    public void makeSound()
-    {
-        System.out.println("Bark");
-        // age = 30;	==> ERROR!	age is private to Animal
-    }
-
-    // NOTE: You will get an error if you used the
-    // @Override annotation here, since java doesn't allow
-    // overriding of static methods.
-    // What is happening here is called METHOD HIDING.
-    // Check out this awesome SO post: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16313649/
-    public static void main(String[] args)
-    {
-        Dog pluto = new Dog();
-        pluto.makeSound();
-        pluto.eat();
-        pluto.printAge();
-    }
-}
-
-// Final Classes
-
-// Final Class declaration syntax
-// <access-level> final <final-class-name> {
-//     // Constants and variables
-//     // Method declarations
-// }
-
-// Final classes are classes that cannot be inherited from and are therefore a
-// final child. In a way, final classes are the opposite of abstract classes
-// because abstract classes must be extended, but final classes cannot be
-// extended.
-public final class SaberToothedCat extends Animal
-{
-    // Note still have to override the abstract methods in the
-    // abstract class.
-    @Override
-    public void makeSound()
-    {
-        System.out.println("Roar");
-    }
-}
-
-// Final Methods
-public abstract class Mammal()
-{
-    // Final Method Syntax:
-    // <access modifier> final <return type> <function name>(<args>)
-
-    // Final methods, like, final classes cannot be overridden by a child class,
-    // and are therefore the final implementation of the method.
-    public final boolean isWarmBlooded()
-    {
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-```
-
-## Further Reading
-
-The links provided here below are just to get an understanding of the topic, feel free to Google and find specific examples.
-
-**Official Oracle Guides**:
-
-* [Java Tutorial Trail from Sun / Oracle](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html)
-
-* [Java Access level modifiers](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html)
-
-* [Object-Oriented Programming Concepts](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html):
-    * [Inheritance](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/subclasses.html)
-    * [Polymorphism](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/polymorphism.html)
-    * [Abstraction](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/abstract.html)
-
-* [Exceptions](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html)
-
-* [Interfaces](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html)
-
-* [Generics](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html)
-
-* [Java Code Conventions](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/codeconv-138413.html)
-
-**Online Practice and Tutorials**
-
-* [Learneroo.com - Learn Java](http://www.learneroo.com)
-
-* [Codingbat.com](http://codingbat.com/java)
-
-
-**Books**:
-
-* [Head First Java](http://www.headfirstlabs.com/books/hfjava/)
-
-* [Thinking in Java](http://www.mindview.net/Books/TIJ/)
-
-* [Objects First with Java](http://www.amazon.com/Objects-First-Java-Practical-Introduction/dp/0132492660)
-
-* [Java The Complete Reference](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071606300)