Merge pull request #1412 from voltnor/latex_initial

[latex/en] Initial latex whirlwind showcase revisited

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+---
+language: latex
+contributors:
+    - ["Chaitanya Krishna Ande", "http://icymist.github.io"]
+    - ["Colton Kohnke", "http://github.com/voltnor"]
+    - ["Sricharan Chiruvolu", "http://sricharan.xyz"]
+filename: learn-latex.tex
+---
+% All comment lines start with %
+% There are no multi-line comments
+
+% LaTeX is NOT a "What You See Is What You Get" word processing software like
+% MS Word, or OpenOffice Writer
+
+% Every Latex command starts with a backslash (\)
+
+% LaTeX documents start with a defining the type of document it's compiling
+% Other document types include book, report, presentations, etc.
+% The options for the document appear in the [] brackets. In this case
+% it specifies we want to use 12pt font.
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+
+% Next we define the packages the document uses.
+% If you want to include graphics, colored text, or
+% source code from another language file into your document, 
+% you need to enhance the capabilities of LaTeX. This is done by adding packages. 
+% I'm going to include the float and caption packages for figures.
+\usepackage{caption}
+\usepackage{float}
+
+% We can define some other document properties too!
+\author{Chaitanya Krishna Ande, Colton Kohnke \& Sricharan Chiruvolu}
+\date{\today}
+\title{Learn LaTeX in Y Minutes!}
+
+% Now we're ready to begin the document
+% Everything before this line is called "The Preamble"
+\begin{document} 
+% if we set the author, date, title fields, we can have LaTeX 
+% create a title page for us.
+\maketitle
+
+% Most research papers have abstract, you can use the predefined commands for this.
+% This should appear in its logical order, therefore, after the top matter,
+% but before the main sections of the body. 
+% This command is available in the document classes article and report.
+\begin{abstract}
+ LaTex documentation written as LaTex! How novel and totally not my idea!
+\end{abstract}
+
+% Section commands are intuitive. 
+% All the titles of the sections are added automatically to the table of contents.
+\section{Introduction}
+Hello, my name is Colton and together we're going to explore LaTeX!
+
+\section{Another section}
+This is the text for another section. I think it needs a subsection.
+
+\subsection{This is a subsection} % Subsections are also intuitive.
+I think we need another one
+
+\subsubsection{Pythagoras}
+Much better now.
+\label{subsec:pythagoras}
+
+% By using the asterisk we can suppress Latex's inbuilt numbering.
+% This works for other Latex commands as well. 
+\section*{This is an unnumbered section} 
+However not all sections have to be numbered!
+
+\section{Some Text notes}
+LaTeX is generally pretty good about placing text where it should go. If 
+a line \\ needs \\ to \\ break \\ you add \textbackslash\textbackslash to 
+the source code. \\ 
+
+\section{Lists}
+Lists are one of the easiest things to create in Latex! I need to go shopping
+tomorrow, so let's make a grocery list.
+\begin{enumerate} % This creates an "enumerate" environment.
+  % \item tells the enumerate to increment
+  \item Salad.
+  \item 27 watermelon.
+  \item A single jackrabbit.
+  % we can even override the item number by using []
+  \item[how many?] Medium sized squirt guns.
+
+  Not a list item, but still part of the enumerate.
+
+\end{enumerate} % All environments must have an end.
+
+\section{Math}
+
+One of the primary uses for LaTeX is to produce academic articles or 
+technical papers. Usually in the realm of math and science. As such, 
+we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper! \\
+
+Math has many symbols, far beyond what you can find on a keyboard;
+Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few.\\
+
+Sets and relations play a vital role in many mathematical research papers.
+Here's how you state all y that belong to X, $\forall$ x $\in$ X. \\
+% Notice how I needed to add $ signs before and after the symbols. This is 
+% because when writing, we are in text-mode. 
+% However, the math symbols only exist in math-mode. 
+% We can enter math-mode from text mode with the $ signs.
+% The opposite also holds true. Variable can also be rendered in math-mode.
+
+My favorite Greek letter is $\xi$. I also like $\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\sigma$.
+I haven't found a Greek letter that yet that Latex doesn't know about!
+
+Operators are essential parts of a mathematical document: 
+trigonometric functions ($\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$), 
+logarithms and exponentials ($\log$, $\exp$), 
+limits ($\lim$), etc. 
+have per-defined LaTeX commands. 
+Let's write an equation to see how it's done: \\
+
+$\cos(2\theta) = \cos^{2}(\theta) - \sin^{2}(\theta)$
+
+Fractions(Numerator-denominators) can be written in these forms:
+
+% 10 / 7
+$^{10}/_{7}$ 
+
+% Relatively complex fractions can be written as
+% \frac{numerator}{denominator}
+$\frac{n!}{k!(n - k)!}$ \\
+
+We can also insert equations in an "equation environment." 
+
+% Display math with the equation 'environment'
+\begin{equation} % enters math-mode
+    c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
+    \label{eq:pythagoras} % for referencing
+\end{equation} % all \begin statements must have an end statement
+
+We can then reference our new equation! 
+Eqn.~\ref{eq:pythagoras} is also known as the Pythagoras Theorem which is also
+the subject of Sec.~\ref{subsec:pythagoras}. A lot of things can be labeled: 
+figures, equations, sections, etc.
+
+Summations and Integrals are written with sum and int commands:
+
+% Some latex compilers will complain if there are blank lines
+% In an equation environment.
+\begin{equation} 
+  \sum_{i=0}^{5} f_{i}
+\end{equation} 
+\begin{equation} 
+  \int_{0}^{\infty} \mathrm{e}^{-x} \mathrm{d}x
+\end{equation} 
+
+\section{Figures}
+
+Let's insert a Figure. Figure placement can get a little tricky. 
+I definitely have to lookup the placement options each time.
+
+\begin{figure}[H] % H here denoted the placement option. 
+    \centering % centers the figure on the page
+    % Inserts a figure scaled to 0.8 the width of the page.
+    %\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{right-triangle.png} 
+    % Commented out for compilation purposes. Please use your imagination.
+    \caption{Right triangle with sides $a$, $b$, $c$}
+    \label{fig:right-triangle}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Table}
+We can also insert Tables in the same way as figures.
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+  \caption{Caption for the Table.}
+  % the {} arguments below describe how each row of the table is drawn.
+  % Again, I have to look these up. Each. And. Every. Time.
+  \begin{tabular}{c|cc} 
+    Number &  Last Name & First Name \\ % Column rows are separated by $
+    \hline % a horizontal line
+    1 & Biggus & Dickus \\
+    2 & Monty & Python
+  \end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+% \section{Hyperlinks} % Coming soon
+
+\section{Getting Latex to not compile something (i,e, Source Code)}
+Let's say we want to include some code into our Latex document,
+we would then need Latex to not try and interpret that text and
+instead just print it to the document. We do this we a verbatim 
+environment. 
+
+% There are other packages that exist (i.e. minty, lstlisting, etc.)
+% but verbatim is the bare-bones basic one.
+\begin{verbatim} 
+  print("Hello World!")
+  a%b; % look! We can use % signs in verbatim. 
+  random = 4; #decided by fair random dice roll
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{Compiling} 
+
+By now you're probably wondering how to compile this fabulous document 
+and look at the glorious glory that is a Latex pdf.
+(yes, this document actually does compiles). \\
+Getting to the final document using LaTeX consists of the following steps:
+  \begin{enumerate}
+    \item Write the document in plain text (the "source code").
+    \item Compile source code to produce a pdf. 
+     The compilation step looks something like this (in Linux): \\
+     \begin{verbatim} 
+        $pdflatex learn-latex.tex learn-latex.pdf 
+     \end{verbatim}
+  \end{enumerate}
+
+A number of LaTeX editors combine both Step 1 and Step 2 in the same piece of
+software. So, you get to see Step 1, but not Step 2 completely.
+Step 2 is still happening behind the scenes.
+
+You write all your formatting information in plain text in Step 1.
+The compilation part in Step 2 takes care of producing the document in the
+format you defined in Step 1.
+
+\section{End}
+
+That's all for now!
+
+% end the document
+\end{document}
+```
+## More on LaTeX
+
+* The amazing LaTeX wikibook: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX)
+* An actual tutorial: [http://www.latex-tutorial.com/](http://www.latex-tutorial.com/)