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authorTapmemer <jeroen.w.van.der.veen@gmail.com>2018-02-20 09:36:50 +0100
committerGitHub <noreply@github.com>2018-02-20 09:36:50 +0100
commitc1037971f83043bf30a73ba46cca0e8d3ade880e (patch)
tree4f93e9132313019ee6d764f53f8724d694a7bb6e
parentacf13c548b2ada661b6fe9616fbf4926659a6590 (diff)
shouldnt copy
shouldnt copy if i dont do anything with it
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----
-language: D
-filename: learnd.d
-contributors:
- - ["Nick Papanastasiou", "www.nickpapanastasiou.github.io"]
-
----
-
-```d
-// You know what's coming...
-module hello;
-
-import std.stdio;
-
-// args is optional
-void main(string[] args) {
- writeln("Hello, World!");
-}
-```
-
-If you're like me and spend way too much time on the internet, odds are you've heard
-about [D](http://dlang.org/). The D programming language is a modern, general-purpose,
-multi-paradigm language with support for everything from low-level features to
-expressive high-level abstractions.
-
-D is actively developed by a large group of super-smart people and is spearheaded by
-[Walter Bright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bright) and
-[Andrei Alexandrescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Alexandrescu).
-With all that out of the way, let's look at some examples!
-
-```d
-import std.stdio;
-
-void main() {
-
- // Conditionals and loops work as expected.
- for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
- writeln(i);
- }
-
- // 'auto' can be used for inferring types.
- auto n = 1;
-
- // Numeric literals can use '_' as a digit separator for clarity.
- while(n < 10_000) {
- n += n;
- }
-
- do {
- n -= (n / 2);
- } while(n > 0);
-
- // For and while are nice, but in D-land we prefer 'foreach' loops.
- // The '..' creates a continuous range, including the first value
- // but excluding the last.
- foreach(n; 1..1_000_000) {
- if(n % 2 == 0)
- writeln(n);
- }
-
- // There's also 'foreach_reverse' when you want to loop backwards.
- foreach_reverse(n; 1..int.max) {
- if(n % 2 == 1) {
- writeln(n);
- } else {
- writeln("No!");
- }
- }
-}
-```
-
-We can define new types with `struct`, `class`, `union`, and `enum`. Structs and unions
-are passed to functions by value (i.e. copied) and classes are passed by reference. Furthermore,
-we can use templates to parameterize all of these on both types and values!
-
-```d
-// Here, 'T' is a type parameter. Think '<T>' from C++/C#/Java.
-struct LinkedList(T) {
- T data = null;
-
- // Use '!' to instantiate a parameterized type. Again, think '<T>'.
- LinkedList!(T)* next;
-}
-
-class BinTree(T) {
- T data = null;
-
- // If there is only one template parameter, we can omit the parentheses.
- BinTree!T left;
- BinTree!T right;
-}
-
-enum Day {
- Sunday,
- Monday,
- Tuesday,
- Wednesday,
- Thursday,
- Friday,
- Saturday,
-}
-
-// Use alias to create abbreviations for types.
-alias IntList = LinkedList!int;
-alias NumTree = BinTree!double;
-
-// We can create function templates as well!
-T max(T)(T a, T b) {
- if(a < b)
- return b;
-
- return a;
-}
-
-// Use the ref keyword to ensure pass by reference. That is, even if 'a' and 'b'
-// are value types, they will always be passed by reference to 'swap()'.
-void swap(T)(ref T a, ref T b) {
- auto temp = a;
-
- a = b;
- b = temp;
-}
-
-// With templates, we can also parameterize on values, not just types.
-class Matrix(uint m, uint n, T = int) {
- T[m] rows;
- T[n] columns;
-}
-
-auto mat = new Matrix!(3, 3); // We've defaulted type 'T' to 'int'.
-
-```
-
-Speaking of classes, let's talk about properties for a second. A property
-is roughly a function that may act like an lvalue, so we can
-have the syntax of POD structures (`structure.x = 7`) with the semantics of
-getter and setter methods (`object.setX(7)`)!
-
-```d
-// Consider a class parameterized on types 'T' & 'U'.
-class MyClass(T, U) {
- T _data;
- U _other;
-}
-
-// And "getter" and "setter" methods like so:
-class MyClass(T, U) {
- T _data;
- U _other;
-
- // Constructors are always named 'this'.
- this(T t, U u) {
- // This will call the setter methods below.
- data = t;
- other = u;
- }
-
- // getters
- @property T data() {
- return _data;
- }
-
- @property U other() {
- return _other;
- }
-
- // setters
- @property void data(T t) {
- _data = t;
- }
-
- @property void other(U u) {
- _other = u;
- }
-}
-
-// And we use them in this manner:
-void main() {
- auto mc = new MyClass!(int, string)(7, "seven");
-
- // Import the 'stdio' module from the standard library for writing to
- // console (imports can be local to a scope).
- import std.stdio;
-
- // Call the getters to fetch the values.
- writefln("Earlier: data = %d, str = %s", mc.data, mc.other);
-
- // Call the setters to assign new values.
- mc.data = 8;
- mc.other = "eight";
-
- // Call the getters again to fetch the new values.
- writefln("Later: data = %d, str = %s", mc.data, mc.other);
-}
-```
-
-With properties, we can add any amount of logic to
-our getter and setter methods, and keep the clean syntax of
-accessing members directly!
-
-Other object-oriented goodies at our disposal
-include interfaces, abstract classes,
-and overriding methods. D does inheritance just like Java:
-Extend one class, implement as many interfaces as you please.
-
-We've seen D's OOP facilities, but let's switch gears. D offers
-functional programming with first-class functions, `pure`
-functions, and immutable data. In addition, all of your favorite
-functional algorithms (map, filter, reduce and friends) can be
-found in the wonderful `std.algorithm` module!
-
-```d
-import std.algorithm : map, filter, reduce;
-import std.range : iota; // builds an end-exclusive range
-
-void main() {
- // We want to print the sum of a list of squares of even ints
- // from 1 to 100. Easy!
-
- // Just pass lambda expressions as template parameters!
- // You can pass any function you like, but lambdas are convenient here.
- auto num = iota(1, 101).filter!(x => x % 2 == 0)
- .map!(y => y ^^ 2)
- .reduce!((a, b) => a + b);
-
- writeln(num);
-}
-```
-
-Notice how we got to build a nice Haskellian pipeline to compute num?
-That's thanks to a D innovation know as Uniform Function Call Syntax (UFCS).
-With UFCS, we can choose whether to write a function call as a method
-or free function call! Walter wrote a nice article on this
-[here.](http://www.drdobbs.com/cpp/uniform-function-call-syntax/232700394)
-In short, you can call functions whose first parameter
-is of some type A on any expression of type A as a method.
-
-I like parallelism. Anyone else like parallelism? Sure you do. Let's do some!
-
-```d
-// Let's say we want to populate a large array with the square root of all
-// consecutive integers starting from 1 (up until the size of the array), and we
-// want to do this concurrently taking advantage of as many cores as we have
-// available.
-
-import std.stdio;
-import std.parallelism : parallel;
-import std.math : sqrt;
-
-void main() {
- // Create your large array
- auto arr = new double[1_000_000];
-
- // Use an index, access every array element by reference (because we're
- // going to change each element) and just call parallel on the array!
- foreach(i, ref elem; parallel(arr)) {
- elem = sqrt(i + 1.0);
- }
-}
-```