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+---
+language: Go
+filename: learngo-de.go
+contributors:
+    - ["Joseph Adams", "https://github.com/jcla1"]
+lang: de-de
+---
+Go wurde entwickelt um probleme zu lösen. Sie ist zwar nicht der neuste Trend in
+der Informatik, aber sie ist eine der neusten und schnellsten Wege um Aufgabe in
+der realen Welt zu lösen.
+
+Sie hat vertraute Elemente von imperativen Sprachen mit statisher Typisierung
+und kann schnell kompiliert und ausgeführt werden. Verbunden mit leicht zu
+verstehenden Parallelitäts-Konstrukten, um die heute üblichen mehrkern
+Prozessoren optimal nutzen zu können, eignet sich Go äußerst gut für große
+Programmierprojekte.
+
+Außerdem beinhaltet Go eine gut ausgestattete standard bibliothek und hat eine
+aktive community.
+
+```go
+// Einzeiliger Kommentar
+/* Mehr-
+   zeiliger Kommentar */
+
+// Eine jede Quelldatei beginnt mit einer Packet-Klausel.
+// "main" ist ein besonderer Packetname, da er ein ausführbares Programm
+// einleitet, im Gegensatz zu jedem anderen Namen, der eine Bibliothek
+// deklariert.
+package main
+
+// Ein "import" wird verwendet um Packte zu deklarieren, die in dieser
+// Quelldatei Anwendung finden.
+import (
+    "fmt"      // Ein Packet in der Go standard Bibliothek
+    "net/http" // Ja, ein Webserver.
+    "strconv"  // Zeichenkettenmanipulation
+)
+
+// Es folgt die Definition einer Funktions, in diesem Fall von "main". Auch hier
+// ist der Name wieder besonders. "main" markiert den Eintrittspunkt des
+// Programms. Vergessen sie nicht die geschweiften Klammern!
+func main() {
+    // Println gibt eine Zeile zu stdout aus.
+    // Der Prefix "fmt" bestimmt das Packet aus welchem die Funktion stammt.
+    fmt.Println("Hello world!")
+
+    // Aufruf einer weiteren Funktion definiert innerhalb dieses Packets.
+    beyondHello()
+}
+
+// Functions have parameters in parentheses.
+// If there are no parameters, empty parentheses are still required.
+func beyondHello() {
+    var x int // Variable declaration.  Variables must be declared before use.
+    x = 3     // Variable assignment.
+    // "Short" declarations use := to infer the type, declare, and assign.
+    y := 4
+    sum, prod := learnMultiple(x, y)        // function returns two values
+    fmt.Println("sum:", sum, "prod:", prod) // simple output
+    learnTypes()                            // < y minutes, learn more!
+}
+
+// Functions can have parameters and (multiple!) return values.
+func learnMultiple(x, y int) (sum, prod int) {
+    return x + y, x * y // return two values
+}
+
+// Some built-in types and literals.
+func learnTypes() {
+    // Short declaration usually gives you what you want.
+    s := "Learn Go!" // string type
+
+    s2 := `A "raw" string literal
+can include line breaks.` // same string type
+
+    // non-ASCII literal.  Go source is UTF-8.
+    g := 'Σ' // rune type, an alias for uint32, holds a unicode code point
+
+    f := 3.14195 // float64, an IEEE-754 64-bit floating point number
+    c := 3 + 4i  // complex128, represented internally with two float64s
+
+    // Var syntax with an initializers.
+    var u uint = 7 // unsigned, but implementation dependent size as with int
+    var pi float32 = 22. / 7
+
+    // Conversion syntax with a short declaration.
+    n := byte('\n') // byte is an alias for uint8
+
+    // Arrays have size fixed at compile time.
+    var a4 [4]int           // an array of 4 ints, initialized to all 0
+    a3 := [...]int{3, 1, 5} // an array of 3 ints, initialized as shown
+
+    // Slices have dynamic size.  Arrays and slices each have advantages
+    // but use cases for slices are much more common.
+    s3 := []int{4, 5, 9}    // compare to a3.  no ellipsis here
+    s4 := make([]int, 4)    // allocates slice of 4 ints, initialized to all 0
+    var d2 [][]float64      // declaration only, nothing allocated here
+    bs := []byte("a slice") // type conversion syntax
+
+    p, q := learnMemory() // declares p, q to be type pointer to int.
+    fmt.Println(*p, *q)   // * follows a pointer.  This prints two ints.
+
+    // Maps are a dynamically growable associative array type, like the
+    // hash or dictionary types of some other languages.
+    m := map[string]int{"three": 3, "four": 4}
+    m["one"] = 1
+
+    // Unused variables are an error in Go.
+    // The underbar lets you "use" a variable but discard its value.
+    _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _ = s2, g, f, u, pi, n, a3, s4, bs
+    // Output of course counts as using a variable.
+    fmt.Println(s, c, a4, s3, d2, m)
+
+    learnFlowControl() // back in the flow
+}
+
+// Go is fully garbage collected.  It has pointers but no pointer arithmetic.
+// You can make a mistake with a nil pointer, but not by incrementing a pointer.
+func learnMemory() (p, q *int) {
+    // Named return values p and q have type pointer to int.
+    p = new(int) // built-in function new allocates memory.
+    // The allocated int is initialized to 0, p is no longer nil.
+    s := make([]int, 20) // allocate 20 ints as a single block of memory
+    s[3] = 7             // assign one of them
+    r := -2              // declare another local variable
+    return &s[3], &r     // & takes the address of an object.
+}
+
+func expensiveComputation() int {
+    return 1e6
+}
+
+func learnFlowControl() {
+    // If statements require brace brackets, and do not require parens.
+    if true {
+        fmt.Println("told ya")
+    }
+    // Formatting is standardized by the command line command "go fmt."
+    if false {
+        // pout
+    } else {
+        // gloat
+    }
+    // Use switch in preference to chained if statements.
+    x := 1
+    switch x {
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+        // cases don't "fall through"
+    case 2:
+        // unreached
+    }
+    // Like if, for doesn't use parens either.
+    for x := 0; x < 3; x++ { // ++ is a statement
+        fmt.Println("iteration", x)
+    }
+    // x == 1 here.
+
+    // For is the only loop statement in Go, but it has alternate forms.
+    for { // infinite loop
+        break    // just kidding
+        continue // unreached
+    }
+    // As with for, := in an if statement means to declare and assign y first,
+    // then test y > x.
+    if y := expensiveComputation(); y > x {
+        x = y
+    }
+    // Function literals are closures.
+    xBig := func() bool {
+        return x > 100 // references x declared above switch statement.
+    }
+    fmt.Println("xBig:", xBig()) // true (we last assigned 1e6 to x)
+    x /= 1e5                     // this makes it == 10
+    fmt.Println("xBig:", xBig()) // false now
+
+    // When you need it, you'll love it.
+    goto love
+love:
+
+    learnInterfaces() // Good stuff coming up!
+}
+
+// Define Stringer as an interface type with one method, String.
+type Stringer interface {
+    String() string
+}
+
+// Define pair as a struct with two fields, ints named x and y.
+type pair struct {
+    x, y int
+}
+
+// Define a method on type pair.  Pair now implements Stringer.
+func (p pair) String() string { // p is called the "receiver"
+    // Sprintf is another public function in package fmt.
+    // Dot syntax references fields of p.
+    return fmt.Sprintf("(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y)
+}
+
+func learnInterfaces() {
+    // Brace syntax is a "struct literal."  It evaluates to an initialized
+    // struct.  The := syntax declares and initializes p to this struct.
+    p := pair{3, 4}
+    fmt.Println(p.String()) // call String method of p, of type pair.
+    var i Stringer          // declare i of interface type Stringer.
+    i = p                   // valid because pair implements Stringer
+    // Call String method of i, of type Stringer.  Output same as above.
+    fmt.Println(i.String())
+
+    // Functions in the fmt package call the String method to ask an object
+    // for a printable representation of itself.
+    fmt.Println(p) // output same as above. Println calls String method.
+    fmt.Println(i) // output same as above
+
+    learnErrorHandling()
+}
+
+func learnErrorHandling() {
+    // ", ok" idiom used to tell if something worked or not.
+    m := map[int]string{3: "three", 4: "four"}
+    if x, ok := m[1]; !ok { // ok will be false because 1 is not in the map.
+        fmt.Println("no one there")
+    } else {
+        fmt.Print(x) // x would be the value, if it were in the map.
+    }
+    // An error value communicates not just "ok" but more about the problem.
+    if _, err := strconv.Atoi("non-int"); err != nil { // _ discards value
+        // prints "strconv.ParseInt: parsing "non-int": invalid syntax"
+        fmt.Println(err)
+    }
+    // We'll revisit interfaces a little later.  Meanwhile,
+    learnConcurrency()
+}
+
+// c is a channel, a concurrency-safe communication object.
+func inc(i int, c chan int) {
+    c <- i + 1 // <- is the "send" operator when a channel appears on the left.
+}
+
+// We'll use inc to increment some numbers concurrently.
+func learnConcurrency() {
+    // Same make function used earlier to make a slice.  Make allocates and
+    // initializes slices, maps, and channels.
+    c := make(chan int)
+    // Start three concurrent goroutines.  Numbers will be incremented
+    // concurrently, perhaps in parallel if the machine is capable and
+    // properly configured.  All three send to the same channel.
+    go inc(0, c) // go is a statement that starts a new goroutine.
+    go inc(10, c)
+    go inc(-805, c)
+    // Read three results from the channel and print them out.
+    // There is no telling in what order the results will arrive!
+    fmt.Println(<-c, <-c, <-c) // channel on right, <- is "receive" operator.
+
+    cs := make(chan string)       // another channel, this one handles strings.
+    cc := make(chan chan string)  // a channel of string channels.
+    go func() { c <- 84 }()       // start a new goroutine just to send a value
+    go func() { cs <- "wordy" }() // again, for cs this time
+    // Select has syntax like a switch statement but each case involves
+    // a channel operation.  It selects a case at random out of the cases
+    // that are ready to communicate.
+    select {
+    case i := <-c: // the value received can be assigned to a variable
+        fmt.Printf("it's a %T", i)
+    case <-cs: // or the value received can be discarded
+        fmt.Println("it's a string")
+    case <-cc: // empty channel, not ready for communication.
+        fmt.Println("didn't happen.")
+    }
+    // At this point a value was taken from either c or cs.  One of the two
+    // goroutines started above has completed, the other will remain blocked.
+
+    learnWebProgramming() // Go does it.  You want to do it too.
+}
+
+// A single function from package http starts a web server.
+func learnWebProgramming() {
+    // ListenAndServe first parameter is TCP address to listen at.
+    // Second parameter is an interface, specifically http.Handler.
+    err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", pair{})
+    fmt.Println(err) // don't ignore errors
+}
+
+// Make pair an http.Handler by implementing its only method, ServeHTTP.
+func (p pair) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+    // Serve data with a method of http.ResponseWriter
+    w.Write([]byte("You learned Go in Y minutes!"))
+}
+```
+
+## Further Reading
+
+The root of all things Go is the [official Go web site](http://golang.org/).
+There you can follow the tutorial, play interactively, and read lots.
+
+The language definition itself is highly recommended.  It's easy to read
+and amazingly short (as language definitions go these days.)
+
+On the reading list for students of Go is the [source code to the standard
+library](http://golang.org/src/pkg/).  Comprehensively documented, it
+demonstrates the best of readable and understandable Go, Go style, and Go
+idioms.  Or you can click on a function name in [the
+documentation](http://golang.org/pkg/) and the source code comes up!
+