Merge pull request #3 from emarref/master

PHP

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+---
+language: php
+author: Malcolm Fell
+author_url: http://emarref.net/
+---
+
+# PHP
+
+This document describes PHP 5+.
+
+## [Basic Syntax](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.php)
+
+All statements must end with a semi-colon; All PHP code must be between <?php and ?> tags. PHP can also be configured to respect the [short open tags](http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag) <? and ?>.
+
+## [Comments](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.comments.php)
+
+```php
+// Two forward slashes start a one-line comment.
+
+# So will a hash (aka pound symbol) but // is more common
+
+/*
+     Surrounding text in slash-asterisk and asterisk-slash
+     makes it a multi-line comment.
+*/
+```
+
+## [Types](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.php)
+
+Types are [weakly typed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing) and begin with the $ symbol. A valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
+
+### Scalars
+
+```php
+// Boolean values are case-insensitive
+$boolean = true; // or TRUE or True
+$boolean = false; // or FALSE or False
+
+// Integers
+$integer = 1234; // decimal number
+$integer = -123; // a negative number
+$integer = 0123; // octal number (equivalent to 83 decimal)
+$integer = 0x1A; // hexadecimal number (equivalent to 26 decimal)
+
+// Floats (aka doubles)
+$float = 1.234; 
+$float = 1.2e3; 
+$float = 7E-10;
+
+// Arithmetic
+$sum = $number + $float;
+$difference = $number - $float;
+$product = $number * $float;
+$quotient = $number / $float;
+
+// Shorthand arithmetic
+$number += 1; // Will add 1 to $number
+$number++; // Will add 1 to $number after it is used
+++$number; // Will add 1 to $number before it is used.
+$number /= $float // Will divide $number $float, and assign the quotient to $number
+
+// Strings
+$sgl_quotes = 'String'; // Strings should be enclosed in single quotes;
+$dbl_quotes = "This is a $sgl_quotes." // Avoid using double quotes to embed other variables
+$escaped = "This contains a \t tab character."; // Escape special characters with backslash
+$money = "I have $${integer} in the bank." // Enclose a variable in curly braces if needed
+$nowdoc = <<<'END'
+Multi line
+string
+END;
+$heredoc = <<<END
+Multi line
+$sgl_quotes
+END; // Nowdoc syntax is available in PHP 5.3.0
+
+// Manipulation
+$concatinated = $sgl_quotes + $dbl_quotes;
+```
+
+### Compound
+
+```php
+// Arrays
+$array = array(1, 2, 3);
+$array = [1, 2, 3]; // As of PHP 5.4
+$string = ["One", "Two", "Three"];
+$string[0]; // Holds the value "One";
+
+// Associative arrays, known as hashmaps in some languages.
+$associative = ["One" => 1, "Two" => 2, "Three" => 3];
+$associative["One"]; // Holds the value 1
+```
+
+## Output
+
+```php
+echo('Hello World!'); // Prints Hello World! to stdout. Stdout is the web page if running in a browser.
+print('Hello World!'); // The same as echo
+echo 'Hello World!'; // echo is actually a language construct, so you can drop the parentheses.
+echo 100;
+echo $variable;
+echo function_result(); // Output the result of a function call that returns a value. More on functions later.
+
+// If [short open tags](http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.short-open-tag) are configured, or your PHP version is 5.4.0 or greater, you can use the short echo syntax
+<?= $variable ?>
+```
+
+## [Operators](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.operators.php)
+
+### Assignment
+
+```php
+$a = 1;
+$b = 2;
+$a = $b; // A now contains the same value sa $b
+$a =& $b; // A now contains a reference to $b. Changing the value of $a will change the value of $b also, and vice-versa.
+```
+
+### Comparison
+
+```php
+$a == $b // TRUE if $a is equal to $b after type juggling.
+$a === $b // TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type.
+$a != $b // TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling.
+$a <> $b // TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling.
+$a !== $b // TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, or they are not of the same type.
+$a < $b	// TRUE if $a is strictly less than $b.
+$a > $b // TRUE if $a is strictly greater than $b.
+$a <= $b // TRUE if $a is less than or equal to $b.
+$a >= $b // TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b.
+```
+
+## [Type Juggling](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.type-juggling.php)
+
+Variables can be converted between types, depending on their usage.
+
+```php
+$integer = 1;
+echo $integer + $integer; // Outputs 2;
+
+$string = '1';
+echo $string + $string; // Also outputs 2 because the + operator converts the strings to integers
+
+$string = 'one';
+echo $string + $string; // Outputs 0 because the + operator cannot cast the string 'one' to a number
+
+$boolean = (boolean) $integer; // $boolean is true
+
+$zero = 0;
+$boolean = (boolean) $zero; // $boolean is false
+
+$integer = 5;
+$string = strval($integer); // There are also dedicated functions for casting most types
+
+$var = null; // Null value
+```
+
+## [Control Structures](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.control-structures.php)
+
+### If Statements
+
+```php
+if (/* test */) {
+	// Do something
+}
+
+if (/* test */) {
+	// Do something
+} else {
+	// Do something else
+}
+
+if (/* test */) {
+	// Do something
+} elseif(/* test2 */) {
+	// Do something else, only if test2
+}
+
+if (/* test */) {
+	// Do something
+} elseif(/* test2 */) {
+	// Do something else, only if test2
+} else {
+	// Do something default
+}
+
+<?php if (/* test */): ?>
+<!-- Do something that isn't PHP -->
+<?php else: ?>
+<!-- Do something default -->
+<?php endif; ?>
+```
+
+### Switch statements
+
+```php
+switch ($variable) {
+	case 'one':
+    	// Do something if $variable == 'one'
+        break;
+    case 'two':
+    case 'three':
+    	// Do something if $variable is either 'two' or 'three'
+        break;
+    default:
+    	// Do something by default
+}
+
+```
+
+### Loops
+
+```php
+$i = 0;
+while ($i < 5) {
+	echo $i++;
+}
+
+$i = 0;
+do {
+	echo $i++;
+} while ($i < 5);
+
+for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
+	echo $x; // Will echo 0 - 9
+}
+
+$wheels = ["bicycle" => 2, "car" => 4];
+
+foreach ($wheels as $vehicle => $wheel_count) {
+	echo "A $vehicle has $wheel_count wheels";
+}
+
+// This loop will stop after outputting 2
+$i = 0;
+while ($i < 5) {
+    if ($i == 3) {
+    	break; // Exit out of the while loop and continue.
+    }
+    
+	echo $i++;
+}
+
+// This loop will output everything except 3
+$i = 0;
+while ($i < 5) {
+	if ($i == 3) {
+    	continue; // Skip this iteration of the loop
+    }
+    
+	echo $i++;
+}
+```
+
+## Functions
+
+Functions are created with the ```function``` keyword.
+
+```php
+function my_function($my_arg) {
+	$my_variable = 1;
+}
+
+// $my_variable and $my_arg cannot be accessed outside of the function
+```
+
+Functions may be invoked by name.
+
+```php
+my_function_name();
+
+$variable = get_something(); // A function may return a value
+```
+
+A valid function name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores. There are three ways to declare functions.
+
+### [User-defined](http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.user-defined.php)
+
+```php
+function my_function_name ($arg_1, $arg_2) { // $arg_1 and $arg_2 are required
+	// Do something with $arg_1 and $arg_2;
+}
+
+// Functions may be nested to limit scope
+function outer_function ($arg_1 = null) { // $arg_1 is optional
+	function inner_function($arg_2 = 'two') { // $arg_2 will default to 'two'
+    }
+}
+
+// inner_function() does not exist and cannot be called until outer_function() is called
+```
+
+### [Variable](http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.variable-functions.php)
+
+```php
+$function_name = 'my_function_name';
+
+$function_name(); // will execute the my_function_name() function
+```
+
+### [Anonymous](http://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.anonymous.php)
+
+Similar to variable functions, functions may be anonymous.
+
+```php
+my_function(function () {
+	// do something
+});
+
+// Closure style
+$my_function = function() {
+	// Do something
+};
+
+$my_function();
+```
+
+## [Classes](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.php)
+
+Classes are defined with the ```class``` keyword.
+
+```php
+class MyClass {
+	const MY_CONST = 'value';
+    static $staticVar = 'something';
+	public $property = 'value'; // Properties must declare their visibility
+}
+
+echo MyClass::MY_CONST; // Outputs "value";
+
+final class YouCannotExtendMe {
+}
+```
+
+Classes are insantiated with the ```new``` keyword. Functions are referred to as methods if they belong to a class.
+
+```php
+class MyClass {
+	function myFunction() {
+    }
+    
+    function function youCannotOverrideMe()
+    {
+    }
+    
+    public static function myStaticMethod()
+    {
+    }
+}
+
+$cls = new MyClass(); // The parentheses are optional.
+
+echo MyClass::$staticVar; // Access to static vars
+
+echo $cls->property; // Access to properties
+
+MyClass::myStaticMethod(); // myStaticMethod cannot be run on $cls
+```
+
+PHP offers some [magic methods](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.magic.php) for classes.
+
+```php
+class MyClass {
+	private $property;
+    
+    public function __get($key)
+    {
+    	return $this->$key;
+    }
+    
+    public function __set($key, $value)
+    {
+    	$this->$key = $value;
+    }
+}
+
+$x = new MyClass();
+echo $x->property; // Will use the __get() method to retrieve the value of $property
+$x->property = 'Something'; // Will use the __set() method to set the value of property
+```
+
+Classes can be abstract (using the ```abstract``` keyword), extend other classes (using the ```extends``` keyword) and implement interfaces (using the ```implements``` keyword). An interface is declared with the ```interface``` keyword.
+
+```php
+interface InterfaceOne
+{
+	public function doSomething();
+}
+
+interface InterfaceTwo
+{
+	public function doSomething();
+}
+
+abstract class MyAbstractClass implements InterfaceOne
+{
+}
+
+class MyClass extends MyAbstractClass implements InterfaceTwo
+{
+}
+
+// Classes can implement more than one interface
+class SomeOtherClass implements InterfaceOne, InterfaceTwo
+{
+}
+```
+
+### [Namespaces](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.namespaces.rationale.php)
+
+By default, classes exist in the global namespace, and can be explicitly called with a backslash.
+
+```php
+$cls = new \MyClass();
+```
+
+```php
+namespace My\Namespace;
+
+class MyClass
+{
+}
+
+$cls = new My\Namespace\MyClass;
+```
+
+Or from within another namespace.
+
+```php
+namespace My\Other\Namespace;
+
+use My\Namespace\MyClass;
+
+$cls = new MyClass();
+```
+
+Or you can alias the namespace;
+
+```php
+namespace My\Other\Namespace;
+
+use My\Namespace as SomeOtherNamespace;
+
+$cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass();
+```
+
+### [Traits](http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.traits.php)
+
+Traits are available since PHP 5.4.0 and are declared using the ```trait``` keyword.
+
+```php
+trait MyTrait {
+	public function myTraitMethod()
+    {
+    	// Do something
+    }
+}
+
+class MyClass
+{
+	use MyTrait;
+}
+
+$cls = new MyClass();
+$cls->myTraitMethod();
+```
+
+## More Information
+
+Visit the [official PHP documentation](http://www.php.net/manual/) for reference and community input.
+
+If you're interested in up-to-date best practices, visit [PHP The Right Way](http://www.phptherightway.com/).
+
+If you're coming from a language with good package management, check out [Composer](http://getcomposer.org/).
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