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authorSimon Shine <shreddedglory@gmail.com>2020-02-12 04:49:56 +0100
committerSimon Shine <shreddedglory@gmail.com>2020-02-12 04:53:08 +0100
commit1adab9bc3f80d82123987ff34083568030735db7 (patch)
tree31351dc4d518a699b9c7c898b3f24d437195a542 /python.html.markdown
parent5c1cc4c82309a64daacbd687dd4091998cb806cc (diff)
Rename Python 2 markdown files into 'pythonlegacy'
``` for f in $(find . -iname "*python*" | grep -vE 'python3|git|statcomp'); do flegacy=$(echo "$f" | sed 's/python/pythonlegacy/') git mv "$f" "$flegacy" done ```
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----
-language: python
-contributors:
- - ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"]
- - ["Amin Bandali", "https://aminb.org"]
- - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"]
- - ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"]
- - ["asyne", "https://github.com/justblah"]
- - ["habi", "http://github.com/habi"]
- - ["Rommel Martinez", "https://ebzzry.io"]
-filename: learnpython.py
----
-
-Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the
-most popular languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its
-syntactic clarity. It's basically executable pseudocode.
-
-Feedback would be highly appreciated! You can reach me at [@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh)
-or louiedinh [at] [google's email service]
-
-Note: This article applies to Python 2.7 specifically, but should be applicable
-to Python 2.x. Python 2.7 is reaching end of life and will stop being
-maintained in 2020, it is though recommended to start learning Python with
-Python 3. For Python 3.x, take a look at the [Python 3 tutorial](http://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/python3/).
-
-It is also possible to write Python code which is compatible with Python 2.7
-and 3.x at the same time, using Python [`__future__` imports](https://docs.python.org/2/library/__future__.html). `__future__` imports
-allow you to write Python 3 code that will run on Python 2, so check out the
-Python 3 tutorial.
-
-```python
-
-# Single line comments start with a number symbol.
-
-""" Multiline strings can be written
- using three "s, and are often used
- as comments
-"""
-
-####################################################
-# 1. Primitive Datatypes and Operators
-####################################################
-
-# You have numbers
-3 # => 3
-
-# Math is what you would expect
-1 + 1 # => 2
-8 - 1 # => 7
-10 * 2 # => 20
-35 / 5 # => 7
-
-# Division is a bit tricky. It is integer division and floors the results
-# automatically.
-5 / 2 # => 2
-
-# To fix division we need to learn about floats.
-2.0 # This is a float
-11.0 / 4.0 # => 2.75 ahhh...much better
-
-# Result of integer division truncated down both for positive and negative.
-5 // 3 # => 1
-5.0 // 3.0 # => 1.0 # works on floats too
--5 // 3 # => -2
--5.0 // 3.0 # => -2.0
-
-# Note that we can also import division module(Section 6 Modules)
-# to carry out normal division with just one '/'.
-from __future__ import division
-
-11 / 4 # => 2.75 ...normal division
-11 // 4 # => 2 ...floored division
-
-# Modulo operation
-7 % 3 # => 1
-
-# Exponentiation (x to the yth power)
-2 ** 4 # => 16
-
-# Enforce precedence with parentheses
-(1 + 3) * 2 # => 8
-
-# Boolean Operators
-# Note "and" and "or" are case-sensitive
-True and False # => False
-False or True # => True
-
-# Note using Bool operators with ints
-0 and 2 # => 0
--5 or 0 # => -5
-0 == False # => True
-2 == True # => False
-1 == True # => True
-
-# negate with not
-not True # => False
-not False # => True
-
-# Equality is ==
-1 == 1 # => True
-2 == 1 # => False
-
-# Inequality is !=
-1 != 1 # => False
-2 != 1 # => True
-
-# More comparisons
-1 < 10 # => True
-1 > 10 # => False
-2 <= 2 # => True
-2 >= 2 # => True
-
-# Comparisons can be chained!
-1 < 2 < 3 # => True
-2 < 3 < 2 # => False
-
-# Strings are created with " or '
-"This is a string."
-'This is also a string.'
-
-# Strings can be added too!
-"Hello " + "world!" # => "Hello world!"
-# Strings can be added without using '+'
-"Hello " "world!" # => "Hello world!"
-
-# ... or multiplied
-"Hello" * 3 # => "HelloHelloHello"
-
-# A string can be treated like a list of characters
-"This is a string"[0] # => 'T'
-
-# You can find the length of a string
-len("This is a string") # => 16
-
-# String formatting with %
-# Even though the % string operator will be deprecated on Python 3.1 and removed
-# later at some time, it may still be good to know how it works.
-x = 'apple'
-y = 'lemon'
-z = "The items in the basket are %s and %s" % (x, y)
-
-# A newer way to format strings is the format method.
-# This method is the preferred way
-"{} is a {}".format("This", "placeholder")
-"{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted")
-# You can use keywords if you don't want to count.
-"{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna")
-
-# None is an object
-None # => None
-
-# Don't use the equality "==" symbol to compare objects to None
-# Use "is" instead
-"etc" is None # => False
-None is None # => True
-
-# The 'is' operator tests for object identity. This isn't
-# very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is
-# very useful when dealing with objects.
-
-# Any object can be used in a Boolean context.
-# The following values are considered falsey:
-# - None
-# - zero of any numeric type (e.g., 0, 0L, 0.0, 0j)
-# - empty sequences (e.g., '', (), [])
-# - empty containers (e.g., {}, set())
-# - instances of user-defined classes meeting certain conditions
-# see: https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__
-#
-# All other values are truthy (using the bool() function on them returns True).
-bool(0) # => False
-bool("") # => False
-
-
-####################################################
-# 2. Variables and Collections
-####################################################
-
-# Python has a print statement
-print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!" # => I'm Python. Nice to meet you!
-
-# Simple way to get input data from console
-input_string_var = raw_input(
- "Enter some data: ") # Returns the data as a string
-input_var = input("Enter some data: ") # Evaluates the data as python code
-# Warning: Caution is recommended for input() method usage
-# Note: In python 3, input() is deprecated and raw_input() is renamed to input()
-
-# No need to declare variables before assigning to them.
-some_var = 5 # Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores
-some_var # => 5
-
-# Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an exception.
-# See Control Flow to learn more about exception handling.
-some_other_var # Raises a name error
-
-# if can be used as an expression
-# Equivalent of C's '?:' ternary operator
-"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 # => "yahoo!"
-
-# Lists store sequences
-li = []
-# You can start with a prefilled list
-other_li = [4, 5, 6]
-
-# Add stuff to the end of a list with append
-li.append(1) # li is now [1]
-li.append(2) # li is now [1, 2]
-li.append(4) # li is now [1, 2, 4]
-li.append(3) # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3]
-# Remove from the end with pop
-li.pop() # => 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
-# Let's put it back
-li.append(3) # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
-
-# Access a list like you would any array
-li[0] # => 1
-# Assign new values to indexes that have already been initialized with =
-li[0] = 42
-li[0] # => 42
-li[0] = 1 # Note: setting it back to the original value
-# Look at the last element
-li[-1] # => 3
-
-# Looking out of bounds is an IndexError
-li[4] # Raises an IndexError
-
-# You can look at ranges with slice syntax.
-# (It's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)
-li[1:3] # => [2, 4]
-# Omit the beginning
-li[2:] # => [4, 3]
-# Omit the end
-li[:3] # => [1, 2, 4]
-# Select every second entry
-li[::2] # =>[1, 4]
-# Reverse a copy of the list
-li[::-1] # => [3, 4, 2, 1]
-# Use any combination of these to make advanced slices
-# li[start:end:step]
-
-# Remove arbitrary elements from a list with "del"
-del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3]
-
-# You can add lists
-li + other_li # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-# Note: values for li and for other_li are not modified.
-
-# Concatenate lists with "extend()"
-li.extend(other_li) # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-
-# Remove first occurrence of a value
-li.remove(2) # li is now [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
-li.remove(2) # Raises a ValueError as 2 is not in the list
-
-# Insert an element at a specific index
-li.insert(1, 2) # li is now [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] again
-
-# Get the index of the first item found
-li.index(2) # => 1
-li.index(7) # Raises a ValueError as 7 is not in the list
-
-# Check for existence in a list with "in"
-1 in li # => True
-
-# Examine the length with "len()"
-len(li) # => 6
-
-# Tuples are like lists but are immutable.
-tup = (1, 2, 3)
-tup[0] # => 1
-tup[0] = 3 # Raises a TypeError
-
-# You can do all those list thingies on tuples too
-len(tup) # => 3
-tup + (4, 5, 6) # => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
-tup[:2] # => (1, 2)
-2 in tup # => True
-
-# You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables
-a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
-d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 # you can leave out the parentheses
-# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses
-g = 4, 5, 6 # => (4, 5, 6)
-# Now look how easy it is to swap two values
-e, d = d, e # d is now 5 and e is now 4
-
-# Dictionaries store mappings
-empty_dict = {}
-# Here is a prefilled dictionary
-filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
-
-# Look up values with []
-filled_dict["one"] # => 1
-
-# Get all keys as a list with "keys()"
-filled_dict.keys() # => ["three", "two", "one"]
-# Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.
-# Your results might not match this exactly.
-
-# Get all values as a list with "values()"
-filled_dict.values() # => [3, 2, 1]
-# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.
-
-# Get all key-value pairs as a list of tuples with "items()"
-filled_dict.items() # => [("one", 1), ("two", 2), ("three", 3)]
-
-# Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with "in"
-"one" in filled_dict # => True
-1 in filled_dict # => False
-
-# Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError
-filled_dict["four"] # KeyError
-
-# Use "get()" method to avoid the KeyError
-filled_dict.get("one") # => 1
-filled_dict.get("four") # => None
-# The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing
-filled_dict.get("one", 4) # => 1
-filled_dict.get("four", 4) # => 4
-# note that filled_dict.get("four") is still => None
-# (get doesn't set the value in the dictionary)
-
-# set the value of a key with a syntax similar to lists
-filled_dict["four"] = 4 # now, filled_dict["four"] => 4
-
-# "setdefault()" inserts into a dictionary only if the given key isn't present
-filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) # filled_dict["five"] is set to 5
-filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) # filled_dict["five"] is still 5
-
-# You can declare sets (which are like unordered lists that cannot contain
-# duplicate values) using the set object.
-empty_set = set()
-# Initialize a "set()" with a bunch of values
-some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
-
-# order is not guaranteed, even though it may sometimes look sorted
-another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1]) # another_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
-
-# Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set
-filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4}
-
-# Add more items to a set
-filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-
-# Do set intersection with &
-other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
-filled_set & other_set # => {3, 4, 5}
-
-# Do set union with |
-filled_set | other_set # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
-
-# Do set difference with -
-{1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4}
-
-# Do set symmetric difference with ^
-{1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4, 5}
-
-# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right
-{1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False
-
-# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right
-{1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True
-
-# Check for existence in a set with in
-2 in filled_set # => True
-10 in filled_set # => False
-10 not in filled_set # => True
-
-# Check data type of variable
-type(li) # => list
-type(filled_dict) # => dict
-type(5) # => int
-
-
-####################################################
-# 3. Control Flow
-####################################################
-
-# Let's just make a variable
-some_var = 5
-
-# Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!
-# prints "some_var is smaller than 10"
-if some_var > 10:
- print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
-elif some_var < 10: # This elif clause is optional.
- print "some_var is smaller than 10."
-else: # This is optional too.
- print "some_var is indeed 10."
-
-"""
-For loops iterate over lists
-prints:
- dog is a mammal
- cat is a mammal
- mouse is a mammal
-"""
-for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
- # You can use {0} to interpolate formatted strings. (See above.)
- print "{0} is a mammal".format(animal)
-
-"""
-"range(number)" returns a list of numbers
-from zero to the given number
-prints:
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
-"""
-for i in range(4):
- print i
-
-"""
-"range(lower, upper)" returns a list of numbers
-from the lower number to the upper number
-prints:
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
-"""
-for i in range(4, 8):
- print i
-
-"""
-While loops go until a condition is no longer met.
-prints:
- 0
- 1
- 2
- 3
-"""
-x = 0
-while x < 4:
- print x
- x += 1 # Shorthand for x = x + 1
-
-# Handle exceptions with a try/except block
-
-# Works on Python 2.6 and up:
-try:
- # Use "raise" to raise an error
- raise IndexError("This is an index error")
-except IndexError as e:
- pass # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
-except (TypeError, NameError):
- pass # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required.
-else: # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks
- print "All good!" # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions
-finally: # Execute under all circumstances
- print "We can clean up resources here"
-
-# Instead of try/finally to cleanup resources you can use a with statement
-with open("myfile.txt") as f:
- for line in f:
- print line
-
-
-####################################################
-# 4. Functions
-####################################################
-
-# Use "def" to create new functions
-def add(x, y):
- print "x is {0} and y is {1}".format(x, y)
- return x + y # Return values with a return statement
-
-
-# Calling functions with parameters
-add(5, 6) # => prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11
-
-# Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments
-add(y=6, x=5) # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order.
-
-
-# You can define functions that take a variable number of
-# positional args, which will be interpreted as a tuple by using *
-def varargs(*args):
- return args
-
-
-varargs(1, 2, 3) # => (1, 2, 3)
-
-
-# You can define functions that take a variable number of
-# keyword args, as well, which will be interpreted as a dict by using **
-def keyword_args(**kwargs):
- return kwargs
-
-
-# Let's call it to see what happens
-keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
-
-
-# You can do both at once, if you like
-def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
- print args
- print kwargs
-
-
-"""
-all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
- (1, 2)
- {"a": 3, "b": 4}
-"""
-
-# When calling functions, you can do the opposite of args/kwargs!
-# Use * to expand positional args and use ** to expand keyword args.
-args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
-kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
-all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
-all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to all_the_args(a=3, b=4)
-all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
-
-
-# you can pass args and kwargs along to other functions that take args/kwargs
-# by expanding them with * and ** respectively
-def pass_all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
- all_the_args(*args, **kwargs)
- print varargs(*args)
- print keyword_args(**kwargs)
-
-
-# Function Scope
-x = 5
-
-
-def set_x(num):
- # Local var x not the same as global variable x
- x = num # => 43
- print x # => 43
-
-
-def set_global_x(num):
- global x
- print x # => 5
- x = num # global var x is now set to 6
- print x # => 6
-
-
-set_x(43)
-set_global_x(6)
-
-
-# Python has first class functions
-def create_adder(x):
- def adder(y):
- return x + y
-
- return adder
-
-
-add_10 = create_adder(10)
-add_10(3) # => 13
-
-# There are also anonymous functions
-(lambda x: x > 2)(3) # => True
-(lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1) # => 5
-
-# There are built-in higher order functions
-map(add_10, [1, 2, 3]) # => [11, 12, 13]
-map(max, [1, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1]) # => [4, 2, 3]
-
-filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) # => [6, 7]
-
-# We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters
-[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] # => [11, 12, 13]
-[x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] # => [6, 7]
-
-# You can construct set and dict comprehensions as well.
-{x for x in 'abcddeef' if x in 'abc'} # => {'a', 'b', 'c'}
-{x: x ** 2 for x in range(5)} # => {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
-
-
-####################################################
-# 5. Classes
-####################################################
-
-# We subclass from object to get a class.
-class Human(object):
- # A class attribute. It is shared by all instances of this class
- species = "H. sapiens"
-
- # Basic initializer, this is called when this class is instantiated.
- # Note that the double leading and trailing underscores denote objects
- # or attributes that are used by python but that live in user-controlled
- # namespaces. You should not invent such names on your own.
- def __init__(self, name):
- # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
- self.name = name
-
- # Initialize property
- self.age = 0
-
- # An instance method. All methods take "self" as the first argument
- def say(self, msg):
- return "{0}: {1}".format(self.name, msg)
-
- # A class method is shared among all instances
- # They are called with the calling class as the first argument
- @classmethod
- def get_species(cls):
- return cls.species
-
- # A static method is called without a class or instance reference
- @staticmethod
- def grunt():
- return "*grunt*"
-
- # A property is just like a getter.
- # It turns the method age() into an read-only attribute
- # of the same name.
- @property
- def age(self):
- return self._age
-
- # This allows the property to be set
- @age.setter
- def age(self, age):
- self._age = age
-
- # This allows the property to be deleted
- @age.deleter
- def age(self):
- del self._age
-
-
-# Instantiate a class
-i = Human(name="Ian")
-print i.say("hi") # prints out "Ian: hi"
-
-j = Human("Joel")
-print j.say("hello") # prints out "Joel: hello"
-
-# Call our class method
-i.get_species() # => "H. sapiens"
-
-# Change the shared attribute
-Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
-i.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
-j.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
-
-# Call the static method
-Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*"
-
-# Update the property
-i.age = 42
-
-# Get the property
-i.age # => 42
-
-# Delete the property
-del i.age
-i.age # => raises an AttributeError
-
-####################################################
-# 6. Modules
-####################################################
-
-# You can import modules
-import math
-
-print math.sqrt(16) # => 4.0
-
-# You can get specific functions from a module
-from math import ceil, floor
-
-print ceil(3.7) # => 4.0
-print floor(3.7) # => 3.0
-
-# You can import all functions from a module.
-# Warning: this is not recommended
-from math import *
-
-# You can shorten module names
-import math as m
-
-math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) # => True
-# you can also test that the functions are equivalent
-from math import sqrt
-
-math.sqrt == m.sqrt == sqrt # => True
-
-# Python modules are just ordinary python files. You
-# can write your own, and import them. The name of the
-# module is the same as the name of the file.
-
-# You can find out which functions and attributes
-# defines a module.
-import math
-
-dir(math)
-
-
-# If you have a Python script named math.py in the same
-# folder as your current script, the file math.py will
-# be loaded instead of the built-in Python module.
-# This happens because the local folder has priority
-# over Python's built-in libraries.
-
-
-####################################################
-# 7. Advanced
-####################################################
-
-# Generators
-# A generator "generates" values as they are requested instead of storing
-# everything up front
-
-# The following method (*NOT* a generator) will double all values and store it
-# in `double_arr`. For large size of iterables, that might get huge!
-def double_numbers(iterable):
- double_arr = []
- for i in iterable:
- double_arr.append(i + i)
- return double_arr
-
-
-# Running the following would mean we'll double all values first and return all
-# of them back to be checked by our condition
-for value in double_numbers(range(1000000)): # `test_non_generator`
- print value
- if value > 5:
- break
-
-
-# We could instead use a generator to "generate" the doubled value as the item
-# is being requested
-def double_numbers_generator(iterable):
- for i in iterable:
- yield i + i
-
-
-# Running the same code as before, but with a generator, now allows us to iterate
-# over the values and doubling them one by one as they are being consumed by
-# our logic. Hence as soon as we see a value > 5, we break out of the
-# loop and don't need to double most of the values sent in (MUCH FASTER!)
-for value in double_numbers_generator(xrange(1000000)): # `test_generator`
- print value
- if value > 5:
- break
-
-# BTW: did you notice the use of `range` in `test_non_generator` and `xrange` in `test_generator`?
-# Just as `double_numbers_generator` is the generator version of `double_numbers`
-# We have `xrange` as the generator version of `range`
-# `range` would return back and array with 1000000 values for us to use
-# `xrange` would generate 1000000 values for us as we request / iterate over those items
-
-# Just as you can create a list comprehension, you can create generator
-# comprehensions as well.
-values = (-x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-for x in values:
- print(x) # prints -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 to console/terminal
-
-# You can also cast a generator comprehension directly to a list.
-values = (-x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
-gen_to_list = list(values)
-print(gen_to_list) # => [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]
-
-# Decorators
-# A decorator is a higher order function, which accepts and returns a function.
-# Simple usage example – add_apples decorator will add 'Apple' element into
-# fruits list returned by get_fruits target function.
-def add_apples(func):
- def get_fruits():
- fruits = func()
- fruits.append('Apple')
- return fruits
- return get_fruits
-
-@add_apples
-def get_fruits():
- return ['Banana', 'Mango', 'Orange']
-
-# Prints out the list of fruits with 'Apple' element in it:
-# Banana, Mango, Orange, Apple
-print ', '.join(get_fruits())
-
-# in this example beg wraps say
-# Beg will call say. If say_please is True then it will change the returned
-# message
-from functools import wraps
-
-
-def beg(target_function):
- @wraps(target_function)
- def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
- msg, say_please = target_function(*args, **kwargs)
- if say_please:
- return "{} {}".format(msg, "Please! I am poor :(")
- return msg
-
- return wrapper
-
-
-@beg
-def say(say_please=False):
- msg = "Can you buy me a beer?"
- return msg, say_please
-
-
-print say() # Can you buy me a beer?
-print say(say_please=True) # Can you buy me a beer? Please! I am poor :(
-```
-
-## Ready For More?
-
-### Free Online
-
-* [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python](https://automatetheboringstuff.com)
-* [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
-* [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/)
-* [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2/)
-* [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
-* [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/)
-* [A Crash Course in Python for Scientists](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/5920182)
-* [First Steps With Python](https://realpython.com/learn/python-first-steps/)
-* [LearnPython](http://www.learnpython.org/)
-* [Fullstack Python](https://www.fullstackpython.com/)
-
-### Dead Tree
-
-* [Programming Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596158106/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0596158106&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
-* [Dive Into Python](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1441413022/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1441413022&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)
-* [Python Essential Reference](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0672329786/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0672329786&linkCode=as2&tag=homebits04-20)