Merge pull request #3953 from sumanstats/master

[language/raku-code] Perl6 to Raku and many more

1 files changed, 622 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/raku-pod.html.markdown b/raku-pod.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e9b6fc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raku-pod.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+---
+language: Pod
+contributors:
+    - ["Luis F. Uceta", "https://uzluisf.gitlab.io/"]
+filename: learnpod.pod6
+---
+
+Pod is an easy-to-use and purely descriptive mark-up language,
+with no presentational components. Besides its use for documenting
+Raku programs and modules, Pod can be utilized to write language
+documentation, blogs, and other types of document composition as well.
+
+Pod documents can be easily converted to HTML and many other formats
+(e.g., Markdown, Latex, plain text, etc.) by using the corresponding
+variant of the `Pod::To` modules (e.g. `Pod::To::HTML` for HTML conversion).
+
+- [General Info](#general-info)
+- [Pod Basics](#pod-basics)
+	- [Basic Text Formatting](#basic-text-formatting)
+	- [Headings](#headings)
+	- [Ordinary Paragraphs](#ordinary-paragraphs)
+	- [Lists](#lists)
+	- [Code Blocks](#code-blocks)
+	- [Comments](#comments)
+	- [Links](#links)
+	- [Tables](#tables)
+- [Block Structures](#block-structures)
+	- [Abbreviated Blocks](#abbreviated-blocks)
+	- [Delimited Blocks](#delimited-blocks)
+	- [Paragraph Blocks](#paragraph-blocks)
+- [Configuration Data](#configuration-data)
+	- [Standard Configuration Options](#standard-configuration-options)
+	- [Block Pre-configuration](#block-pre-configuration)
+- [Semantic Blocks](#semantic-blocks)
+- [Miscellaneous](#miscellaneous)
+	- [Notes](#notes)
+	- [Keyboard Input](#keyboard-input)
+	- [Terminal Output](#terminal-output)
+	- [Unicode](#unicode)
+- [Rendering Pod](#rendering-pod)
+- [Accessing Pod](#accessing-pod)
+
+## General Info
+
+Every Pod document has to begin with `=begin pod` and end with `=end pod`.
+Everything between these two delimiters will be processed and used to
+generate documentation.
+
+```
+=begin pod
+
+A very simple Raku Pod document. All the other directives go here!
+
+=end pod
+```
+
+Pod documents usually coexist with Raku code. If by themselves,
+Pod files often have the `.pod6` suffix. Moving forward, it's assumed that
+the constructs being discussed are surrounded by the `=begin pod ... =end pod`
+directives.
+
+## Pod Basics
+
+### Basic Text Formatting
+
+Text can be easily styled as bold, italic, underlined or verbatim (for code
+formatting) using the following formatting codes: `B<>`, `I<>`, `U<>`
+and `C<>`.
+
+```
+B<This text is in Bold.>
+
+I<This text is in Italics.>
+
+U<This text is Underlined.>
+
+The function C<sub sum { $^x + $^y}> is treated as verbatim.
+```
+
+There are more formatting codes (e.g., `L<>`, `T<>`, etc.) but they'll be
+discussed later throughout the document. You'll recognize them because they're
+just a single capital letter followed immediately by a set of single or double
+angle brackets. The Unicode variant («») of the angle brackets can also be
+used.
+
+### Headings
+
+Headings are created by using the `=headN` directive where `N` is the
+heading level.
+
+```
+=head1 This is level 1
+=head2 This is level 2
+=head3 This is level 3
+=head4 This is level 4
+=head5 This is level 5
+=head6 This is level 6
+```
+
+### Ordinary Paragraphs
+
+Ordinary paragraphs consist of one or more adjacent lines of text, each of
+which starts with a non-whitespace character. Any paragraph is terminated
+by the first blank line or block directive.
+
+```
+=head1 First level heading block
+
+=head2 Paragraph 1
+
+This is an ordinary paragraph. Its text will be squeezed and
+short lines filled. It is terminated by the first blank line.
+
+=head2 Paragraph 2
+
+This is another ordinary paragraph albeit shorter.
+```
+
+Alternatively, the `=para` directive can be used to explicitly mark adjacent
+lines of text as a paragraph.
+
+```
+=head1 First level heading block
+
+=head2 Paragraph 1
+
+=para
+This is an ordinary paragraph. Its text will be squeezed and
+short lines filled. It is terminated by the first blank line.
+
+=head2 Paragraph 2
+
+=para
+This is another ordinary paragraph albeit shorter.
+```
+
+### Lists
+
+Unordered lists can be created using the `=item` directive.
+
+```
+=item Item
+=item Item
+=item Another item
+```
+
+Sublists are achieved with items at each level specified using the `=item1`,
+`=item2`, `=item3`, `...`, `=itemN` etc. directives. The `=item` directive
+defaults to `=item1`.
+
+```
+=item1 Item one
+=item1 Item two
+=item1 Item three
+    =item2 Sub-item
+    =item2 Sub-item
+=item1 Item four
+```
+
+Definition lists that define terms or commands use the `=defn` directive.
+This is equivalent to the `<dl>` element in HTML.
+
+```
+=defn Beast of Bodmin
+A large feline inhabiting Bodmin Moor.
+
+=defn Morgawr
+A sea serpent.
+
+=defn Owlman
+A giant owl-like creature.
+```
+
+### Code Blocks
+
+A code block is created (which uses the HTML `<code>` element) by starting each
+line with one or more whitespace characters.
+
+```
+    #`( this is comment )
+    my $sum = -> $x, $y { $x + $y }
+    say $sum(12, 5);
+```
+
+As shown in the [Basic Text Formatting](#basic-text-formatting) section,
+inline code can be created using the `C<>` code.
+
+```
+In Raku, there are several functions/methods to output text. Some of them
+are C<print>, C<put> and C<say>.
+```
+
+### Comments
+
+Although Pod blocks are ignored by the Rakudo Raku compiler, everything
+indentified as a Pod block will be read and interpreted by Pod renderers. In
+order to prevent Pod blocks from being rendered by any renderer, use the
+`=comment` directive.
+
+```
+=comment Add more here about the algorithm.
+
+=comment Pod comments are great for documenting the documentation.
+```
+
+To create inline comments, use the `Z<>` code.
+
+```
+Pod is awesome Z<Of course it is!>. And Raku too!
+```
+
+Given that the Raku interpreter never executes embedded Pod blocks,
+comment blocks can also be used as an alternative form of nestable block
+comments.
+
+### Links
+
+Creating links in Pod is quite easy and is done by enclosing them in
+a `L<>` code. The general format is `L<Label|Url>` with `Label`
+being optional.
+
+```
+Raku homepage is L<https://raku.org>.
+L<Click me!|http://link.org/>.
+```
+
+Relative paths work too.
+
+```
+L<Go to music|/music/>.
+```
+
+Linking to a section in the same document works as well.
+
+```
+L<Link to Headings|#Headings>
+```
+
+### Tables
+
+The Pod specifications are not completely handled properly yet and this
+includes the handling of table. For simplicity's sake, only one way of
+constructing tables is shown here. To learn about good practices and see
+examples of both good and bad tables, please visit
+<https://docs.raku.org/language/tables>.
+
+```
+=begin table
+Option      | Description     
+============|================  
+data        | path to data files.
+engine      | engine to be used for processing templates.
+ext         | extension to be used for dest files.
+=end table
+```
+
+## Block Structures
+
+As mentioned earlier, Pod documents are specified using directives, which are
+used to delimit blocks of textual content and declare optional
+[configuration information](#configuration-data). Every directive starts with
+an equals sign (`=`) in the first column. The content of a document is
+specified within one or more blocks. Every Pod block may be declared in any of
+three equivalent forms: delimited style, paragraph style, or abbreviated style.
+
+Up to this point, we have only used the abbreviated style for the block
+types (e.g., `=head1`, `=para`, `=comment`, `=item`, etc).
+
+### Abbreviated Blocks
+
+Abbreviated blocks are introduced by an `=` sign in the first column, which
+is followed immediately by the `typename` of the block and then the content.
+The rest of the line is treated as block data, rather than as configuration.
+The content terminates at the next Pod directive or the first blank line
+(which is not part of the block data). The general syntax is
+
+```
+=BLOCK_TYPE  BLOCK_DATA
+```
+For example:
+
+```
+=head1 Top level heading
+```
+
+### Delimited Blocks
+
+Delimited blocks are bounded by `=begin` and `=end` markers, both of which are
+followed by a valid Pod identifier, which is the `typename` of the block.
+The general syntax is
+
+```
+=begin BLOCK_TYPE
+BLOCK_DATA
+=end BLOCK_TYPE
+```
+
+For example:
+
+```
+=begin head1
+Top level heading
+=end head1
+```
+
+This type of blocks is useful for creating headings, list items, code blocks,
+etc. with multiple paragraphs. For example,
+
+* a multiline item of a list
+
+```
+=begin item
+This is a paragraph in list item.
+
+This is another paragraph in the same list item.
+=end item
+```
+
+* a code block
+
+```
+=begin code
+#`(
+A non-efficient recursive implementation of a power function using multi subs.
+)
+
+multi pow( Real $base, 0 ) { 1 }
+
+multi pow( Real $base, Int $exp where * ≥ 0) {
+	$base * pow($base, $exp - 1)
+}
+
+multi pow( Real $base ) {
+     pow($base, 2)
+}
+
+say pow(3, 0);   #=> 1
+say pow(4.2, 2); #=> 17.64
+say pow(6);      #=> 36
+=end code
+```
+
+### Paragraph Blocks
+
+Paragraph blocks are introduced by a `=for` marker and terminated by
+the next Pod directive or the first blank line (which is not considered to
+be part of the block's contents). The `=for` marker is followed by the
+`typename` of the block. The general syntax is
+
+```
+=for BLOCK_TYPE
+BLOCK DATA
+```
+
+For example:
+
+```
+=for head1
+Top level heading
+```
+
+## Configuration Data
+
+Except for abbreviated blocks, both delimited blocks and paragraph
+blocks can be supplied with configuration information about their
+contents right after the `typename` of the block. Thus the following
+are more general syntaxes for these blocks:
+
+* Delimited blocks
+
+```
+=begin BLOCK_TYPE OPTIONAL_CONFIG_INFO
+=                 ADDITIONAL_CONFIG_INFO
+BLOCK_DATA
+=end BLOCK_TYPE
+```
+
+* Paragraph blocks
+
+```
+=for BLOCK_TYPE OPTIONAL_CONFIG_INFO
+=               ADDITIONAL_CONFIG_INFO
+BLOCK DATA
+```
+
+The configuration information is provided in a format akin to the
+["colon pair"](https://docs.raku.org/language/glossary#index-entry-Colon_Pair)
+syntax in Raku. The following table is a simplified version of the
+different ways in which configuration info can be supplied. Please go to
+<https://docs.raku.org/language/pod#Configuration_information> for a more
+thorough treatment of the subject.
+
+| Value     | Specify with...             | Example                        |
+| :-------- | :------                     | :------                        |
+| List      | :key($elem1, $elem2, ...)   | :tags('Pod', 'Raku')          |
+| Hash      | :key{$key1 => $value1, ...} | :feeds{url => 'raku.org'}     |
+| Boolean   | :key/:key(True)             | :skip-test(True)               |
+| Boolean   | :!key/:key(False)           | :!skip-test                    |
+| String    | :key('string')              | :nonexec-reason('SyntaxError') |
+| Int       | :key(2)                     | :post-number(6)                |
+
+
+### Standard Configuration Options
+
+Pod provides a small number of standard configuration options that can
+be applied uniformly to built-in block types. Some of them are:
+
+* `:numbered`
+
+This option specifies that the block is to be numbered. The most common
+use of this option is to create numbered headings and ordered lists, but it
+can be applied to any block.
+
+For example:
+
+```
+=for head1 :numbered
+The Problem
+=for head1 :numbered
+The Solution
+=for head2 :numbered
+Analysis
+=for head3 :numbered
+Overview
+```
+
+* `:allow`
+
+The value of the `:allow` option must be a list of the (single-letter) names
+of one or more formatting codes. Those codes will then remain active inside
+the code block. The option is most often used on `=code` blocks to allow
+mark-up within those otherwise verbatim blocks, though it can be used in any
+block that contains verbatim text.
+
+Given the following snippet:
+
+```
+=begin code :allow('B', 'I')
+B<sub> greet( $name ) {
+    B<say> "Hello, $nameI<!>";
+}
+=end code
+```
+
+we get the following output:
+
+<pre><strong>sub</strong> greet( $name ) {
+    <strong>say</strong> &quot;Hello, $name<em>!</em>&quot;;
+}
+</pre>
+
+This is highly dependent on the format output. For example, while this works
+when Pod is converted to HTML, it might not be preserved when converted
+to Markdown.
+
+### Block Pre-configuration
+
+The `=config` directive allows you to prespecify standard configuration
+information that is applied to every block of a particular type.
+The general syntax for configuration directives is:
+
+```
+=config BLOCK_TYPE  CONFIG OPTIONS
+=                  ADDITIONAL_CONFIG_INFO
+```
+
+For example, to specify that every heading level 1 be numbered, bold
+and underlined, you preconfigure the `=head1` as follows:
+
+```
+=config head1 :formatted('B', 'U') :numbered
+```
+
+## Semantic Blocks
+
+All uppercase block typenames are reserved for specifying standard
+documentation, publishing, source components, or meta-information.
+Some of them are:
+
+```
+=NAME
+=AUTHOR
+=VERSION
+=CREATED
+=SYNOPSIS
+=DESCRIPTION
+=USAGE
+```
+
+Most of these blocks would typically be used in their full
+delimited forms. For example,
+
+```
+=NAME B<Doc::Magic>
+
+=begin DESCRIPTION
+This module helps you generate documentation automagically.
+Not source code needed! Most of it is outsourced from a black hole.
+=end DESCRIPTION
+
+=begin SYNOPSIS
+=begin code
+	use Doc::Magic;
+
+ 	my Doc::Magic $doc .= new();
+
+    my $result = $doc.create-documentation($fh);
+=end code
+=end SYNOPSIS
+
+=AUTHOR Authorius Docus
+=VERSION 42
+```
+
+## Miscellaneous
+
+### Notes
+
+Notes are rendered as footnotes and created by enclosing a note in a
+`N<>` code.
+
+```
+In addition, the language is also multi-paradigmatic N<According to Wikipedia,
+this means that it supports procedural, object-oriented, and functional
+programming.>
+```
+
+### Keyboard Input
+
+To flag text as keyboard input enclose it in a `K<>` code.
+
+```
+Enter your name K<John Doe>
+```
+
+### Terminal Output
+
+To flag text as terminal output enclose it in `T<>` code.
+
+```
+Hello, T<John Doe>
+```
+
+### Unicode
+
+To include Unicode code points or HTML5 character references in
+a Pod document, enclose them in a `E<>` code.
+
+For example:
+
+```
+Raku makes considerable use of the E<171> and E<187> characters.
+Raku makes considerable use of the E<laquo> and E<raquo> characters.
+```
+
+is rendered as:
+
+Raku makes considerable use of the « and » characters.
+Raku makes considerable use of the « and » characters.
+
+## Rendering Pod
+
+To generate any output (i.e., Markdown, HTML, Text, etc.), you need to
+have the Rakudo Raku compiler installed. In addition, you must install
+a module (e.g., `Pod::To::Markdown`, `Pod::To::HTML`, `Pod::To::Text`, etc.)
+that generates your desired output from Pod.
+
+For instructions about installing Rakudo for running raku programs,
+[look here](https://raku.org/downloads/).
+
+Run the following command to generate a certain output:
+
+```
+raku --doc=TARGET input.pod6 > output.html
+```
+
+with `TARGET` being `Markdown`, `HTML`, `Text`, etc. Thus to generate
+Markdown from Pod, run this:
+
+```
+raku --doc=Markdown input.pod6 > output.html
+```
+
+## Accessing Pod
+
+In order to access Pod documentation from within a Raku program,
+it is required to use the special `=` twigil (e.g., `$=pod`, `$=SYNOPSIS`,etc).
+
+The `$=` construct provides the introspection over the Pod structure,
+producing a `Pod::Block` tree root from which it is possible to access
+the whole structure of the Pod document.
+
+If we place the following piece of Raku code and the Pod documentation
+in the section [Semantic blocks](#semantic-blocks) in the same file:
+
+```
+my %used-directives;
+for $=pod -> $pod-item {
+    for $pod-item.contents -> $pod-block {
+        next unless $pod-block ~~ Pod::Block::Named;
+        %used-directives{$pod-block.name} = True;
+    }
+}
+
+say %used-directives.keys.join("\n");
+```
+
+we get the following output:
+
+```
+SYNOPSIS
+NAME
+VERSION
+AUTHOR
+DESCRIPTION
+```
+
+## Additional Information
+
+* <https://docs.raku.org/language/pod> for the Pod documentation.
+* <https://docs.raku.org/language/tables> for advices about Pod tables.
+* <https://design.raku.org/S26.html> for the Pod specification.