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+---
+language: Tcl
+contributors:
+    - ["Poor Yorick", "http://pooryorick.com/"]
+filename: learntcl.tcl
+---
+
+Tcl was created by [John Ousterhout](http://wiki.tcl.tk/John Ousterout) as a
+reusable scripting language for chip design tools he was creating.  In 1997 he
+was awarded the [ACM Software System
+Award](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_Software_System_Award) for Tcl.  Tcl
+can be used both as an embeddable scripting language and as a general
+programming language.  It can also be used as a portable C library, even in
+cases where no scripting capability is needed, as it provides data structures
+such as dynamic strings, lists, and hash tables.  The C library also provides
+portable functionality for loading dynamic libraries, string formatting and
+code conversion, filesystem operations, network operations, and more.  
+Various features of Tcl stand out:
+
+* Convenient cross-platform networking API
+
+* Fully virtualized filesystem
+
+* Stackable I/O channels
+
+* Asynchronous to the core
+
+* Full coroutines
+
+* A threading model recognized as robust and easy to use
+
+
+If Lisp is a list processor, then Tcl is a string processor.  All values are
+strings.  A list is a string format.  A procedure definition is a string
+format.  To achieve performance, Tcl internally caches structured
+representations of these values.  The list commands, for example, operate on
+the internal cached representation, and Tcl takes care of updating the string
+representation if it is ever actually needed in the script.  The copy-on-write
+design of Tcl allows script authors can pass around large data values without
+actually incurring additional memory overhead.  Procedures are automatically
+byte-compiled unless they use the more dynamic commands such as "uplevel",
+"upvar", and "trace".
+
+Tcl is a pleasure to program in.  It will appeal to hacker types who find Lisp,
+Forth, or Smalltalk interesting, as well as to engineers and scientists who
+just want to get down to business with a tool that bends to their will.  Its
+discipline of exposing all programmatic functionality as commands, including
+things like loops and mathematical operations that are usually baked into the
+syntax of other languages, allows it to fade into the background of whatever
+domain-specific functionality a project needs. It's syntax, which is even
+lighter that that of Lisp, just gets out of the way.
+
+
+
+
+
+```tcl
+#! /bin/env tclsh
+
+################################################################################
+## 1. Guidelines 
+################################################################################
+
+# Tcl is not Bash or C!  This needs to be said because standard shell quoting
+# habits almost work in Tcl and it is common for people to pick up Tcl and try
+# to get by with syntax they know from another language.  It works at first,
+# but soon leads to frustration with more complex scripts.
+ 
+# Braces are just a quoting mechanism, not a code block constructor or a list
+# constructor.  Tcl doesn't have either of those things.  Braces are used,
+# though, to escape special characters in procedure bodies and in strings that
+# are formatted as lists.
+
+
+################################################################################
+## 2. Syntax 
+################################################################################
+
+# Every line is a command.  The first word is the name of the command, and
+# subsequent words are arguments to the command. Words are delimited by
+# whitespace.  Since every word is a string, in the simple case no special
+# markup such as quotes, braces, or backslash, is necessary.  Even when quotes
+# are used, they are not a string constructor, but just another escaping
+# character.
+
+set greeting1 Sal 
+set greeting2 ut
+set greeting3 ations
+
+
+#semicolon also delimits commands
+set greeting1 Sal; set greeting2 ut; set greeting3 ations 
+
+
+# Dollar sign introduces variable substitution
+set greeting $greeting1$greeting2$greeting3
+
+
+# Bracket introduces command substitution.  The result of the command is
+# substituted in place of the bracketed script.  When the "set" command is
+# given only the name of a variable, it returns the value of that variable.
+set greeting $greeting1$greeting2[set greeting3]
+
+
+# Command substitution should really be called script substitution, because an
+# entire script, not just a command, can be placed between the brackets. The
+# "incr" command increments the value of a variable and returns its value.
+set greeting $greeting[
+	incr i
+	incr i
+	incr i
+]
+
+
+# backslash suppresses the special meaning of characters
+set amount \$16.42
+
+
+# backslash adds special meaning to certain characters
+puts lots\nof\n\n\n\n\n\nnewlines
+
+
+# A word enclosed in braces is not subject to any special interpretation or
+# substitutions, except that a backslash before a brace is not counted when look#ing for the closing brace
+set somevar {
+    This is a literal $ sign, and this \} escaped
+    brace remains uninterpreted
+} 
+
+
+# In a word enclosed in double quotes, whitespace characters lose their special
+# meaning 
+set name Neo
+set greeting "Hello, $name"
+
+
+#variable names can be any string
+set {first name} New
+
+
+# The brace form of variable substitution handles more complex variable names
+set greeting "Hello, ${first name}"
+
+
+# The "set" command can always be used instead of variable substitution
+set greeting "Hello, [set {first name}]"
+
+
+# To promote the words within a word to individual words of the current
+# command, use the expansion operator, "{*}".
+set {*}{name Neo}
+
+# is equivalent to
+set name Neo
+
+
+# An array is a special variable that is a container for other variables.
+set person(name) Neo
+set person(gender) male
+set greeting "Hello, $person(name)"
+
+
+# A namespace holds commands and variables
+namespace eval people {
+    namespace eval person1 {
+        set name Neo
+    }
+}
+
+
+#The full name of a variable includes its enclosing namespace(s), delimited by two colons:
+set greeting "Hello $people::person::name"
+
+
+
+################################################################################
+## 3. A Few Notes 
+################################################################################
+
+# All other functionality is implemented via commands.  From this point on,
+# there is no new syntax.  Everything else there is to learn about Tcl is about
+# the behaviour of individual commands, and what meaning they assign to their
+# arguments.
+
+
+# To end up with an interpreter that can do nothing, delete the global
+# namespace.  It's not very useful to do such a thing, but it illustrates the
+# nature of Tcl.
+namespace delete ::
+
+
+# Because of name resolution behaviour, its safer to use the "variable" command to declare or to assign a value to a namespace.
+namespace eval people {
+    namespace eval person1 {
+        variable name Neo
+    }
+}
+
+
+# The full name of a variable can always be used, if desired.
+set people::person1::name Neo
+
+
+
+################################################################################
+## 4. Commands 
+################################################################################
+
+# Math can be done with the "expr" command.
+set a 3
+set b 4
+set c [expr {$a + $b}]
+
+# Since "expr" performs variable substitution on its own, brace the expression
+# to prevent Tcl from performing variable substitution first.  See
+# "http://wiki.tcl.tk/Brace%20your%20#%20expr-essions" for details.
+
+
+# The "expr" command understands variable and command substitution
+set c [expr {$a + [set b]}]
+
+
+# The "expr" command provides a set of mathematical functions
+set c [expr {pow($a,$b)}]
+
+
+# Mathematical operators are available as commands in the ::tcl::mathop
+# namespace
+::tcl::mathop::+ 5 3
+
+# Commands can be imported from other namespaces
+namespace import ::tcl::mathop::+
+set result [+ 5 3]
+
+
+# New commands can be created via the "proc" command.
+proc greet name {
+    return "Hello, $name!"
+}
+
+#multiple parameters can be specified
+proc greet {greeting name} {
+    return "$greeting, $name!"
+}
+
+
+# As noted earlier, braces do not construct a code block.  Every value, even
+# the third argument of the "proc" command, is a string.  The previous command
+# rewritten to not use braces at all:
+proc greet greeting\ name return\ \"Hello,\ \$name!
+
+
+
+# When the last parameter is the literal value, "args", it collects all extra
+# arguments when the command is invoked
+proc fold {cmd args} {
+    set res 0
+    foreach arg $args {
+        set res [cmd $res $arg]
+    }
+}
+fold ::tcl::mathop::* 5 3 3 ;# ->  45
+
+
+# Conditional execution is implemented as a command
+if {3 > 4} {
+    puts {This will never happen}
+} elseif {4 > 4} {
+    puts {This will also never happen}
+} else {
+    puts {This will always happen}
+}
+
+
+# Loops are implemented as commands.  The first, second, and third
+# arguments of the "for" command are treated as mathematical expressions
+for {set i 0} {$i < 10} {incr i} {
+    set res [expr {$res + $i}]
+}
+
+
+# The first argument of the "while" command is also treated as a mathematical
+# expression
+set i 0
+while {$i < 10} {
+    incr i 2
+}
+
+
+# A list is a specially-formatted string.  In the simple case, whitespace is sufficient to delimit values
+set amounts 10\ 33\ 18 
+set amount [lindex $amounts 1]
+
+
+# Braces and backslash can be used to format more complex values in a list.  A
+# list looks exactly like a script, except that the newline character and the
+# semicolon character lose their special meanings.  This feature makes Tcl
+# homoiconic.  There are three items in the following list.
+set values {
+
+    one\ two
+
+    {three four}
+
+    five\{six
+
+}
+
+
+# Since a list is a string, string operations could be performed on it, at the
+# risk of corrupting the formatting of the list.
+set values {one two three four}
+set values [string map {two \{} $values] ;# $values is no-longer a \
+    properly-formatted listwell-formed list
+
+
+# The sure-fire way to get a properly-formmated list is to use "list" commands
+set values [list one \{ three four]
+lappend values { } ;# add a single space as an item in the list
+
+
+# Use "eval" to evaluate a value as a script
+eval {
+    set name Neo
+    set greeting "Hello, $name"
+}
+
+
+# A list can always be passed to "eval" as a script composed of a single
+# command.
+eval {set name Neo}
+eval [list set greeting "Hello, $name"]
+
+
+# Therefore, when using "eval", use [list] to build up a desired command 
+set command {set name}
+lappend command {Archibald Sorbisol}
+eval $command
+
+
+# A common mistake is not to use list functions when building up a command
+set command {set name}
+append command { Archibald Sorbisol}
+eval $command ;# There is an error here, because there are too many arguments \
+    to "set" in {set name Archibald Sorbisol}
+
+
+# This mistake can easily occur with the "subst" command.
+set replacement {Archibald Sorbisol}
+set command {set name $replacement}
+set command [subst $command] 
+eval $command ;# The same error as before:  to many arguments to "set" in \
+    {set name Archibald Sorbisol}
+
+
+# The proper way is to format the substituted value using use the "list"
+# command.
+set replacement [list {Archibald Sorbisol}]
+set command {set name $replacement}
+set command [subst $command] 
+eval $command
+
+
+# It is extremely common to see the "list" command being used to properly
+# format values that are substituted into Tcl script templates.  There are 
+# several examples of this, below.
+
+
+# The "apply" command evaluates a string as a command.
+set cmd {{greeting name} {
+    return "$greeting, $name!"
+}}
+apply $cmd Whaddup Neo
+
+
+# The "uplevel" command evaluates a script in some enclosing scope.
+proc greet {} {
+	uplevel {puts "$greeting, $name"}
+}
+
+proc set_double {varname value} {
+	if {[string is double $value]} {
+		uplevel [list variable $varname $value]
+	} else {
+		error [list {not a double} $value]
+	}
+}
+
+
+# The "upvar" command links a variable in the current scope to a variable in
+# some enclosing scope
+proc set_double {varname value} {
+	if {[string is double $value]} {
+		upvar 1 $varname var
+		set var $value
+	} else {
+		error [list {not a double} $value]
+	}
+}
+
+
+#get rid of the built-in "while" command.
+rename ::while {}
+
+
+# Define a new while command with the "proc" command.  More sophisticated error
+# handling is left as an exercise.
+proc while {condition script} {
+    if {[uplevel 1 [list expr $condition]]} {
+        uplevel 1 $script
+        tailcall [namespace which while] $condition $script
+    }
+}
+
+
+# The "coroutine" command creates a separate call stack, along with a command
+# to enter that call stack. The "yield" command suspends execution in that
+# stack. 
+proc countdown {} {
+	#send something back to the initial "coroutine" command
+	yield
+
+	set count 3 
+	while {$count > 1} {
+		yield [incr count -1]
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+coroutine countdown1 countdown
+coroutine countdown2 countdown
+puts [countdown 1] ;# -> 2 
+puts [countdown 2] ;# -> 2 
+puts [countdown 1] ;# -> 1 
+puts [countdown 1] ;# -> 0 
+puts [coundown 1] ;# -> invalid command name "countdown1"
+puts [countdown 2] ;# -> 1 
+
+
+```
+
+## Reference
+
+[Official Tcl Documentation](http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl/)
+
+[Tcl Wiki](http://wiki.tcl.tk)
+
+[Tcl Subreddit](http://www.reddit.com/r/Tcl)