Merge pull request #638 from xavieryao/master

[swift/zh-cn] zh-cn translation for swift 

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+---
+language: swift
+contributors:
+  - ["Grant Timmerman", "http://github.com/grant"]
+translators:
+  - ["Xavier Yao", "http://github.com/xavieryao"]
+filename: learnswift-cn.swift
+---
+
+Swift 是Apple 开发的用于iOS 和OS X 开发的编程语言。Swift 于2014年Apple WWDC （全球开发者大会）中被引入，用以与Objective-C 共存，同时对错误代码更具弹性。Swift 由Xcode 6 beta 中包含的LLVM编译器编译。
+
+参阅：Apple's [getting started guide](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/LandingPage/index.html) ——一个完整的Swift 教程
+
+```js
+//
+// 基础
+//
+
+println("Hello, world")
+var myVariable = 42
+let myConstant = 3.1415926
+let explicitDouble: Double = 70
+let label = "some text " + String(myVariable)     // Casting
+let piText = "Pi = \(myConstant)"                 // String interpolation
+var optionalString: String? = "optional"          // Can be nil
+optionalString = nil
+
+
+//
+// 数组与字典（关联数组）
+//
+
+// 数组
+var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "lemons"]
+shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
+let emptyArray = String[]()
+
+// 字典
+var occupations = [
+  "Malcolm": "Captain",
+  "kaylee": "Mechanic"
+]
+occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
+let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
+
+
+//
+// 控制流
+//
+
+// 用于数组的for 循环
+let myArray = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
+for value in myArray {
+  if value == 1 {
+    println("One!")
+  } else {
+    println("Not one!")
+  }
+}
+
+// 用于字典的for 循环
+for (key, value) in dict {
+  println("\(key): \(value)")
+}
+
+// 用于区间的for 循环
+for i in -1...1 { // [-1, 0, 1]
+  println(i)
+}
+// 使用 .. 表示的区间不包含最后一个元素 [-1,0,1)
+
+// while 循环
+var i = 1
+while i < 1000 {
+  i *= 2
+}
+
+// do-while 循环
+do {
+  println("hello")
+} while 1 == 2
+
+// Switch
+let vegetable = "red pepper"
+switch vegetable {
+case "celery":
+  let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
+case "cucumber", "watercress":
+  let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
+case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
+  let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
+default: // 必须 (为了覆盖所有可能的输入)
+  let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
+}
+
+
+//
+// 函数
+//
+
+// 函数是一等类型，这意味着可以在函数中构建函数
+// 并且可以被传递
+
+// 函数
+func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
+  return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
+}
+greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
+
+// 使用多元数组返回多返回值的函数
+func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
+  return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
+}
+
+// 不定参数
+func setup(numbers: Int...) {}
+
+// 传递、返回函数
+func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
+  func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
+    return 1 + number
+  }
+  return addOne
+}
+var increment = makeIncrementer()
+increment(7)
+
+
+//
+// 闭包
+//
+
+// 函数是特殊的闭包({})
+
+// 闭包示例.
+// `->` 分隔参数和返回类型
+// `in` 分隔闭包头和闭包体
+numbers.map({
+  (number: Int) -> Int in
+  let result = 3 * number
+  return result
+  })
+
+// 当类型已知时，可以这样做：
+var numbers = [1, 2, 6]
+numbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
+print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18]
+
+
+//
+// 类
+//
+
+// 类的全部方法和属性都是public 的
+// 如果你在一个数据结构中只需储存数据，
+// 应使用 `struct`
+
+// 集成自`Shape` 类的简单的类`Square
+class Rect: Shape {
+  var sideLength: Int = 1
+
+  // Custom getter and setter property
+  var perimeter: Int {
+    get {
+      return 4 * sideLength
+    }
+    set {
+      sideLength = newValue / 4
+    }
+  }
+
+  init(sideLength: Int) {
+    super.init()
+    self.sideLength = sideLength
+  }
+
+  func shrink() {
+    if sideLength > 0 {
+      --sideLength
+    }
+  }
+
+  override func getArea() -> Int {
+    return sideLength * sideLength
+  }
+}
+var mySquare = new Square(sideLength: 5)
+print(mySquare.getArea()) // 25
+mySquare.shrink()
+print(mySquare.sideLength) // 4
+
+// 如果你不需要自定义getter 和setter,
+// 但仍希望在获取或设置一个属性之前或之后运行
+// 一些代码，你可以使用`willSet` 和 `didSet`
+
+
+//
+// 枚举类型
+//
+
+// 枚举类型可以是某种指定的类型，抑或自成一种类型
+// 像类一样，枚举类型可以包含方法
+
+enum Suit {
+  case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
+  func getIcon() -> String {
+    switch self {
+    case .Spades: return "♤"
+    case .Hearts: return "♡"
+    case .Diamonds: return "♢"
+    case .Clubs: return "♧"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+//
+// 其它
+//
+
+// `协议(protocol)`: 与Java 的接口(Interface) 类似.
+// `扩展(extension)`: 为现有类型添加额外特性
+// 泛型: 与Java 相似。使用`where` 关键字指定
+//   泛型的要求.
+
+```
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