summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffhomepage
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat
-rw-r--r--bash.html.markdown4
-rw-r--r--es-es/perl-es.html.markdown120
-rw-r--r--java.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--perl6.html.markdown9
-rw-r--r--purescript.html.markdown195
-rw-r--r--scala.html.markdown2
-rw-r--r--swift.html.markdown4
-rw-r--r--typescript.html.markdown158
8 files changed, 425 insertions, 69 deletions
diff --git a/bash.html.markdown b/bash.html.markdown
index 061d35b0..57fb5c55 100644
--- a/bash.html.markdown
+++ b/bash.html.markdown
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@ echo Hello, $NAME!
# use 'man test' for more info about conditionals
if [ $NAME -ne $USER ]
then
- echo "Your name is your username"
-else
echo "Your name isn't your username"
+else
+ echo "Your name is your username"
fi
# There is also conditional execution
diff --git a/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown b/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown
index 4f0c26c1..644182ff 100644
--- a/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown
+++ b/es-es/perl-es.html.markdown
@@ -7,23 +7,24 @@ contributors:
- ["Korjavin Ivan", "http://github.com/korjavin"]
translators:
- ["Francisco Gomez", "http://github.com/frncscgmz"]
+ - ["Joaquín Ferrero", "http://github.com/joaquinferrero"]
lang: es-es
---
-Perl 5 es un lenguaje de programación altamente capaz, rico en características con mas de 25 años de desarrollo.
+Perl 5 es un lenguaje de programación altamente capaz, rico en características, con más de 25 años de desarrollo.
-Perl 5 corre en mas de 100 plataformas desde portales hasta mainframes y es adecuado para realizar prototipos rápidos hasta desarrollar proyectos a gran escala.
+Perl 5 corre en más de 100 plataformas, desde portátiles hasta ordenadores centrales, y es adecuado para realizar desde prototipos rápidos hasta desarrollar proyectos a gran escala.
```perl
-# Comentarios de una sola linea con un carácter hash.
+# Comentarios de una sola línea con un carácter hash
#### Tipos de variables en Perl
-# Las variables comienzan con el símbolo $.
-# Un nombre de variable valido empieza con una letra o un guión bajo,
-# seguido por cualquier numero de letras, números o guiones bajos.
+# Las variables comienzan con el símbolo $
+# Un nombre de variable válido empieza con una letra o un guión bajo,
+# seguido por cualquier número de letras, números o guiones bajos
-### Perl tiene tres tipos principales de variables: escalares, arreglos y hashes.
+### Perl tiene tres tipos principales de variables: escalares, arreglos y hashes
## Escalares
# Un escalar representa un solo valor:
@@ -31,99 +32,98 @@ my $animal = "camello";
my $respuesta = 42;
# Los valores escalares pueden ser cadenas de caracteres, números enteros o
-# de punto flotante, Perl automáticamente los convertirá como sea requerido.
+# de punto flotante; Perl automáticamente los convertirá como sea requerido
## Arreglos
# Un arreglo representa una lista de valores:
-my @animales = {"camello","llama","buho"};
-my @numeros = {23,42,69};
-my @mixto = {"camello",42,1.23};
-
-
+my @animales = ("camello","llama","buho"};
+my @numeros = (23, 42, 69);
+my @mixto = ("camello", 42, 1.23);
## Hashes
-# Un hash representa un conjunto de pares llave/valor:
-
-my %color_fruta = {"manzana","rojo","banana","amarillo"};
-
-# Puedes usar un espacio en blanco y el operador "=>" para asignarlos mas
-# fácilmente.
+# Un hash representa un conjunto de pares llave/valor:
+my %color_fruta = ("manzana","rojo","banana","amarillo");
+# Puede usar un espacio en blanco y el operador "=>" para asignarlos más fácilmente
my %color_fruta = (
manzana => "rojo",
banana => "amarillo",
- );
-# Los escalares, arreglos y hashes están mas documentados en perldata. (perldoc perldata).
+);
-# Los tipos de datos mas complejos pueden ser construidos utilizando
-# referencias, las cuales te permiten construir listas y hashes dentro
-# de listas y hashes.
+# Los escalares, arreglos y hashes están más documentados en perldata (perldoc perldata)
-#### Estructuras condicionales y de ciclos
+# Los tipos de datos más complejos se pueden construir utilizando
+# referencias, las cuales le permiten construir listas y hashes dentro
+# de listas y hashes
-# Perl tiene la mayoría de las estructuras condicionales y de ciclos mas comunes.
+#### Estructuras condicionales y de ciclos
+# Perl tiene la mayoría de las estructuras condicionales y de ciclos más comunes
if ( $var ) {
- ...
+ ...;
} elsif ( $var eq 'bar' ) {
- ...
+ ...;
} else {
- ...
+ ...;
}
unless ( condicion ) {
- ...
- }
-# Esto es proporcionado como una version mas fácil de leer que "if (!condición)"
+ ...;
+}
-# La post condición al modo Perl
+# Esto se ofrece como una versión más fácil de leer que "if (!condición)"
+
+# La postcondición al modo Perl:
print "Yow!" if $zippy;
print "No tenemos bananas" unless $bananas;
# while
- while ( condicion ) {
- ...
- }
-
+while ( condicion ) {
+ ...;
+}
# for y foreach
for ($i = 0; $i <= $max; $i++) {
- ...
- }
+ ...;
+}
+
+for $i (0 .. $max) {
+ ...;
+}
foreach (@array) {
- print "Este elemento es $_\n";
- }
+ print "Este elemento es $_\n";
+}
#### Expresiones regulares
-# El soporte de expresiones regulares en Perl es muy amplio y profundo, y es
-# sujeto a una extensa documentación en perlrequick, perlretut, entre otros.
+# El soporte de expresiones regulares en Perl es muy amplio y profundo, y
+# está sujeto a una extensa documentación en perlrequick, perlretut, entre otros.
# Sin embargo, resumiendo:
-# Pareo simple
+# Coincidencia simple
if (/foo/) { ... } # verdadero si $_ contiene "foo"
if ($a =~ /foo/) { ... } # verdadero si $a contiene "foo"
# Substitución simple
-$a =~ s/foo/bar/; # remplaza foo con bar en $a
-$a =~ s/foo/bar/g; # remplaza TODAS LAS INSTANCIAS de foo con bar en $a
+$a =~ s/foo/bar/; # remplaza "foo" con "bar" en $a
+$a =~ s/foo/bar/g; # remplaza TODAS LAS INSTANCIAS de "foo" con "bar" en $a
-#### Archivos e I/O
+#### Archivos y E/S
-# Puedes abrir un archivo para obtener datos o escribirlos utilizando la
-# función "open()".
+# Puede abrir un archivo para obtener datos o escribirlos utilizando la
+# función "open()"
open(my $entrada, "<" "entrada.txt") or die "No es posible abrir entrada.txt: $!";
open(my $salida, ">", "salida.txt") or die "No es posible abrir salida.txt: $!";
open(my $log, ">>", "mi.log") or die "No es posible abrir mi.log: $!";
-# Es posible leer desde un gestor de archivo abierto utilizando el operador "<>"
-# operador. En contexto escalar leer una sola linea desde el gestor de
-# archivo, y en contexto de lista leer el archivo completo en donde, asigna
-# cada linea a un elemento de la lista.
+# Es posible leer desde un gestor de archivo abierto utilizando el operador "<>".
+# En contexto escalar, leer una sola línea desde el gestor de archivo, y
+# en contexto de lista, leer el archivo completo en donde asigna
+# cada línea a un elemento de la lista
my $linea = <$entrada>;
my @lineas = <$entrada>;
@@ -131,30 +131,26 @@ my @lineas = <$entrada>;
#### Escribiendo subrutinas
# Escribir subrutinas es fácil:
-
sub logger {
my $mensajelog = shift;
open my $archivolog, ">>", "mi.log" or die "No es posible abrir mi.log: $!";
print $archivolog $mensajelog;
}
-# Ahora podemos utilizar la subrutina al igual que cualquier otra función
-# incorporada:
-
+# Ahora podemos utilizar la subrutina al igual que cualquier otra función incorporada:
logger("Tenemos una subrutina logger!");
-
```
#### Utilizando módulos Perl
-Los módulos en Perl proveen una gama de funciones que te pueden ayudar a evitar reinventar la rueda, estas pueden ser descargadas desde CPAN( http://www.cpan.org/ ). Algunos de los módulos mas populares ya están incluidos con la misma distribución de Perl.
+Los módulos en Perl proveen de una gama de funciones que le pueden ayudar a evitar reinventar la rueda. Éstas se pueden descargar desde CPAN ( http://www.cpan.org/ ). Algunos de los módulos más populares ya están incluidos con la misma distribución de Perl.
-perlfaq contiene preguntas y respuestas relacionadas con muchas tareas comunes, y algunas veces provee sugerencias sobre buenos módulos CPAN para usar.
+perlfaq contiene preguntas y respuestas relacionadas con muchas tareas comunes, y algunas veces provee sugerencias sobre buenos módulos de CPAN que puede usar.
#### Material de Lectura
- [perl-tutorial](http://perl-tutorial.org/)
- - [Aprende en www.perl.com](http://www.perl.org/learn.html)
+ - [Learn Perl](http://www.perl.org/learn.html)
- [perldoc](http://perldoc.perl.org/)
- - y perl incorporado: `perldoc perlintro`
+ - y en su propio perl: `perldoc perlintro`
diff --git a/java.html.markdown b/java.html.markdown
index 3484aee5..dffc3828 100644
--- a/java.html.markdown
+++ b/java.html.markdown
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public class LearnJava {
// Arrays
//The array size must be decided upon instantiation
- //The following formats work for declaring an arrow
+ //The following formats work for declaring an array
//<datatype> [] <var name> = new <datatype>[<array size>];
//<datatype> <var name>[] = new <datatype>[<array size>];
int [] intArray = new int[10];
diff --git a/perl6.html.markdown b/perl6.html.markdown
index 4ab90914..fe5b197c 100644
--- a/perl6.html.markdown
+++ b/perl6.html.markdown
@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@ sub truthy-array(@array) {
# (it'll stop at the furthest operator in the current expression)
my @arrayplus3 = map(*+3, @array); # `*+3` is the same as `{ $_ + 3 }`
my @arrayplus3 = map(*+*+3, @array); # Same as `-> $a, $b { $a + $b + 3 }`
+ # also `sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }`
say (*/2)(4); #=> 2
# Immediatly execute the function Whatever created.
say ((*+3)/5)(5); #=> 1.6
@@ -496,7 +497,8 @@ say ((*+3)/5)(5); #=> 1.6
# But if you need to have more than one argument (`$_`)
# in a block (without wanting to resort to `-> {}`),
# you can also use the implicit argument syntax, `$^` :
-map({ $^a + $^b + 3 }, @array); # same as the above
+map({ $^a + $^b + 3 }, @array); # equivalent to following:
+map(sub ($a, $b) { $a + $b + 3 }, @array); # (here with `sub`)
# Note : those are sorted lexicographically.
# `{ $^b / $^a }` is like `-> $a, $b { $b / $a }`
@@ -1072,6 +1074,11 @@ my @list = 1, 3, 9 ... { $_ > 30 }; # (equivalent to the above)
my @fib = 1, 1, *+* ... *; # lazy infinite list of prime numbers,
# computed using a closure!
my @fib = 1, 1, -> $a, $b { $a + $b } ... *; # (equivalent to the above)
+my @fib = 1, 1, { $^a + $^b } ... *; #(... also equivalent to the above)
+# $a and $b will always take the previous values, meaning here
+# they'll start with $a = 1 and $b = 1 (values we set by hand).
+# then $a = 1 and $b = 2 (result from previous $a+$b), and so on.
+
say @fib[^10]; #=> 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
# (using a range as the index)
# Note : as for ranges, once reified, elements aren't re-calculated.
diff --git a/purescript.html.markdown b/purescript.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bff7545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/purescript.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+---
+language: purescript
+contributors:
+ - ["Fredrik Dyrkell", "http://www.lexicallyscoped.com"]
+---
+
+PureScript is a small strongly, statically typed language compiling to Javascript.
+
+* Learn more at [http://www.purescript.org/](http://www.purescript.org/)
+* Documentation: [http://docs.purescript.org/en/latest/](http://docs.purescript.org/en/latest/)
+* Book: Purescript by Example, [https://leanpub.com/purescript/](https://leanpub.com/purescript/)
+
+```haskell
+
+--
+-- 1. Primitive datatypes that corresponds to their Javascript
+-- equivalents at runtime.
+
+-- Numbers
+1 + 7*5 :: Number -- 36
+-- Types are inferred, so the following works fine
+9 / 2.5 + 4.4 -- 8
+-- Hexadecimal literals
+0xff + 1 -- 256
+-- Unary negation
+6 * -3 -- -18
+6 * negate 3 -- -18
+-- Modulus
+3 % 2 -- 1
+4 % 2 -- 0
+-- Inspect the type of an expression in psci
+:t 9 / 2.5 + 4.4 -- Prim.Number
+
+-- Booleans
+true :: Boolean -- true
+false :: Boolean -- false
+-- Negation
+not true --false
+23 == 23 -- true
+1 /= 4 -- true
+1 >= 4 -- false
+-- Comparisions < <= > >=
+-- are defined in terms of compare
+compare 1 2 -- LT
+compare 2 2 -- EQ
+compare 3 2 -- GT
+-- Conjunction and Disjunction
+true && (9 >= 19 || 1 < 2) -- true
+
+-- Strings
+"Hellow" :: String -- "Hellow"
+-- Multiline string
+"Hellow\
+\orld" -- "Helloworld"
+-- Concatenate
+"such " ++ "amaze" -- "such amaze"
+
+--
+-- 2. Arrays are Javascript arrays, but must be homogeneous
+
+[1,1,2,3,5,8] :: [Number] -- [1,1,2,3,5,8]
+[true, true, false] :: [Boolean] -- [true,true,false]
+-- [1,2, true, "false"] won't work
+-- `Cannot unify Prim.Number with Prim.Boolean`
+-- Cons (prepend)
+1 : [2,4,3] -- [1,2,4,3]
+
+-- Requires purescript-arrays (Data.Array)
+-- and purescript-maybe (Data.Maybe)
+
+-- Safe access return Maybe a
+head [1,2,3] -- Just (1)
+tail [3,2,1] -- Just ([2,1])
+init [1,2,3] -- Just ([1,2])
+last [3,2,1] -- Just (1)
+-- Random access - indexing
+[3,4,5,6,7] !! 2 -- Just (5)
+-- Range
+1..5 -- [1,2,3,4,5]
+length [2,2,2] -- 3
+drop 3 [5,4,3,2,1] -- [2,1]
+take 3 [5,4,3,2,1] -- [5,4,3]
+append [1,2,3] [4,5,6] -- [1,2,3,4,5,6]
+
+--
+-- 3. Records are Javascript objects, with zero or more fields, which
+-- can have different types
+let book = {title: "Foucault's pendulum", author: "Umberto Eco"}
+-- Access properties
+book.title -- "Foucault's pendulum"
+
+getTitle b = b.title
+-- Works on all records with a title (but doesn't require any other field)
+getTitle book -- "Foucault's pendulum"
+getTitle {title: "Weekend in Monaco", artist: "The Rippingtons"} -- "Weekend in Monaco"
+-- Update a record
+changeTitle b t = b {title = t}
+changeTitle book "Ill nome della rosa" -- {title: "Ill nome della
+ -- rosa", author: "Umberto Eco"}
+
+--
+-- 4. Functions
+sumOfSquares x y = x*x+y*y
+sumOfSquares 3 4 -- 25
+-- In psci you have to write `let` in front of the function to get a
+-- top level binding
+mod x y = x % y
+mod 3 2 -- 1
+-- Infix application of function
+3 `mod` 2 -- 1
+
+-- function application have higher precedence than all other
+-- operators
+sumOfSquares 3 4 * sumOfSquares 4 5 -- 1025
+
+-- Conditional
+abs' n = if n>=0 then n else -n
+abs' (-3) -- 3
+
+-- Guarded equations
+abs n | n >= 0 = n
+ | otherwise = -n
+
+-- Pattern matching
+
+-- Note the type signature, input is an array of numbers The pattern
+-- matching destructures and binds the array into parts
+first :: [Number] -> Number
+first (x:_) = x
+first [3,4,5] -- 3
+second :: [Number] -> Number
+second (_:y:_) = y
+second [3,4,5] -- 4
+sumTwo :: [Number] -> [Number]
+sumTwo (x:y:rest) = (x+y) : rest
+sumTwo [2,3,4,5,6] -- [5,4,5,6]
+
+-- sumTwo doesn't handle when the array is empty or just have one
+-- element in which case you get an error
+sumTwo [1] -- Failed pattern match
+
+-- Complementing patterns to match
+-- Good ol' Fibonacci
+fib 1 = 1
+fib 2 = 2
+fib x = fib (x-1) + fib (x-2)
+fib 10 -- 89
+
+-- Use underscore to match any, where you don't care about the binding name
+isZero 0 = true
+isZero _ = false
+
+-- Pattern matching on records
+ecoTitle {author = "Umberto Eco", title = t} = Just t
+ecoTitle _ = Nothing
+
+ecoTitle book -- Just ("Foucault's pendulum")
+ecoTitle {title: "The Quantum Thief", author: "Hannu Rajaniemi"} -- Nothing
+-- ecoTitle requires both field to type check:
+ecoTitle {title: "The Quantum Thief"} -- Object does not have property author
+
+-- Lambda expressions
+(\x -> x*x) 3 -- 9
+(\x y -> x*x + y*y) 4 5 -- 41
+sqr = \x -> x*x
+
+-- Currying
+add x y = x + y -- is equivalent with
+add = \x -> (\y -> x+y)
+add3 = add 3
+:t add3 -- Prim.Number -> Prim.Number
+
+-- Forward and backward function composition
+-- drop 3 followed by taking 5
+(drop 3 >>> take 5) (1..20) -- [4,5,6,7,8]
+-- take 5 followed by dropping 3
+(drop 3 <<< take 5) (1..20) -- [4,5]
+
+-- Operations using higher order functions
+even x = x % 2 == 0
+filter even (1..10) -- [2,4,6,8,10]
+map (\x -> x+11) (1..5) -- [12,13,14,15,16]
+
+-- Requires purescript-foldable-traversabe (Data.Foldable)
+
+foldr (+) 0 (1..10) -- 55
+sum (1..10) -- 55
+product (1..10) -- 3628800
+
+-- Testing with predicate
+any even [1,2,3] -- true
+all even [1,2,3] -- false
+
+```
+
diff --git a/scala.html.markdown b/scala.html.markdown
index 6b398b4b..379c092c 100644
--- a/scala.html.markdown
+++ b/scala.html.markdown
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ i // Show the value of i. Note that while is a loop in the classical sense -
// A do while loop
do {
- println("x is still less then 10");
+ println("x is still less than 10");
x += 1
} while (x < 10)
diff --git a/swift.html.markdown b/swift.html.markdown
index f8fa31fe..e7f2f9a2 100644
--- a/swift.html.markdown
+++ b/swift.html.markdown
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ var occupations = [
"kaylee": "Mechanic"
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
-let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
+let emptyDictionary = [String: Float]()
//
@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@ public class Shape {
// If you just need to store data in a
// structured object, you should use a `struct`
-// A simple class `Square` extends `Shape`
internal class Rect: Shape {
var sideLength: Int = 1
@@ -271,6 +270,7 @@ internal class Rect: Shape {
}
}
+// A simple class `Square` extends `Rect`
class Square: Rect {
convenience init() {
self.init(sideLength: 5)
diff --git a/typescript.html.markdown b/typescript.html.markdown
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8173aac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/typescript.html.markdown
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+---
+language: TypeScript
+contributors:
+ - ["Philippe Vlérick", "https://github.com/pvlerick"]
+filename: learntypescript.ts
+---
+
+TypeScript is a language that aims at easing development of large scale applications written in JavaScript.
+TypeScript adds common concepts such as classes, modules, interfaces, generics and (optional) static typing to JavaScript.
+It is a superset of JavaScript: all JavaScript code is valid TypeScript code so it can be added seamlessly to any project. The TypeScript compiler emits JavaScript.
+
+This article will focus only on TypeScript extra syntax, as oposed to [JavaScript] (../javascript/).
+
+To test TypeScript's compiler, head to the [Playground] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground) where you will be able to type code, have auto completion and directly see the emitted JavaScript.
+
+```ts
+//There are 3 basic types in TypeScript
+var isDone: boolean = false;
+var lines: number = 42;
+var name: string = "Anders";
+
+//..When it's impossible to know, there is the "Any" type
+var notSure: any = 4;
+notSure = "maybe a string instead";
+notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean
+
+//For collections, there are typed arrays and generic arrays
+var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
+//Alternatively, using the generic array type
+var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
+
+//For enumerations:
+enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
+var c: Color = Color.Green;
+
+//Lastly, "void" is used in the special case of a function not returning anything
+function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
+ alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
+}
+
+//Functions are first class citizens, support the lambda "fat arrow" syntax and use type inference
+//All examples are equivalent, the same signature will be infered by the compiler, and same JavaScript will be emitted
+var f1 = function(i: number) : number { return i * i; }
+var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; } //Return type infered
+var f3 = (i : number) : number => { return i * i; }
+var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; } //Return type infered
+var f5 = (i: number) => i * i; //Return type infered, one-liner means no return keyword needed
+
+//Interfaces are structural, anything that has the properties is compliant with the interface
+interface Person {
+ name: string;
+ //Optional properties, marked with a "?"
+ age?: number;
+ //And of course functions
+ move(): void;
+}
+
+//..Object that implements the "Person" interface
+var p : Person = { name: "Bobby", move : () => {} }; //Can be treated as a Person since it has the name and age properties
+//..Objects that have the optional property:
+var validPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
+var invalidPerson : Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true }; //Is not a person because age is not a number
+
+//..Interfaces can also describe a function type
+interface SearchFunc {
+ (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
+}
+//..Only the parameters' types are important, names are not important.
+var mySearch: SearchFunc;
+mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
+ return src.search(sub) != -1;
+}
+
+//Classes - members are public by default
+class Point {
+ //Properties
+ x: number;
+
+ //Constructor - the public/private keywords in this context will generate the boiler plate code
+ // for the property and the initialization in the constructor.
+ // In this example, "y" will be defined just like "x" is, but with less code
+ //Default values are also supported
+ constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
+ this.x = x;
+ }
+
+ //Functions
+ dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
+
+ //Static members
+ static origin = new Point(0, 0);
+}
+
+var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
+var p2 = new Point(25); //y will be 0
+
+//Inheritance
+class Point3D extends Point {
+ constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
+ super(x, y); //Explicit call to the super class constructor is mandatory
+ }
+
+ //Overwrite
+ dist() {
+ var d = super.dist();
+ return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
+ }
+}
+
+//Modules, "." can be used as separator for sub modules
+module Geometry {
+ export class Square {
+ constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
+ }
+ area() {
+ return Math.pow(this.sideLength, 2);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
+
+//..Local alias for referencing a module
+import G = Geometry;
+
+var s2 = new G.Square(10);
+
+//Generics
+//..Classes
+class Tuple<T1, T2> {
+ constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
+ }
+}
+
+//..Interfaces
+interface Pair<T> {
+ item1: T;
+ item2: T;
+}
+
+//..And functions
+var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
+ return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
+};
+
+var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
+
+//Including references to a definition file:
+/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
+
+```
+
+## Further Reading
+ * [TypeScript Official website] (http://www.typescriptlang.org/)
+ * [TypeScript language specifications (pdf)] (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238)
+ * [Anders Hejlsberg - Introducing TypeScript on Channel 9] (http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript)
+ * [Source Code on GitHub] (https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript)
+ * [Definitely Typed - repository for type definitions] (http://definitelytyped.org/)