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| -rw-r--r-- | zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown | 197 |
1 files changed, 100 insertions, 97 deletions
diff --git a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown index 8e9ca79a..073c5e91 100644 --- a/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown +++ b/zh-tw/python-tw.html.markdown @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ contributors: - ["Andre Polykanine", "https://github.com/Oire"] - ["evuez", "http://github.com/evuez"] translators: - - ["Michael Yeh", "https://github.com/hinet60613"] + - ["Michael Yeh", "https://hinet60613.github.io/"] filename: learnpython.py lang: zh-tw --- @@ -255,137 +255,139 @@ li.index(7) # 7 不在串列中，造成 ValueError len(li) # => 6 -# Tuples are like lists but are immutable. +# 元組(Tuple，以下仍用原文)類似於串列，但是它是不可改變的 tup = (1, 2, 3) tup[0] # => 1 -tup[0] = 3 # Raises a TypeError +tup[0] = 3 # 產生TypeError -# You can do all those list thingies on tuples too +# 能對串列做的東西都可以對tuple做 len(tup) # => 3 tup + (4, 5, 6) # => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) tup[:2] # => (1, 2) 2 in tup # => True -# You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables -a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3 -d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 # you can leave out the parentheses -# Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses +# 你可以把tuple拆開並分別將值存入不同變數 +a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a 現在是 1, b 現在是 2, c 現在是 3 +d, e, f = 4, 5, 6 # 也可以不寫括號 +# 如果不加括號，預設會產生tuple g = 4, 5, 6 # => (4, 5, 6) -# Now look how easy it is to swap two values +# 你看，交換兩個值很簡單吧 e, d = d, e # d is now 5 and e is now 4 -# Dictionaries store mappings +# 字典(Dictionary)用來儲存映射關係 empty_dict = {} -# Here is a prefilled dictionary +# 你可以對字典做初始化 filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3} -# Look up values with [] +# 用 [] 取值 filled_dict["one"] # => 1 -# Get all keys as a list with "keys()" +# 用 "keys()" 將所有的Key輸出到一個List中 filled_dict.keys() # => ["three", "two", "one"] -# Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed. -# Your results might not match this exactly. +# 註: 字典裡key的排序是不固定的 +# 你的執行結果可能與上面不同 +# 譯註: 只能保證所有的key都有出現，但不保證順序 -# Get all values as a list with "values()" +# 用 "valuess()" 將所有的Value輸出到一個List中 filled_dict.values() # => [3, 2, 1] -# Note - Same as above regarding key ordering. +# 註: 同上，不保證順序 -# Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with "in" +# 用 "in" 來檢查指定的Key是否在字典中 "one" in filled_dict # => True 1 in filled_dict # => False -# Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError +# 查詢不存在的Key會造成KeyError filled_dict["four"] # KeyError -# Use "get()" method to avoid the KeyError +# 用 "get()" 來避免KeyError +# 若指定的Key不存在的話會得到None filled_dict.get("one") # => 1 filled_dict.get("four") # => None -# The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing +# "get()" 函式支援預設值，當找不到指定的值時，會回傳指定的預設值 filled_dict.get("one", 4) # => 1 filled_dict.get("four", 4) # => 4 -# note that filled_dict.get("four") is still => None -# (get doesn't set the value in the dictionary) +# 注意此時 filled_dict.get("four") 仍然為 None +# (get()此時並沒有產生出任何的值) -# set the value of a key with a syntax similar to lists -filled_dict["four"] = 4 # now, filled_dict["four"] => 4 +# 像操作list一樣，對指定的Key賦值 +filled_dict["four"] = 4 # 此時 filled_dict["four"] => 4 -# "setdefault()" inserts into a dictionary only if the given key isn't present -filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) # filled_dict["five"] is set to 5 -filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) # filled_dict["five"] is still 5 +# "setdefault()" 只在指定的Key不存在時才會將值插入dictionary +filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) # filled_dict["five"] 被指定為 5 +filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) # filled_dict["five"] 仍保持 5 -# Sets store ... well sets (which are like lists but can contain no duplicates) +# 集合(Set)被用來儲存...集合。 +# 跟串列(List)有點像，但集合內不會有重複的元素 empty_set = set() -# Initialize a "set()" with a bunch of values -some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4]) +# 初始化 "set()" 並給定一些值 +some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4]) # 現在 some_set 為 set([1, 2, 3, 4])，注意重複的元素只有一個會被存入 -# order is not guaranteed, even though it may sometimes look sorted -another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1]) # another_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4]) +# 一樣，不保證順序，就算真的有照順序排也只是你運氣好 +another_set = set([4, 3, 2, 2, 1]) # another_set 現在為 set([1, 2, 3, 4]) -# Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set +# 從 Python 2.7 開始，可以使用大括號 {} 來宣告Set filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4} -# Add more items to a set +# 加入更多元素進入Set filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} -# Do set intersection with & +# 用 & 來對兩個集合取交集 other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6} filled_set & other_set # => {3, 4, 5} -# Do set union with | +# 用 | 來對兩個集合取聯集 filled_set | other_set # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} -# Do set difference with - +# 用 - 來將第二個集合內有的元素移出第一個集合 {1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4} -# Do set symmetric difference with ^ +# 用 ^ 來對兩個集合取差集 {1, 2, 3, 4} ^ {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4, 5} -# Check if set on the left is a superset of set on the right +# 檢查左邊是否為右邊的母集 {1, 2} >= {1, 2, 3} # => False -# Check if set on the left is a subset of set on the right +# 檢查左邊是否為右邊的子集 {1, 2} <= {1, 2, 3} # => True -# Check for existence in a set with in +# 用 in 來檢查某元素是否存在於集合內 2 in filled_set # => True 10 in filled_set # => False #################################################### -## 3. Control Flow +## 3. 控制流程 #################################################### -# Let's just make a variable +# 首先，先宣告一個變數 some_var = 5 -# Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python! -# prints "some_var is smaller than 10" +# 這邊是 if 判斷式。注意，縮排對Python是很重要的。 +# 下面應該會印出 "some_var is smaller than 10" if some_var > 10: print "some_var is totally bigger than 10." -elif some_var < 10: # This elif clause is optional. +elif some_var < 10: # elif 可有可無 print "some_var is smaller than 10." -else: # This is optional too. +else: # else 也可有可無 print "some_var is indeed 10." """ -For loops iterate over lists -prints: +For 迴圈會遞迴整的List +下面的程式碼會輸出: dog is a mammal cat is a mammal mouse is a mammal """ for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]: - # You can use {0} to interpolate formatted strings. (See above.) + # 你可以用{0}來組合0出格式化字串 (見上面.) print "{0} is a mammal".format(animal) """ -"range(number)" returns a list of numbers -from zero to the given number -prints: +"range(number)" 回傳一個包含從0到給定值的數字List， +下面的程式碼會輸出: 0 1 2 @@ -395,9 +397,9 @@ for i in range(4): print i """ -"range(lower, upper)" returns a list of numbers -from the lower number to the upper number -prints: +"range(lower, upper)" 回傳一個包含從給定的下限 +到給定的上限的數字List +下面的程式碼會輸出: 4 5 6 @@ -407,8 +409,8 @@ for i in range(4, 8): print i """ -While loops go until a condition is no longer met. -prints: +While迴圈會執行到條件不成立為止 +下面的程式碼會輸出: 0 1 2 @@ -417,62 +419,62 @@ prints: x = 0 while x < 4: print x - x += 1 # Shorthand for x = x + 1 + x += 1 # x = x + 1 的簡寫 -# Handle exceptions with a try/except block +# 用try/except處理例外 -# Works on Python 2.6 and up: +# 適用Python 2.6及以上版本 try: - # Use "raise" to raise an error + # 用 "raise" 來發起例外 raise IndexError("This is an index error") except IndexError as e: - pass # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here. + pass # 毫無反應，就只是個什麼都沒做的pass。通常這邊會讓你做對例外的處理 except (TypeError, NameError): - pass # Multiple exceptions can be handled together, if required. -else: # Optional clause to the try/except block. Must follow all except blocks - print "All good!" # Runs only if the code in try raises no exceptions -finally: # Execute under all circumstances + pass # 有需要的話，多種例外可以一起處理 +else: # else 可有可無，但必須寫在所有的except後 + print "All good!" # 只有在try的時候沒有產生任何except才會被執行 +finally: # 不管什麼情況下一定會被執行 print "We can clean up resources here" -# Instead of try/finally to cleanup resources you can use a with statement +# 除了try/finally以外，你可以用 with 來簡單的處理清理動作 with open("myfile.txt") as f: for line in f: print line #################################################### -## 4. Functions +## 4. 函式 #################################################### -# Use "def" to create new functions +# 用 "def" 來建立新函式 def add(x, y): print "x is {0} and y is {1}".format(x, y) - return x + y # Return values with a return statement + return x + y # 用 "return" 來回傳值 -# Calling functions with parameters -add(5, 6) # => prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11 +# 用參數來呼叫韓式 +add(5, 6) # => 輸出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 並回傳 11 -# Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments -add(y=6, x=5) # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order. +# 你也可以寫上參數名稱來呼叫函式 +add(y=6, x=5) # 這種狀況下，兩個參數的順序並不影響執行 -# You can define functions that take a variable number of -# positional args, which will be interpreted as a tuple if you do not use the * +# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照順序排序的 +# 如果不加*的話會被解讀為tuple def varargs(*args): return args varargs(1, 2, 3) # => (1, 2, 3) -# You can define functions that take a variable number of -# keyword args, as well, which will be interpreted as a dict if you do not use ** +# 你可以定義接受多個變數的函式，這些變數是按照keyword排序的 +# 如果不加**的話會被解讀為dictionary def keyword_args(**kwargs): return kwargs -# Let's call it to see what happens +# 呼叫看看會發生什麼事吧 keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"} -# You can do both at once, if you like +# 如果你想要，你也可以兩個同時用 def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs): print args print kwargs @@ -482,39 +484,40 @@ all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints: {"a": 3, "b": 4} """ -# When calling functions, you can do the opposite of args/kwargs! -# Use * to expand positional args and use ** to expand keyword args. +# 呼叫函式時，你可以做反向的操作 +# 用 * 將變數展開為順序排序的變數 +# 用 ** 將變數展開為Keyword排序的變數 args = (1, 2, 3, 4) kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4} -all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4) -all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4) -all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4) +all_the_args(*args) # 等同於 foo(1, 2, 3, 4) +all_the_args(**kwargs) # 等同於 foo(a=3, b=4) +all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # 等同於 foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4) -# you can pass args and kwargs along to other functions that take args/kwargs -# by expanding them with * and ** respectively +# 你可以把args跟kwargs傳到下一個函式內 +# 分別用 * 跟 ** 將它展開就可以了 def pass_all_the_args(*args, **kwargs): all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) print varargs(*args) print keyword_args(**kwargs) -# Function Scope +# 函式範圍 x = 5 def set_x(num): - # Local var x not the same as global variable x + # 區域變數 x 和全域變數 x 不是同一個東西 x = num # => 43 print x # => 43 def set_global_x(num): global x print x # => 5 - x = num # global var x is now set to 6 + x = num # 全域變數 x 在set_global_x(6)被設定為 6 print x # => 6 set_x(43) set_global_x(6) -# Python has first class functions +# Python有一級函式 def create_adder(x): def adder(y): return x + y @@ -523,23 +526,23 @@ def create_adder(x): add_10 = create_adder(10) add_10(3) # => 13 -# There are also anonymous functions +# 也有匿名函式 (lambda x: x > 2)(3) # => True (lambda x, y: x ** 2 + y ** 2)(2, 1) # => 5 -# There are built-in higher order functions +# 還有內建的高階函式 map(add_10, [1, 2, 3]) # => [11, 12, 13] map(max, [1, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1]) # => [4, 2, 3] filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) # => [6, 7] -# We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters +# 我們可以用List列表的方式對map和filter等高階函式做更有趣的應用 [add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] # => [11, 12, 13] [x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] # => [6, 7] #################################################### -## 5. Classes +## 5. 類別 #################################################### # We subclass from object to get a class. |