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---
language: swift
contributors:
- ["Grant Timmerman", "http://github.com/grant"]
- ["Christopher Bess", "http://github.com/cbess"]
filename: learnswift.swift
---
Swift is a programming language for iOS and OS X development created by Apple. Designed to coexist with Objective-C and to be more resilient against erroneous code, Swift was introduced in 2014 at Apple's developer conference WWDC. It is built with the LLVM compiler included in Xcode 6 beta.
See also Apple's [getting started guide](https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/referencelibrary/GettingStarted/LandingPage/index.html), which has a complete tutorial on Swift.
```js
//
// MARK: Basics
//
println("Hello, world")
var myVariable = 42
//let fƒ∆ = "value" // unicode in variable names
let myConstant = 3.1415926
let convenience = "keyword" // contextual variable name
let weak = "keyword"; let override = "another keyword" // statements can be separated by a semi-colon
let `class` = "keyword" // backticks allow keywords to be used as variable names
let explicitDouble: Double = 70
let intValue = 0007 // 7
let largeIntValue = 77_000 // 77000
let label = "some text " + String(myVariable) // Casting
let piText = "Pi = \(myConstant), Pi 2 = \(myConstant * 2)" // String interpolation
var optionalString: String? = "optional" // Can be nil
optionalString = nil
/*
Comment here
/*
Nested comment here
*/
*/
//
// MARK: Collections
//
// Array
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "lemons"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
let emptyArray = [String]()
// Dictionary
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"kaylee": "Mechanic"
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
//
// MARK: Control Flow
//
// for loop (array)
let myArray = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
for value in myArray {
if value == 1 {
println("One!")
} else {
println("Not one!")
}
}
// for loop (dictionary)
var dict = ["one": 1, "two": 2]
for (key, value) in dict {
println("\(key): \(value)")
}
// for loop (range)
for i in -1...1 { // [-1, 0, 1]
println(i)
}
// use ..< to exclude the last number
// while loop
var i = 1
while i < 1000 {
i *= 2
}
// do-while loop
do {
println("hello")
} while 1 == 2
// Switch
let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default: // required (in order to cover all possible input)
let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}
//
// MARK: Functions
//
// Functions are a first-class type, meaning they can be nested
// in functions and can be passed around
// Function with Swift docs
/**
A greet operation
- A bullet in docs
- Another bullet in the docs
:param: name A name
:param: day A day
:returns: A string containing the name and day value.
*/
func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
// Function that returns multiple items in a tuple
func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
}
// Variadic Args
func setup(numbers: Int...) {}
// Passing and returning functions
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
//
// MARK: Closures
//
var numbers = [1, 2, 6]
// Functions are special case closures ({})
// Closure example.
// `->` separates the arguments and return type
// `in` separates the closure header from the closure body
numbers.map({
(number: Int) -> Int in
let result = 3 * number
return result
})
// When the type is known, like above, we can do this
numbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
// Or even this
//numbers = numbers.map({ $0 * 3 })
print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18]
// Trailing closure
numbers = sorted(numbers) { $0 > $1 }
print(numbers) // [18, 6, 3]
// Super shorthand, since the < operator infers the types
numbers = sorted(numbers, < )
print(numbers) // [3, 6, 18]
//
// MARK: Classes
//
class Shape {
func getArea() -> Int {
return 0;
}
}
// All methods and properties of a class are public.
// If you just need to store data in a
// structured object, you should use a `struct`
// A simple class `Square` extends `Shape`
class Rect: Shape {
var sideLength: Int = 1
// Custom getter and setter property
var perimeter: Int {
get {
return 4 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 4
}
}
// If you don't need a custom getter and setter,
// but still want to run code before and after getting or setting
// a property, you can use `willSet` and `didSet`
var identifier: String = "defaultID" {
willSet(someIdentifier) {
print(someIdentifier)
}
}
init(sideLength: Int) {
super.init()
self.sideLength = sideLength
}
func shrink() {
if sideLength > 0 {
--sideLength
}
}
override func getArea() -> Int {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
}
class Square: Rect {
convenience init() {
self.init(sideLength: 5)
}
}
var mySquare = Square()
print(mySquare.getArea()) // 25
mySquare.shrink()
print(mySquare.sideLength) // 4
// compare instances, not the same as == which compares objects (equal to)
if mySquare === mySquare {
println("Yep its mySquare")
}
//
// MARK: Enums
//
// Enums can optionally be of a specific type or on their own.
// They can contain methods like classes.
enum Suit {
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
func getIcon() -> String {
switch self {
case .Spades: return "♤"
case .Hearts: return "♡"
case .Diamonds: return "♢"
case .Clubs: return "♧"
}
}
}
//
// MARK: Other
//
// `protocol`: Similar to Java interfaces.
protocol ShapeGenerator {
func buildShape() -> Shape
}
// `extension`s: Add extra functionality to an already existing type
extension Square: Printable {
var description: String {
return "Area: \(self.getArea()) - ID: \(self.identifier)"
}
}
println("Square: \(mySquare)")
// You can also extend built-in types
extension Int {
var customProperty: String {
return "This is \(self)"
}
func multiplyBy(num: Int) -> Int {
return num * self
}
}
println(7.customProperty) // "This is 7"
println(14.multiplyBy(2)) // 42
// Generics: Similar to Java. Use the `where` keyword to specify the
// requirements of the generics.
func findIndex<T: Equatable>(array: [T], valueToFind: T) -> Int? {
for (index, value) in enumerate(array) {
if value == valueToFind {
return index
}
}
return nil
}
// Operators:
// Custom operators can start with the characters:
// / = - + * % < > ! & | ^ . ~
// or
// Unicode math, symbol, arrow, dingbat, and line/box drawing characters.
prefix operator !!! {}
// An operator that triples the side length when used
prefix func !!! (inout shape: Square) -> Square {
shape.sideLength *= 3
return shape
}
let bigSquare = !!!mySquare
println(bigSquare.sideLength)
```
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